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Majdoub F, Belin M, Perret-Liaudet J. Ultra-low friction in soft contact lenses: Analysis of dynamic free responses measured by the dynamic oscillating tribometer. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2024; 149:106236. [PMID: 37984287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2023.106236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Friction coefficient is considered as a measurement for clinical comfort of soft contact lenses. One of the main challenges in the tribology field is to evaluate the friction in soft materials such as soft contact lenses. In this work, we aim to evaluate the friction at the eyelid-lens contact using a new technique. This technique is based on a single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) mass-spring system having a sliding contact. The experimental technique measures the free responses of the mechanical system. The friction is then evaluated from the damped free responses with a high accuracy. A variety of soft contact lenses are tested with some lubricants under many physiological conditions. The results are discussed and compared with those in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fida Majdoub
- LabECAM, ECAM La Salle, Université de Lyon, 69005, Lyon, France.
| | - Michel Belin
- Laboratory of Tribology and System Dynamics, École Centrale de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5513, Université de Lyon, 69134, Écully, France
| | - Joël Perret-Liaudet
- Laboratory of Tribology and System Dynamics, École Centrale de Lyon, UMR CNRS 5513, Université de Lyon, 69134, Écully, France
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Abdi B, Mofidfar M, Hassanpour F, Kirbas Cilingir E, Kalajahi SK, Milani PH, Ghanbarzadeh M, Fadel D, Barnett M, Ta CN, Leblanc RM, Chauhan A, Abbasi F. Therapeutic contact lenses for the treatment of corneal and ocular surface diseases: advances in extended and targeted drug delivery. Int J Pharm 2023; 638:122740. [PMID: 36804524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
The eye is one of the most important organs in the human body providing critical information on the environment. Many corneal diseases can lead to vision loss affecting the lives of people around the world. Ophthalmic drug delivery has always been a major challenge in the medical sciences. Since traditional methods are less efficient (∼ 5%) at delivering drugs to ocular tissues, contact lenses have generated growing interest in ocular drug delivery due to their potential to enhance drug bioavailability in ocular tissues. The main techniques used to achieve sustained release are discussed in this review, including soaking in drug solutions, incorporating drug into multilayered contact lenses, use of vitamin E barriers, molecular imprinting, nanoparticles, micelles and liposomes. The most clinically relevant results on different eye pathologies are presented. In addition, this review summarizes the benefits of contact lenses over eye drops, strategies for incorporating drugs into lenses to achieve sustained release, results of in vitro and in vivo studies, and the recent advances in the commercialization of therapeutic contact lenses for allergic conjunctivitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Abdi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials (IPM), Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mofidfar
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fatemeh Hassanpour
- Institute of Polymeric Materials (IPM), Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Sepideh K Kalajahi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials (IPM), Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Paria H Milani
- Institute of Polymeric Materials (IPM), Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahsa Ghanbarzadeh
- Institute of Polymeric Materials (IPM), Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Daddi Fadel
- Center for Ocular Research & Education (CORE), School of Optometry & Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa Barnett
- University of California, Davis Eye Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Christopher N Ta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Roger M Leblanc
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Anuj Chauhan
- Chemical and Biological Engineering Department, Colorado School of Mines, CO, USA.
| | - Farhang Abbasi
- Institute of Polymeric Materials (IPM), Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, New Town of Sahand, Tabriz, Iran.
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Masoudi S, Willcox M. Development of an enzymatic method for the evaluation of protein deposition on contact lenses. BIOFOULING 2022; 38:84-99. [PMID: 35016572 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.2019225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate a new digestion method to quantify protein deposition on contact lenses. Four silicone hydrogel and one hydrogel contact lens material were incubated in lactoferrin, lysozyme, immunoglobulin A, and bovine serum albumin solutions at approximate physiological concentrations and temperature. Immobilized trypsin was used to digest the protein deposits from the contact lens surfaces. The total protein absorbed to lenses was extracted and digested using sequencing grade trypsin. The tryptic peptides were quantified using selected reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. The concentration of surface protein deposits was either lower than or the same as the total protein for all lens types and proteins. Immobilised trypsin can digest protein deposits from the surface of contact lenses. This ability to analyse the amount of protein at a contact lens surface may help in elucidating the effect of surface deposition on clinical outcomes during lens wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Masoudi
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Walther H, Subbaraman LN, Jones L. Novel in vitro method to determine pre-lens tear break-up time of hydrogel and silicone hydrogel contact lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2018; 42:178-184. [PMID: 30442514 DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To develop an in vitro model to determine pre-lens non-invasive break-up time (NIBUT) and to subsequently use this method to compare the NIBUT over contemporary daily disposable (DD) contact lenses (CL). METHODS Three silicone hydrogel (SH) and two conventional hydrogel (CH) DD CLs were incubated in an artificial tear solution (ATS). A model blink cell (MBC) was utilised to mimic intermittent air exposure. CLs were repeatedly submerged for 3 seconds (s) and exposed to air for 10 s over periods of 2, 6, 12, and 16 hours (h). NIBUTs (n = 4) were determined out of the blister pack (T0) and at the end of each incubation period. RESULTS Overall, nesofilcon A showed the longest NIBUTs (p < 0.001). At T0, CHs revealed significantly longer NIBUTs (p ≤ 0.001) than SHs. After 2 h, nesofilcon A showed the longest NIBUT, however, this was only statistically significant compared with delefilcon A (p ≤ 0.001). After 6 h, nesofilcon A NIBUT was significantly longer than all other CLs (p ≤ 0.001). Etafilcon A showed a significantly longer NIBUT (p ≤ 0.001) after 12 h and delefilcon A had the longest NIBUT (p ≤ 0.001) after 16 h. Statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) changes of NIBUT within the lens materials varied between time points. After 16 h, all CLs showed significant reductions in NIBUTs (p ≤ 0.001) in comparison to T0. CONCLUSION NIBUT values reduced gradually over time and varying levels of deposition impacted measured pre-lens NIBUTs. While NIBUT of CH materials are longer immediately out of the blister pack, after tear film exposure, the NIBUTs obtained using this methodology became very similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik Walther
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE, formerly CCLR), School of Optometry and Vision Science, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Lakshman N Subbaraman
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE, formerly CCLR), School of Optometry and Vision Science, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Ocular Research & Education (CORE, formerly CCLR), School of Optometry and Vision Science, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Omali NB, Subbaraman LN, Heynen M, Ng A, Coles-Brennan C, Fadli Z, Jones L. Surface versus bulk activity of lysozyme deposited on hydrogel contact lens materials in vitro. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2018; 41:329-334. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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A Review of Techniques to Measure Protein Sorption to Soft Contact Lenses. Eye Contact Lens 2017; 43:276-286. [PMID: 28198731 DOI: 10.1097/icl.0000000000000366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare and critically evaluate a variety of techniques to measure the quantity and biological activity of protein sorption to contact lenses over short time periods. METHODS A literature review was undertaken investigating the major techniques to measure protein sorption to soft contact lens materials, with specific reference to measuring protein directly on lenses using in situ, ex situ, protein structural, and biological activity techniques. RESULTS The use of in situ techniques to measure protein quantity provides excellent sensitivity, but many are not directly applicable to contact lenses. Many ex situ techniques struggle to measure all sorbed proteins, and these measurements can have significant signal interference from the lens materials themselves. Techniques measuring the secondary and tertiary structures of sorbed proteins have exhibited only limited success. CONCLUSIONS There are a wide variety of techniques to measure both the amount of protein and the biological activity of protein sorbed to soft contact lens materials. To measure the mass of protein sorbed to soft contact lenses (not just thin films) over short time periods, the method of choice should be I radiolabeling. This technique is sensitive enough to measure small amounts of deposited protein, provided steps are taken to limit and measure any interaction of the iodine tracer with the materials. To measure the protein activity over short time periods, the method of choice should be to measure the biological function of sorbed proteins. This may require new methods or adaptations of existing ones.
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Hall B, Heynen M, Jones LW, Forrest JA. Analysis of Using I125Radiolabeling for Quantifying Protein on Contact Lenses. Curr Eye Res 2015; 41:456-65. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2015.1031350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hall B, Jones L, Forrest JA. Kinetics of Competitive Adsorption between Lysozyme and Lactoferrin on Silicone Hydrogel Contact Lenses and the Effect on Lysozyme Activity. Curr Eye Res 2014; 40:622-31. [PMID: 25251834 DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2014.946518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of competitive adsorption between lysozyme and lactoferrin on silicone hydrogel contact lenses and the effect on lysozyme activity. METHODS Three commercially available silicone hydrogel contact lens materials (senofilcon A, lotrafilcon B and balafilcon A) were examined, for time points ranging from 10 s to 2 h. Total protein deposition was determined by I(125) radiolabeling of lysozyme and lactoferrin, while the activity of lysozyme was determined by a micrococcal activity assay. RESULTS Senofilcon A and balafilcon A did not show any relevant competitive adsorption between lysozyme and lactoferrin. Lotrafilcon B showed reduced protein deposition due to competitive adsorption for lactoferrin at all time points and lysozyme after 7.5 min. Co-adsorption of lactoferrin and lysozyme decreased the activity of lysozyme in solution for senofilcon A and lotrafilcon B, but co-adsorption had no effect on the surface activity of lysozyme for all lens types investigated. CONCLUSIONS Competition between lysozyme and lactoferrin is material specific. Co-adsorption of lysozyme and lactoferrin does not affect the activity of surface-bound lysozyme but can reduce the activity of subsequently desorbed lysozyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Hall
- Centre for Contact Lens Research, School of Optometry and Vision Science , Waterloo, Ontario , Canada and
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Hall B, Phan CM, Subbaraman L, Jones LW, Forrest J. Extraction versus In Situ Techniques for Measuring Surface-Adsorbed Lysozyme. Optom Vis Sci 2014; 91:1062-70. [DOI: 10.1097/opx.0000000000000354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the impact of intermittent air exposure on the in vitro deposition of two radioactive lipids on various contact lens (CL) materials, using a custom-designed model blink cell. METHODS Six different CL materials (balafilcon A, lotrafilcon B, comfilcon A, senofilcon A, etafilcon A, and omafilcon A) were mounted on the model blink cell pistons, which cycled the lenses in and out of a complex artificial tear solution (ATS) that contained a trace amount of C-cholesterol or C-phosphatidylcholine. For the short-term experiment, air-exposed lenses were continuously cycled in and out of the ATS for 10 h. Longer term incubations for 6 days were tested with lotrafilcon B and balafilcon A materials incubated in C-cholesterol ATS. The air-exposed CLs were cycled for 14 h then submerged for 10 h each day. For both experiments, the control lenses were submerged for the entire test period. After incubation, lenses were processed, and deposited masses were quantified. RESULTS Exposure to air resulted in increased amounts of cholesterol deposited by 1.6 to 4.3 fold on omafilcon A, balafilcon A, comfilcon A, and senofilcon A (p ≤ 0.03) compared with submerged lenses. No differences in deposition were observed for etafilcon A and lotrafilcon B (p > 0.05). The longer term incubation of lotrafilcon B and balafilcon A showed statistically significant increases in cholesterol deposition for both air-exposed lens materials (p < 0.02) with the increase in deposition 1.8× and 2.8×, respectively. For phosphatidylcholine, all air-exposed lenses had increased masses of deposition. These deposits were statistically greater by 1.1 to 1.6 times for omafilcon A, comfilcon A, lotrafilcon B, and senofilcon A (p < 0.04), but not statistically different for etafilcon A or balafilcon A (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This study found that lipid deposition profiles are CL material dependent and that intermittent air exposure can influence the mass of lipid deposited.
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Ng A, Heynen M, Luensmann D, Subbaraman LN, Jones L. Impact of tear film components on the conformational state of lysozyme deposited on contact lenses. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2013; 101:1172-81. [PMID: 23564739 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.32927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Ng
- Centre for Contact Lens Research; School of Optometry and Vision Science; University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Miriam Heynen
- Centre for Contact Lens Research; School of Optometry and Vision Science; University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Doerte Luensmann
- Centre for Contact Lens Research; School of Optometry and Vision Science; University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Lakshman N. Subbaraman
- Centre for Contact Lens Research; School of Optometry and Vision Science; University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Lyndon Jones
- Centre for Contact Lens Research; School of Optometry and Vision Science; University of Waterloo; 200 University Avenue West Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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Lorentz H, Heynen M, Tran H, Jones L. Using anIn VitroModel of Lipid Deposition to Assess the Efficiency of Hydrogen Peroxide Solutions to Remove Lipid from Various Contact Lens Materials. Curr Eye Res 2012; 37:777-86. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2012.682636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Weeks A, Boone A, Luensmann D, Jones L, Sheardown H. The effects of hyaluronic acid incorporated as a wetting agent on lysozyme denaturation in model contact lens materials. J Biomater Appl 2012; 28:323-33. [PMID: 22561981 DOI: 10.1177/0885328212446936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional and silicone hydrogels as models for contact lenses were prepared to determine the effect of the presence of hyaluronic acid on lysozyme sorption and denaturation. Hyaluronic acid was loaded into poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/TRIS--methacryloxypropyltris (trimethylsiloxy silane) hydrogels, which served as models for conventional and silicone hydrogel contact lens materials. The hyaluronic acid was cross-linked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide in the presence of dendrimers. Active lysozyme was quantified using a Micrococcus lysodeikticus assay while total lysozyme was determined using 125-I radiolabeled protein. To examine the location of hyaluronic acid in the gels, 6-aminofluorescein labeled hyaluronic acid was incorporated into the gels using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-carbodiimide chemistry and the gels were examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Hyaluronic acid incorporation significantly reduced lysozyme sorption in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (p < 0.00001) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/TRIS--methacryloxypropyltris (trimethylsiloxy silane) (p < 0.001) hydrogels, with the modified materials sorbing only 20% and 16% that of the control, respectively. More importantly, hyaluronic acid also decreased lysozyme denaturation in poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (p < 0.005) and poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)/TRIS--methacryloxypropyltris (trimethylsiloxy silane) (p < 0.02) hydrogels. The confocal laser scanning microscopy results showed that the hyaluronic acid distribution was dependent on both the material type and the molecular weight of hyaluronic acid. This study demonstrates that hyaluronic acid incorporated as a wetting agent has the potential to reduce lysozyme sorption and denaturation in contact lens applications. The distribution of hyaluronic acid within hydrogels appears to affect denaturation, with more surface mobile, lower molecular weight hyaluronic acid being more effective in preventing denaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Weeks
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Protein deposition on contact lenses: The past, the present, and the future. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2012; 35:53-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Revised: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 12/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The University of Waterloo's Centre for Contact Lens Research. Ocul Surf 2011; 9:242-4. [DOI: 10.1016/s1542-0124(11)70038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE Silicone hydrogel (SH) lenses are usually replaced after 2 weeks (2W) or 1 month (1M); however, many patients do not comply with the manufacturers' recommended replacement frequency (MRRF). The purpose of this analysis was to investigate the effect of compliance with MRRF on comfort and vision in SH wearers. METHODS As a part of a larger study investigating compliance with MRRF, patients were asked to rate their subjective comfort and vision from 0 (very poor) to 10 (excellent) in the morning, at the end of the day (EVE), when lenses were new, and needed replacing (NR). RESULTS One thousand three hundred forty-four patients wore 2W replacement modality (2WR) (n = 717) or 1M replacement modality (1MR) (n = 617) SH lenses. Comfort and vision in the morning and when lenses are new were significantly higher than for EVE and NR (p < 0.001). Twenty-nine percent (95% confidence interval 25.3-32.4) of 1MR and 59% (95% confidence interval 55.5-62.7) of 2WR wearers were non-compliant with the MRRF. Compliance had a significant effect on EVE (p = 0.002, p = 0.008) and NR (p < 0.001, p < 0.001) comfort and vision. After accounting for compliance, EVE and NR comfort and EVE vision were higher for 1MR than 2WR (p = 0.015, p = 0.044, p = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS Compliant patients had better EVE and NR comfort and vision than non-compliant patients, regardless of replacement modality. Optimal subjective performance with SH lenses seems to be facilitated by replacing lenses as recommended.
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Contact Lens Deposits, Adverse Responses, and Clinical Ocular Surface Parameters. Optom Vis Sci 2010; 87:669-74. [DOI: 10.1097/opx.0b013e3181ea1848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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In Vitro Adsorption of Tear Proteins to Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate-Based Contact Lens Materials. Eye Contact Lens 2009; 35:320-8. [DOI: 10.1097/icl.0b013e3181becd3c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Efficacy of an Extraction Solvent Used to Quantify Albumin Deposition on Hydrogel Contact Lens Materials. Eye Contact Lens 2009; 35:76-80. [DOI: 10.1097/icl.0b013e318199aff6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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