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Ikrama M, Usama M, Israr S, Humayon M. Pulmonary fibrosis: Is stem cell therapy the way forward? J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2024; 19:82-89. [PMID: 37876594 PMCID: PMC10590845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2023.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis, a chronic and fatal lung disease affecting millions of people worldwide, is characterized by the scarring of lung tissue, thereby impairing oxygen exchange between the lungs and blood. The etiology of pulmonary fibrosis is multifactorial, involving environmental exposures, comorbidities, and genetic mutations. Current pharmacological treatments can only slow the disease progression, and lung transplantation is limited by donor availability and complications. Stem cell therapy has emerged as a potential alternative treatment for pulmonary fibrosis, in which stem cells modulate the inflammatory response, differentiate into lung epithelial cells, secrete growth factors and extracellular matrix components, and enhance vascularization and tissue regeneration. Various sources of stem cells, such as endogenous lung stem cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells, have been investigated in animal models and human trials. Various delivery routes, such as intravenous injection, intratracheal instillation, and inhalation, have been tested for safety and efficacy. However, several challenges and limitations remain to be overcome, such as high costs, ethical issues, immunological compatibility, cell survival and homing, and long-term outcomes. Further research is needed to optimize the protocols and parameters in stem cell therapy for pulmonary fibrosis, and to evaluate the clinical benefits and risks for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ikrama
- Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usama
- Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shifa Israr
- Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Humayon
- Services Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Medicine, Lahore, Pakistan
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Ding Y, Wang L, Liu B, Ren G, Okubo R, Yu J, Zhang C. Bryodulcosigenin attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting AMPK-mediated mesenchymal epithelial transition and oxidative stress. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3911-3923. [PMID: 35794782 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis is a pathological result of a dysfunctional repair response to tissue injury and occurs in several organs, including the lungs. Bryodulcosigenin (BDG) is a cucurbitane-type triterpene isolated from Siratia grosvenori and has clear-cut anti-inflammatory effects, yet its benefit of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of BDG (10 mg/kg/day, for 14 days) against TGF-β1-stimulated mouse alveolar epithelial MLE-12 cells and bleomycin (BLM)-induced PF mice. In vitro experiments showed that BDG could inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and oxidative stress. In vivo experiments indicated that BDG could ameliorate BLM-induced PF in mice as evidenced by characteristic structural changes in histopathology, increased collagen deposition and reduced survival and weight of mice. The abnormal increased expressions of TGF-β1, p-Smad2/3, α-SMA, COL-I, and NOX4 and decreased expressions for Sirt1 and p-AMPK were improved in BDG treatment. But these beneficial effects could be eliminated by co-treatment with Compound C (CC, a selective AMPK inhibitor). Molecular docking technology also revealed the potential of BDG to activate AMPK. In summary, AMPK activation modulated by BDG not only ameliorated TGF-β1/Smad2/3 signaling pathways but also partially mediated the suppression effects on EMT and oxidative stress, thus mediating the anti-fibrotic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guoqing Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ryosuke Okubo
- Kampo Medicine Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama-shi, Japan
| | - Jing Yu
- Kampo Medicine Pharmacology Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yokohama University of Pharmacy, Yokohama-shi, Japan
| | - Chaofeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,Sino-Jan Joint Lab of Natural Health Products Research, School of Traditional Chinese Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Kasuya Y, Kim JD, Hatano M, Tatsumi K, Matsuda S. Pathophysiological Roles of Stress-Activated Protein Kinases in Pulmonary Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116041. [PMID: 34204949 PMCID: PMC8199902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is one of the most symptomatic progressive fibrotic lung diseases, in which patients have an extremely poor prognosis. Therefore, understanding the precise molecular mechanisms underlying pulmonary fibrosis is necessary for the development of new therapeutic options. Stress-activated protein kinases (SAPKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) are ubiquitously expressed in various types of cells and activated in response to cellular environmental stresses, including inflammatory and apoptotic stimuli. Type II alveolar epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and macrophages are known to participate in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. SAPKs can control fibrogenesis by regulating the cellular processes and molecular functions in various types of lung cells (including cells of the epithelium, interstitial connective tissue, blood vessels, and hematopoietic and lymphoid tissue), all aspects of which remain to be elucidated. We recently reported that the stepwise elevation of intrinsic p38 signaling in the lungs is correlated with a worsening severity of bleomycin-induced fibrosis, indicating an importance of this pathway in the progression of pulmonary fibrosis. In addition, a transcriptome analysis of RNA-sequencing data from this unique model demonstrated that several lines of mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, which provides a basis for further studies. Here, we review the accumulating evidence for the spatial and temporal roles of SAPKs in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitoshi Kasuya
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.H.); (S.M.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-432-262-193; Fax: +81-432-262-196
| | - Jun-Dal Kim
- Department of Research and Development, Institute of Natural Medicine (INM), University of Toyama, Toyama 930-0194, Japan;
| | - Masahiko Hatano
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.H.); (S.M.)
| | - Koichiro Tatsumi
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
| | - Shuichi Matsuda
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; (M.H.); (S.M.)
- Department of Respirology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan;
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Corrie L, Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman MD, Kukatil L, Manasa D, Shirisha A. Antifibrotic Drugs for COVID-19: From Orphan Drugs to Blockbusters? CURRENT RESPIRATORY MEDICINE REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573398x17666210304100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:
Antifibrotic agents are known to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The two antifibrotic
agents approved and in usage are Pirfenidone and Nintedanib granted by the USFDA in 2014.
They are both known to decrease inflammation in the lungs. The fact that COVID-19 has shown to
cause inflammation and fibrosis in the lungs frames the theory of their usage in the treatment of the
disease by reducing lung scaring and allowing faster discharge of patients with post-COVID complications.
The need for them to change their status from orphans to blockbusters has not happened
yet due to fewer data and less research available on them as well as various other economic and patient-
related factors. Since COVID-19 is widespread and causes many complications of the lungs
that are similar to what these two drugs treat. We believe that the status of these drugs could be
changed due to an increase in demand for them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leander Corrie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - MD Muzaffar-Ur-Rehman
- Nalla Narasimha Reddy Educational Society, Chowdariguda, Narapally, Telangana State, 500088, India
| | - Latha Kukatil
- G. Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy, Pillar No : 23 (PVNR elevated Expressway) Mehdipatnam, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500028, India
| | - Devasari Manasa
- G. Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy, Pillar No : 23 (PVNR elevated Expressway) Mehdipatnam, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500028, India
| | - Adepu Shirisha
- G. Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy, Pillar No : 23 (PVNR elevated Expressway) Mehdipatnam, Hyderabad, Telangana State, 500028, India
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Rønnow SR, Dabbagh RQ, Genovese F, Nanthakumar CB, Barrett VJ, Good RB, Brockbank S, Cruwys S, Jessen H, Sorensen GL, Karsdal MA, Leeming DJ, Sand JMB. Prolonged Scar-in-a-Jar: an in vitro screening tool for anti-fibrotic therapies using biomarkers of extracellular matrix synthesis. Respir Res 2020; 21:108. [PMID: 32381012 PMCID: PMC7203825 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a rapidly progressing disease with challenging management. To find novel effective therapies, better preclinical models are needed for the screening of anti-fibrotic compounds. Activated fibroblasts drive fibrogenesis and are the main cells responsible for the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, a prolonged Scar-in-a-Jar assay was combined with clinically validated biochemical markers of ECM synthesis to evaluate ECM synthesis over time. To validate the model as a drug screening tool for novel anti-fibrotic compounds, two approved compounds for IPF, nintedanib and pirfenidone, and a compound in development, omipalisib, were tested. METHODS Primary human lung fibroblasts from healthy donors were cultured for 12 days in the presence of ficoll and were stimulated with TGF-β1 with or without treatment with an ALK5/TGF-β1 receptor kinase inhibitor (ALK5i), nintedanib, pirfenidone or the mTOR/PI3K inhibitor omipalisib (GSK2126458). Biomarkers of ECM synthesis were evaluated over time in cell supernatants using ELISAs to assess type I, III, IV, V and VI collagen formation (PRO-C1, PRO-C3, PRO-C4, PRO-C5, PRO-C6), fibronectin (FBN-C) deposition and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. RESULTS TGF-β1 induced synthesis of PRO-C1, PRO-C6 and FBN-C as compared with unstimulated fibroblasts at all timepoints, while PRO-C3 and α-SMA levels were not elevated until day 8. Elevated biomarkers were reduced by suppressing TGF-β1 signalling with ALK5i. Nintedanib and omipalisib were able to reduce all biomarkers induced by TGF-β1 in a concentration dependent manner, while pirfenidone had no effect on α-SMA. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β1 stimulated synthesis of type I, III and VI collagen, fibronectin and α-SMA but not type IV or V collagen. Synthesis was increased over time, although temporal profiles differed, and was modulated pharmacologically by ALK5i, nintedanib, pirfenidone and omipalisib. This prolonged 12-day Scar-in-a-Jar assay utilising biochemical markers of ECM synthesis provides a useful screening tool for novel anti-fibrotic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rank Rønnow
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rand Qais Dabbagh
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Federica Genovese
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Vikki J Barrett
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Robert B Good
- Department of Fibrosis DPU, Respiratory TA, GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Sarah Brockbank
- Innovative Medicines Unit, Grünenthal Innovation, Aachen, Germany
- Present Address: Medicines Discovery Catapult, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, UK
| | - Simon Cruwys
- Innovative Medicines Unit, Grünenthal Innovation, Aachen, Germany
- Present Address: TherapeutAix AG, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henrik Jessen
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Grith Lykke Sorensen
- Department of Cancer and Inflammation Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Morten Asser Karsdal
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Diana Julie Leeming
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev, Herlev Hovedgade 205-207, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark
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Bahudhanapati H, Tan J, Dutta JA, Strock SB, Sembrat J, Àlvarez D, Rojas M, Jäger B, Prasse A, Zhang Y, Kass DJ. MicroRNA-144-3p targets relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1) expression in lung fibroblasts from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:5008-5022. [PMID: 30709904 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone relaxin is considered a potential therapy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We have previously shown that a potential limitation to relaxin-based IPF therapy is decreased expression of a relaxin receptor, relaxin/insulin-like family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1), in IPF fibroblasts. The mechanism that down-regulates RXFP1 in IPF remains unclear. To determine whether microRNAs (miRs) regulate RXFP1 gene expression, here we employed a bioinformatics approach to identify miRs predicted to target RXFP1 and identified a putative miR-144-3p target site in the RXFP1 mRNA. In situ hybridization of IPF lung biopsies revealed that miR-144-3p is expressed in fibroblastic foci. Furthermore, we found that miR-144-3p is up-regulated in IPF fibroblasts compared with lung fibroblasts from healthy donors. Transforming growth factor β increased miR-144-3p expression in both healthy and IPF lung fibroblasts in a SMAD family 2/3 (SMAD2/3)-dependent manner, and Jun proto-oncogene AP-1 transcription factor subunit (AP-1) was required for constitutive miR-144-3p expression. Overexpression of an miR-144-3p mimic significantly reduced RXFP1 mRNA and protein levels and increased expression of the myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in healthy lung fibroblasts. IPF lung fibroblasts transfected with anti-miR-144-3p had increased RXFP1 expression and reduced α-SMA expression. Of note, a lentiviral luciferase reporter carrying the WT 3' UTR of RXFP1 was significantly repressed in IPF lung fibroblasts, whereas a reporter carrying a mutated miR-144-3p-binding site exhibited less sensitivity toward endogenous miR-144-3p expression, indicating that miR-144-3p down-regulates RXFP1 in IPF lung fibroblasts by targeting its 3' UTR. We conclude that miR-144-3p directly represses RXFP1 mRNA and protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harinath Bahudhanapati
- From the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Jiangning Tan
- From the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Justin A Dutta
- From the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Stephen B Strock
- From the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - John Sembrat
- From the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Diana Àlvarez
- From the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Mauricio Rojas
- From the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Benedikt Jäger
- Fraunhofer ITEM, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL) BREATH, Nicolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Antje Prasse
- Fraunhofer ITEM, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL) BREATH, Nicolai-Fuchs-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.,the Department of Pulmonology, Hannover Medical School, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL) BREATH, Carl-Neuberg Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany, and
| | - Yingze Zhang
- From the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
| | - Daniel J Kass
- From the Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213,
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Sontake V, Gajjala PR, Kasam RK, Madala SK. New therapeutics based on emerging concepts in pulmonary fibrosis. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 23:69-81. [PMID: 30468628 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1552262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fibrosis is an irreversible pathological endpoint in many chronic diseases, including pulmonary fibrosis. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and often fatal condition characterized by (myo)fibroblast proliferation and transformation in the lung, expansion of the extracellular matrix, and extensive remodeling of the lung parenchyma. Recent evidence indicates that IPF prevalence and mortality rates are growing in the United States and elsewhere. Despite decades of research on the pathogenic mechanisms of pulmonary fibrosis, few therapeutics have succeeded in the clinic, and they have failed to improve IPF patient survival. Areas covered: Based on a literature search and our own results, we discuss the key cellular and molecular responses that contribute to (myo)fibroblast actions and pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis; this includes signaling pathways in various cells that aberrantly and persistently activate (myo)fibroblasts in fibrotic lesions and promote scar tissue formation in the lung. Expert opinion: Lessons learned from recent failures and successes with new therapeutics point toward approaches that can target multiple pro-fibrotic processes in IPF. Advances in preclinical modeling and single-cell genomics will also accelerate novel discoveries for effective treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwaraj Sontake
- a Department of Pediatrics , University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b Division of Pulmonary Medicine , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Prathibha R Gajjala
- a Department of Pediatrics , University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b Division of Pulmonary Medicine , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Rajesh K Kasam
- a Department of Pediatrics , University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b Division of Pulmonary Medicine , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
| | - Satish K Madala
- a Department of Pediatrics , University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine , Cincinnati , OH , USA.,b Division of Pulmonary Medicine , Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center , Cincinnati , OH , USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin F Gibson
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J Kass
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Li S, Zhao J, Shang D, Kass DJ, Zhao Y. Ubiquitination and deubiquitination emerge as players in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis pathogenesis and treatment. JCI Insight 2018; 3:120362. [PMID: 29769446 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.120362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal fibrotic lung disease that is associated with aberrant activation of TGF-β, myofibroblast differentiation, and abnormal extracellular matrix (ECM) production. Proper regulation of protein stability is important for maintenance of intracellular protein homeostasis and signaling. Ubiquitin E3 ligases mediate protein ubiquitination, and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) reverse the process. The role of ubiquitin E3 ligases and DUBs in the pathogenesis of IPF is relatively unexplored. In this review, we provide an overview of how ubiquitin E3 ligases and DUBs modulate pulmonary fibrosis through regulation of both TGF-β-dependent and -independent pathways. We also summarize currently available small-molecule inhibitors of ubiquitin E3 ligases and DUBs as potential therapeutic strategies for the treatment of IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dong Shang
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Daniel J Kass
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yutong Zhao
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Acute Lung Injury Center of Excellence, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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