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Maddali MV, Kim JS, Oldham JM. Mapping the Proteomic Landscape of Radiological Lung Abnormalities. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 209:1052-1054. [PMID: 38442249 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202402-0310ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Manoj V Maddali
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine
- Department of Biomedical Data Science Stanford University Stanford, California
| | - John S Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine University of Virginia Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Justin M Oldham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Oldham JM, Huang Y, Bose S, Ma SF, Kim JS, Schwab A, Ting C, Mou K, Lee CT, Adegunsoye A, Ghodrati S, Pugashetti JV, Nazemi N, Strek ME, Linderholm AL, Chen CH, Murray S, Zemans RL, Flaherty KR, Martinez FJ, Noth I. Proteomic Biomarkers of Survival in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 209:1111-1120. [PMID: 37847691 PMCID: PMC11092951 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202301-0117oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) causes progressive lung scarring and high mortality. Reliable and accurate prognostic biomarkers are urgently needed. Objectives: To identify and validate circulating protein biomarkers of IPF survival. Methods: High-throughput proteomic data were generated using prospectively collected plasma samples from patients with IPF from the Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation Patient Registry (discovery cohort) and the Universities of California, Davis; Chicago; and Virginia (validation cohort). Proteins associated with three-year transplant-free survival (TFS) were identified using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression. Those associated with TFS after adjustment for false discovery in the discovery cohort were advanced for testing in the validation cohort, with proteins maintaining TFS association with consistent effect direction considered validated. After combining cohorts, functional analyses were performed, and machine learning was used to derive a proteomic signature of TFS. Measurements and Main Results: Of 2,921 proteins tested in the discovery cohort (n = 871), 231 were associated with differential TFS. Of these, 140 maintained TFS association with consistent effect direction in the validation cohort (n = 355). After cohorts were combined, the validated proteins with the strongest TFS association were latent-transforming growth factor β-binding protein 2 (hazard ratio [HR], 2.43; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.09-2.82), collagen α-1(XXIV) chain (HR, 2.21; 95% CI = 1.86-2.39), and keratin 19 (HR, 1.60; 95% CI = 1.47-1.74). In decision curve analysis, a proteomic signature of TFS outperformed a similarly derived clinical prediction model. Conclusions: In the largest proteomic investigation of IPF outcomes performed to date, we identified and validated 140 protein biomarkers of TFS. These results shed important light on potential drivers of IPF progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Oldham
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Department of Epidemiology, and
| | - Yong Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Swaraj Bose
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Shwu-Fan Ma
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - John S. Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Alexandra Schwab
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Christopher Ting
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Kaniz Mou
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Cathryn T. Lee
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ayodeji Adegunsoye
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sahand Ghodrati
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | | | - Nazanin Nazemi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Mary E. Strek
- Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Angela L. Linderholm
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Ching-Hsien Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Susan Murray
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Rachel L. Zemans
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
| | - Kevin R. Flaherty
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine
- Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation, Chicago, Illinois; and
| | | | - Imre Noth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
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3
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Choi B, Liu GY, Sheng Q, Amancherla K, Perry A, Huang X, San José Estépar R, Ash SY, Guan W, Jacobs DR, Martinez FJ, Rosas IO, Bowler RP, Kropski JA, Banovich NE, Khan SS, San José Estépar R, Shah R, Thyagarajan B, Kalhan R, Washko GR. Proteomic Biomarkers of Quantitative Interstitial Abnormalities in COPDGene and CARDIA Lung Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2024; 209:1091-1100. [PMID: 38285918 PMCID: PMC11092953 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202307-1129oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Quantitative interstitial abnormalities (QIAs) are early measures of lung injury automatically detected on chest computed tomography scans. QIAs are associated with impaired respiratory health and share features with advanced lung diseases, but their biological underpinnings are not well understood. Objectives: To identify novel protein biomarkers of QIAs using high-throughput plasma proteomic panels within two multicenter cohorts. Methods: We measured the plasma proteomics of 4,383 participants in an older, ever-smoker cohort (COPDGene [Genetic Epidemiology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]) and 2,925 participants in a younger population cohort (CARDIA [Coronary Artery Disease Risk in Young Adults]) using the SomaLogic SomaScan assays. We measured QIAs using a local density histogram method. We assessed the associations between proteomic biomarker concentrations and QIAs using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking status, and study center (Benjamini-Hochberg false discovery rate-corrected P ⩽ 0.05). Measurements and Main Results: In total, 852 proteins were significantly associated with QIAs in COPDGene and 185 in CARDIA. Of the 144 proteins that overlapped between COPDGene and CARDIA, all but one shared directionalities and magnitudes. These proteins were enriched for 49 Gene Ontology pathways, including biological processes in inflammatory response, cell adhesion, immune response, ERK1/2 regulation, and signaling; cellular components in extracellular regions; and molecular functions including calcium ion and heparin binding. Conclusions: We identified the proteomic biomarkers of QIAs in an older, smoking population with a higher prevalence of pulmonary disease and in a younger, healthier community cohort. These proteomics features may be markers of early precursors of advanced lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Choi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Applied Chest Imaging Laboratory, and
| | - Gabrielle Y. Liu
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoning Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ruben San José Estépar
- Applied Chest Imaging Laboratory, and
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samuel Y. Ash
- Department of Critical Care, South Shore Hospital, South Weymouth, Massachusetts
| | | | - David R. Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, and
| | - Fernando J. Martinez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Ivan O. Rosas
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Russell P. Bowler
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Jonathan A. Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - Sadiya S. Khan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Raúl San José Estépar
- Applied Chest Imaging Laboratory, and
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ravi Kalhan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and
| | - George R. Washko
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine
- Applied Chest Imaging Laboratory, and
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Kim JS, Montesi SB, Adegunsoye A, Humphries SM, Salisbury ML, Hariri LP, Kropski JA, Richeldi L, Wells AU, Walsh S, Jenkins RG, Rosas I, Noth I, Hunninghake GM, Martinez FJ, Podolanczuk AJ. Approach to Clinical Trials for the Prevention of Pulmonary Fibrosis. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2023; 20:1683-1693. [PMID: 37703509 PMCID: PMC10704236 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202303-188ps] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John S. Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Ayodeji Adegunsoye
- Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Margaret L. Salisbury
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Lida P. Hariri
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan A. Kropski
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Luca Richeldi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Athol U. Wells
- Department of Radiology, and
- Interstitial Lung Disease Service, Royal Brompton Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Walsh
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - R. Gisli Jenkins
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Rosas
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Imre Noth
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Gary M. Hunninghake
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Fernando J. Martinez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Anna J. Podolanczuk
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
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Moll M, Peljto AL, Kim JS, Xu H, Debban CL, Chen X, Menon A, Putman RK, Ghosh AJ, Saferali A, Nishino M, Hatabu H, Hobbs BD, Hecker J, McDermott G, Sparks JA, Wain LV, Allen RJ, Tobin MD, Raby BA, Chun S, Silverman EK, Zamora AC, Ortega VE, Garcia CK, Barr RG, Bleecker ER, Meyers DA, Kaner RJ, Rich SS, Manichaikul A, Rotter JI, Dupuis J, O’Connor GT, Fingerlin TE, Hunninghake GM, Schwartz DA, Cho MH. A Polygenic Risk Score for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Interstitial Lung Abnormalities. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 208:791-801. [PMID: 37523715 PMCID: PMC10563194 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202212-2257oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: In addition to rare genetic variants and the MUC5B locus, common genetic variants contribute to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) risk. The predictive power of common variants outside the MUC5B locus for IPF and interstitial lung abnormalities (ILAs) is unknown. Objectives: We tested the predictive value of IPF polygenic risk scores (PRSs) with and without the MUC5B region on IPF, ILA, and ILA progression. Methods: We developed PRSs that included (PRS-M5B) and excluded (PRS-NO-M5B) the MUC5B region (500-kb window around rs35705950-T) using an IPF genome-wide association study. We assessed PRS associations with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) metrics for IPF, ILA, and ILA progression. Measurements and Main Results: We included 14,650 participants (1,970 IPF; 1,068 ILA) from six multi-ancestry population-based and case-control cohorts. In cases excluded from genome-wide association study, the PRS-M5B (odds ratio [OR] per SD of the score, 3.1; P = 7.1 × 10-95) and PRS-NO-M5B (OR per SD, 2.8; P = 2.5 × 10-87) were associated with IPF. Participants in the top PRS-NO-M5B quintile had ∼sevenfold odds for IPF compared with those in the first quintile. A clinical model predicted IPF (AUC, 0.61); rs35705950-T and PRS-NO-M5B demonstrated higher AUCs (0.73 and 0.7, respectively), and adding both genetic predictors to a clinical model yielded the highest performance (AUC, 0.81). The PRS-NO-M5B was associated with ILA (OR, 1.25) and ILA progression (OR, 1.16) in European ancestry participants. Conclusions: A common genetic variant risk score complements the MUC5B variant to identify individuals at high risk of interstitial lung abnormalities and pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Moll
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anna L. Peljto
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Immunology, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - John S. Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Hanfei Xu
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Catherine L. Debban
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Aravind Menon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
| | | | - Auyon J. Ghosh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, State University of New York Upstate Medical Center, Syracuse, New York
| | - Aabida Saferali
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mizuki Nishino
- Center for Pulmonary Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | - Hiroto Hatabu
- Center for Pulmonary Functional Imaging, Department of Radiology
| | - Brian D. Hobbs
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julian Hecker
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Gregory McDermott
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A. Sparks
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Louise V. Wain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Allen
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Martin D. Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Leicester Respiratory Biomedical Research Centre, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin A. Raby
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatrics
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sung Chun
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Edwin K. Silverman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ana C. Zamora
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Victor E. Ortega
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Christine K. Garcia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - R. Graham Barr
- Department of Medicine and
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Eugene R. Bleecker
- Division of Genetics, Genomics, and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Deborah A. Meyers
- Division of Genetics, Genomics, and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Robert J. Kaner
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Weill Cornell School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Stephen S. Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Ani Manichaikul
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Department of Pediatrics, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Josée Dupuis
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, School of Population and Global Health, McGill University Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - George T. O’Connor
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Tasha E. Fingerlin
- The National Jewish Health Cohen Family Asthma Institute, Division of Allergy and Immunology, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | | | - David A. Schwartz
- Department of Medicine and
- Department of Immunology, Division of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Michael H. Cho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, and
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Exarchos KP, Gkrepi G, Kostikas K, Gogali A. Recent Advances of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Interstitial Lung Diseases. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2303. [PMID: 37443696 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13132303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) comprise a rather heterogeneous group of diseases varying in pathophysiology, presentation, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Even though they have been recognized for several years, there are still areas of research debate. In the majority of ILDs, imaging modalities and especially high-resolution Computed Tomography (CT) scans have been the cornerstone in patient diagnostic approach and follow-up. The intricate nature of ILDs and the accompanying data have led to an increasing adoption of artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, primarily on imaging data but also in genetic data, spirometry and lung diffusion, among others. In this literature review, we describe the most prominent applications of AI in ILDs presented approximately within the last five years. We roughly stratify these studies in three categories, namely: (i) screening, (ii) diagnosis and classification, (iii) prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos P Exarchos
- Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Georgia Gkrepi
- Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kostikas
- Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Athena Gogali
- Respiratory Medicine Department, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Lasky JA, Thannickal VJ. NOTCH-ing up Surface Tension in the Fibrotic Lung. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2023; 207:235-236. [PMID: 36351003 PMCID: PMC9896643 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202210-1901ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Lasky
- School of Medicine Tulane University New Orleans, Louisiana
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Maher TM. Biomarkers for Interstitial Lung Abnormalities: A Stepping-stone Toward Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Prevention? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:244-246. [PMID: 35580066 PMCID: PMC9890254 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202205-0839ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Toby M. Maher
- Keck School of MedicineUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, California,Royal Brompton and Harefield HospitalsGuy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation TrustLondon, United Kingdom,National Heart and Lung InstituteImperial College LondonLondon, United Kingdom
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