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Kyrimis S, Rankin KE, Potter ME, Raja R, Armstrong LM. Towards realistic characterisation of chemical reactors: An in-depth analysis of catalytic particle beds produced by sieving. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2022.103932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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2
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Gao S, Ottino JM, Umbanhowar PB, Lueptow RM. Percolation of a fine particle in static granular beds. Phys Rev E 2023; 107:014903. [PMID: 36797949 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.107.014903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We study the percolation of a fine spherical particle under gravity in static randomly packed large-particle beds with different packing densities ϕ and large to fine particle size ratios R ranging from 4 to 7.5 using discrete element method simulations. The particle size ratio at the geometrical trapping threshold, defined by three touching large particles, R_{t}=sqrt[3]/(2-sqrt[3])=6.464, divides percolation behavior into passing and trapping regimes. However, the mean percolation velocity and diffusion of untrapped fine particles, which depend on both R and ϕ, are similar in both regimes and can be collapsed over a range of R and ϕ with the appropriate scaling. An empirical relationship for the local percolation velocity based on the local pore throat to fine particle size ratio and packing density is obtained, which is valid for the full range of size ratio and packing density we study. Similarly, in the trapping regime, the probability for a fine particle to reach a given depth is well described by a simple statistical model. Finally, the percolation velocity and fine particle diffusion are found to decrease with increasing restitution coefficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Julio M Ottino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems (NICO), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Paul B Umbanhowar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Richard M Lueptow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.,Northwestern Institute on Complex Systems (NICO), Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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3
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Wang C, Liu Y, He C, Chen L, du Toit C, Liu S. Investigation into the packing structure of binary pebble beds using X-ray tomography. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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A new discrete element modelling approach to simulate the behaviour of dense assemblies of true polyhedra. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Effect of Iron Ore Pellet Size on Metallurgical Properties. METALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/met12020302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Iron ore pellets are small and hard spherical particles agglomerated from a fine iron ore concentrate. They are used in the blast furnace process to produce hot metal. The diameter of blast furnace pellets is usually between 8 and 16 mm. In this study, a batch of magnesia iron ore pellets was first sieved into particle sizes of 8–10 mm, 10–12.7 mm, 12.7–16 mm and 16–20 mm, and the four different size fractions were used to study the effect of pellet size on metallurgical properties. The metallurgical experiments showed a decrease both in reducibility under unconstrained conditions and in low-temperature reduction-disintegration but showed an increase in cold crushing strength as the pellet size increased. In the reduction-softening test, pellets sized 10–12.7 mm reached the highest final temperature and the highest reduction degree among the pellet samples of different sizes. Based on the implications drawn from this study, the amount of 10–12.7 mm pellets should be maximized in a blast furnace operation.
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6
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Niegodajew P, Gruszka K, Marek M. Numerical study of cylindrical particles' orientation in narrow packed beds. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Shape effects on mechanical properties of maximally random jammed packings of intersecting spherocylinders. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2021.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Fernengel J, Hinrichsen O. Influence of material properties on voidage of numerically generated random packed beds. Chem Eng Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2020.116406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennie Seckendorff
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
- Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
- BU Catalysts Clariant Produkte (Deutschland) GmbH Bruckmühl Germany
| | - Olaf Hinrichsen
- Department of Chemistry Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
- Catalysis Research Center Technical University of Munich Garching Germany
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10
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von Seckendorff J, Achterhold K, Pfeiffer F, Fischer R, Hinrichsen O. Experimental and numerical analysis of void structure in random packed beds of spheres. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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An integral 3D full-scale steady-state thermohydraulic calculation of the high temperature pebble bed gas-cooled reactor HTR-10. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2020.111011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Wang J, Lei M, Yang H, Xu S, Xu K, Yin Z, Li C, Zhao P, Song Y. Study on the packing characteristics of a special “J” shape ceramic packed pebble bed based on discrete element modeling. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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13
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Birkholz O, Neumann M, Schmidt V, Kamlah M. Statistical investigation of structural and transport properties of densely-packed assemblies of overlapping spheres using the resistor network method. POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2020.09.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Wang D, Dijksman JA, Barés J, Ren J, Zheng H. Sheared Amorphous Packings Display Two Separate Particle Transport Mechanisms. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:138001. [PMID: 33034487 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.138001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Shearing granular materials induces nonaffine displacements. Such nonaffine displacements have been studied extensively, and are known to correlate with plasticity and other mechanical features of amorphous packings. A well known example is shear transformation zones as captured by the local deviation from affine deformation, D_{min}^{2}, and their relevance to failure and stress fluctuations. We analyze sheared frictional athermal disc packings and show that there exists at least one additional mesoscopic transport mechanism that superimposes itself on top of local diffusive motion. We evidence this second transport mechanism in a homogeneous system via a diffusion tensor analysis and show that the trace of the diffusion tensor equals the classic D_{min}^{2} when this second mesoscopic transport is corrected for. The new transport mechanism is consistently observed over a wide range of volume fractions and even for particles with different friction coefficients and is consistently observed also upon shear reversal, hinting at its relevance for memory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Physics and Center for Non-linear and Complex Systems, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Joshua A Dijksman
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Jonathan Barés
- LMGC, UMR 5508 CNRS-University Montpellier, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Jie Ren
- Merck & Company, Incorporated, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Hu Zheng
- Department of Physics and Center for Non-linear and Complex Systems, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Department of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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15
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Simonds BJ, Garboczi EJ, Palmer TA, Williams PA. Dynamic Laser Absorptance Measured in a Geometrically Characterized Stainless-Steel Powder Layer. PHYSICAL REVIEW APPLIED 2020; 13:10.1103/physrevapplied.13.024057. [PMID: 34179224 PMCID: PMC8226384 DOI: 10.1103/physrevapplied.13.024057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between real powder distributions and optical coupling is a critical building block for developing a deeper physical understanding of laser-additive manufacturing and for creating more reliable and accurate models for predictable manufacturing. Laser-light absorption by a metal powder is distinctly different from that of a solid material, as it is impacted by additional parameters, such as particle size, shape distribution, and packing. Here, we use x-ray computed tomography to experimentally determine these parameters in a thinly spread austenitic stainless-steel powder on a metal substrate, and we combine these results with optical absorptance measurements during a 1 ms stationary laser-light exposure to simulate the additive-manufacturing process. Within the thinly spread powder layer, the particle volume fraction changes continuously from near zero at the powder surface to a peak value of 0.72 at a depth of 235 μm, with the most rapid increase taking place in the first 100 μm. The relationship between this particle volume fraction gradient and optical absorptance is investigated using an analytical model, which shows that depth-averaged absorptance measurements can measure the predicted average value, but will fail to capture local effects that result from a changing powder density. The time-averaged absorptance remains at levels between 0.67 and 0.80 across a two orders of magnitude range in laser power, which is significantly higher than that observed in solid stainless-steel experiments. The dynamic behavior of the absorptance, however, reveals physical phenomena, including oxidation, melting, and vapor cavity (keyhole) formation, as well as quantifying the effect of these on the absorbed energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Simonds
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Edward J. Garboczi
- Materials Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - Todd A. Palmer
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Paul A. Williams
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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16
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Panyaram S, Xianchun W, Slivensky D, Hampton K, Wilhite B. Fixed bed structures for mono and poly-disperse mixtures of spherical particles using different loading methods. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Influence of confining wall on pressure drop and particle-to-fluid heat transfer in packed beds with small D/d ratios under high Reynolds number. Chem Eng Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2019.115200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Roots compact the surrounding soil depending on the structures they encounter. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16236. [PMID: 31700059 PMCID: PMC6838105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52665-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Contradictory evidence exists regarding whether and to which extend roots change soil structure in their vicinity. Here we attempt to reconcile disparate views allowing for the two-way interaction between soil structure and root traits, i.e. changes in soil structure due to plants and changes in root growth due to soil structure. Porosity gradients extending from the root/biopore surface into the bulk soil were investigated with X-ray µCT for undisturbed soil samples from a field chronosequence as well as for a laboratory experiment with Zea mays growing into three different bulk densities. An image analysis protocol was developed, which enabled a fast analysis of the large sample pool (n > 300) at a resolution of 19 µm. Lab experiment showed that growing roots only compact the surrounding soil if macroporosity is low and dominated by isolated pores. When roots can grow into a highly connected macropore system showing high connectivity the rhizosphere is more porous compared to the bulk soil. A compaction around roots/biopores in the field chronosequence was only observed in combination with high root/biopore length densities. We conclude that roots compact the rhizosphere only if the initial soil structure does not offer a sufficient volume of well-connected macropores.
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19
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Li C, Honeyands T, O'Dea D, Moreno-Atanasio R. DEM study on size segregation and voidage distribution in green bed formed on iron ore sinter strand. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Mean porosity variations in packed bed of monosized spheres with small tube-to-particle diameter ratios. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Mishra I, Lattanzi AM, LaMarche CQ, Morris AB, Hrenya CM. Experimental validation of indirect conduction theory and effect of particle roughness on wall‐to‐particle heat transfer. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ipsita Mishra
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Colorado at Boulder Boulder Colorado
| | - Aaron M. Lattanzi
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Colorado at Boulder Boulder Colorado
| | - Casey Q. LaMarche
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Colorado at Boulder Boulder Colorado
| | - Aaron B. Morris
- School of Mechanical EngineeringPurdue University West Lafayette Indiana
| | - Christine M. Hrenya
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Colorado at Boulder Boulder Colorado
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22
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Koebernick N, Daly KR, Keyes SD, Bengough AG, Brown LK, Cooper LJ, George TS, Hallett PD, Naveed M, Raffan A, Roose T. Imaging microstructure of the barley rhizosphere: particle packing and root hair influences. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 221:1878-1889. [PMID: 30289555 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Soil adjacent to roots has distinct structural and physical properties from bulk soil, affecting water and solute acquisition by plants. Detailed knowledge on how root activity and traits such as root hairs affect the three-dimensional pore structure at a fine scale is scarce and often contradictory. Roots of hairless barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Optic) mutant (NRH) and its wildtype (WT) parent were grown in tubes of sieved (<250 μm) sandy loam soil under two different water regimes. The tubes were scanned by synchrotron-based X-ray computed tomography to visualise pore structure at the soil-root interface. Pore volume fraction and pore size distribution were analysed vs distance within 1 mm of the root surface. Less dense packing of particles at the root surface was hypothesised to cause the observed increased pore volume fraction immediately next to the epidermis. The pore size distribution was narrower due to a decreased fraction of larger pores. There were no statistically significant differences in pore structure between genotypes or moisture conditions. A model is proposed that describes the variation in porosity near roots taking into account soil compaction and the surface effect at the root surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai Koebernick
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Engineering Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Soil Science and Soil Protection, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, von-Seckendoff-Platz 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Keith R Daly
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Engineering Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Samuel D Keyes
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Engineering Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Anthony G Bengough
- Ecological Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Lawrie K Brown
- Ecological Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Laura J Cooper
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Engineering Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Warwick, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Timothy S George
- Ecological Sciences Group, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul D Hallett
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Muhammad Naveed
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
- School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London, London, W5 5RF, UK
| | - Annette Raffan
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK
| | - Tiina Roose
- Bioengineering Sciences Research Group, Engineering Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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23
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Capozzi LC, Barresi AA, Pisano R. A multi-scale computational framework for modeling the freeze-drying of microparticles in packed-beds. POWDER TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2018.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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24
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Gong B, Feng Y, Liao H, Wu X, Wang S, Wang X, Feng K. Numerical investigation of the pebble bed structures for HCCB TBM. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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Sofia D, Chirone R, Lettieri P, Barletta D, Poletto M. Selective laser sintering of ceramic powders with bimodal particle size distribution. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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26
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Guo Z, Sun Z, Zhang N, Ding M, Wen J. Experimental characterization of pressure drop in slender packed bed (1 Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Mechanistic modeling of a capsule filling process. Int J Pharm 2017; 532:47-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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28
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Gong B, Feng Y, Liao H, Liu Y, Wang X, Feng K. Discrete element modeling of pebble bed packing structures for HCCB TBM. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Radial porosity peak at the centerline of packed beds with small tube to particle diameter ratios. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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30
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Reimann J, Vicente J, Brun E, Ferrero C, Gan Y, Rack A. X-ray tomography investigations of mono-sized sphere packing structures in cylindrical containers. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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Challenges in Additive Manufacturing of Space Parts: Powder Feedstock Cross-Contamination and Its Impact on End Products. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10050522. [PMID: 28772882 PMCID: PMC5459071 DOI: 10.3390/ma10050522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work studies the tensile properties of Ti-6Al-4V samples produced by laser powder bed based Additive Manufacturing (AM), for different build orientations. The results showed high scattering of the yield and tensile strength and low fracture elongation. The subsequent fractographic investigation revealed the presence of tungsten particles on the fracture surface. Hence, its detection and impact on tensile properties of AM Ti-6Al-4V were investigated. X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT) scanning indicated that these inclusions were evenly distributed throughout the samples, however the inclusions area was shown to be larger in the load-bearing plane for the vertical specimens. A microstructural study proved that the mostly spherical tungsten particles were embedded in the fully martensitic Ti-6Al-4V AM material. The particle size distribution, the flowability and the morphology of the powder feedstock were investigated and appeared to be in line with observations from other studies. X-ray CT scanning of the powder however made the high density particles visible, where various techniques, commonly used in the certification of powder feedstock, failed to detect the contaminant. As the detection of cross contamination in the powder feedstock proves to be challenging, the use of only one type of powder per AM equipment is recommended for critical applications such as Space parts.
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32
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Soriano I, Ibraim E, Andò E, Diambra A, Laurencin T, Moro P, Viggiani G. 3D fibre architecture of fibre-reinforced sand. GRANULAR MATTER 2017; 19:75. [PMID: 32009842 PMCID: PMC6959413 DOI: 10.1007/s10035-017-0760-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The mechanical behaviour of fibre-reinforced sands is primarily governed by the three-dimensional fibre architecture within the sand matrix. In laboratory, the normal procedures for sample preparation of fibre-sand mixtures generally produce a distribution of fibre orientations with a preferential bedding orientation, generating strength anisotropy of the composite's response under loading. While demonstrating the potential application of X-ray tomography to the analysis of fibre-reinforced soils, this paper provides for the first time a direct experimental description of the three-dimensional architecture of the fibres induced by the laboratory sample fabrication method. Miniature fibre reinforced sand samples were produced using two widely used laboratory sample fabrication techniques: the moist tamping and the moist vibration. It is shown that both laboratory fabrication methods create anisotropic fibre orientation with preferential sub-horizontal directions. The fibre orientation distribution does not seem to be affected by the concentration of fibres, at least for the fibre concentrations considered in this study and, for both fabrication methods, the fibre orientation distribution appears to be axisymmetric with respect to the vertical axis of the sample. The X-ray analysis also demonstrates the presence of an increased porosity in the fibre vicinity, which confirms the assumption of the "stolen void ratio" effect adopted in previous constitutive modelling. A fibre orientation distribution function is tested and a combined experimental and analytical method for fibre orientation determination is further validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Soriano
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Heriot-Watt University, EH14 4AS Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - E. Andò
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - T. Laurencin
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - P. Moro
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR, 38000 Grenoble, France
- Jacobs UK Ltd., London, UK
| | - G. Viggiani
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, 3SR, 38000 Grenoble, France
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33
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Munuhe T, Lebrun A, Zhu L, Ma R. Using micro-ct to investigate nanofluid droplet sorption in dry powder beds. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2016.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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A new method for reconstruction of the structure of micro-packed beds of spherical particles from desktop X-ray microtomography images. Part A. Initial structure generation and porosity determination. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Roth LK, Jaeger HM. Optimizing packing fraction in granular media composed of overlapping spheres. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:1107-1115. [PMID: 26592541 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
What particle shape will generate the highest packing fraction when randomly poured into a container? In order to explore and navigate the enormous search space efficiently, we pair molecular dynamics simulations with artificial evolution. Arbitrary particle shape is represented by a set of overlapping spheres of varying diameter, enabling us to approximate smooth surfaces with a resolution proportional to the number of spheres included. We discover a family of planar triangular particles, whose packing fraction of ϕ ∼ 0.73 is among the highest experimental results for disordered packings of frictionless particles. We investigate how ϕ depends on the arrangement of spheres comprising an individual particle and on the smoothness of the surface. We validate the simulations with experiments using 3D-printed copies of the simplest member of the family, a planar particle consisting of three overlapping spheres with identical radius. Direct experimental comparison with 3D-printed aspherical ellipsoids demonstrates that the triangular particles pack exceedingly well not only in the limit of large system size but also when confined to small containers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah K Roth
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Heinrich M Jaeger
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Miskin MZ, Jaeger HM. Evolving design rules for the inverse granular packing problem. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:3708-3715. [PMID: 24759920 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00539b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
If a collection of identical particles is poured into a container, different shapes will fill to different densities. But what is the shape that fills a container as close as possible to a pre-specified, desired density? We demonstrate a solution to this inverse-packing problem by framing it in the context of artificial evolution. By representing shapes as bonded spheres, we show how shapes may be mutated, simulated, and selected to produce particularly dense or loose packing aggregates, both with and without friction. Moreover, we show how motifs emerge linking these shapes together. The result is a set of design rules that function as an effective solution to the inverse packing problem for given packing procedures and boundary conditions. Finally, we show that these results are verified by experiments on 3D-printed prototypes used to make packings in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Z Miskin
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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The effect of different random number distributions on the porosity of spherical particles. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Camenen JF, Descantes Y, Richard P. Effect of confinement on dense packings of rigid frictionless spheres and polyhedra. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2012; 86:061317. [PMID: 23367942 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.86.061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We study numerically the influence of confinement on the solid fraction and on the structure of three-dimensional random close-packed granular materials subject to gravity. The effects of grain shape (spherical or polyhedral), material polydispersity, and confining wall friction on this dependence are investigated. In agreement with a simple geometrical model, the solid fraction is found to decrease linearly for increasing confinement no matter the grain shape. Furthermore, this decrease remains valid for bidisperse sphere packings, although the gradient seems to reduce significantly when the proportion of small particles reaches 40% by volume. The confinement effect on the coordination number is also captured by an extension of the aforementioned model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Camenen
- LUNAM Université, IFSTTAR, site de Nantes, Route de Bouaye CS4, 44344 Bouguenais Cedex, France.
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Liekens A, Billen J, Sherant R, Ritchie H, Denayer J, Desmet G. High performance liquid chromatography column packings with deliberately broadened particle size distribution: Relation between column performance and packing structure. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6654-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Desmond KW, Weeks ER. Random close packing of disks and spheres in confined geometries. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2009; 80:051305. [PMID: 20364978 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.80.051305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Studies of random close packing of spheres have advanced our knowledge about the structure of systems such as liquids, glasses, emulsions, granular media, and amorphous solids. In confined geometries, the structural properties of random-packed systems will change. To understand these changes, we study random close packing in finite-sized confined systems, in both two and three dimensions. Each packing consists of a 50-50 binary mixture with particle size ratio of 1.4. The presence of confining walls significantly lowers the overall maximum area fraction (or volume fraction in three dimensions). A simple model is presented, which quantifies the reduction in packing due to wall-induced structure. This wall-induced structure decays rapidly away from the wall, with characteristic length scales comparable to the small particle diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth W Desmond
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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