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Vetel K, Eyries M, Savale L, Kanengiesser C, Borie R, Humbert M, Montani D. Pulmonary Veno-Occlusive Disease and Pulmonary Fibrosis in a Family with EIF2AK4 Pathogenic Variants. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2024; 70:143-145. [PMID: 38299797 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2023-0166le] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Vetel
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Laurent Savale
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Raphael Borie
- Université Paris Cité, AP-HP, INSERM UMR-S 1152 PHERE Paris, France
| | - Marc Humbert
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - David Montani
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, INSERM UMR_S 999 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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Hanquier Z, Misra J, Baxter R, Maiers JL. Stress and Liver Fibrogenesis: Understanding the Role and Regulation of Stress Response Pathways in Hepatic Stellate Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1363-1376. [PMID: 37422148 PMCID: PMC10548279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Stress response pathways are crucial for cells to adapt to physiological and pathologic conditions. Increased transcription and translation in response to stimuli place a strain on the cell, necessitating increased amino acid supply, protein production and folding, and disposal of misfolded proteins. Stress response pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the integrated stress response (ISR), allow cells to adapt to stress and restore homeostasis; however, their role and regulation in pathologic conditions, such as hepatic fibrogenesis, are unclear. Liver injury promotes fibrogenesis through activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which produce and secrete fibrogenic proteins to promote tissue repair. This process is exacerbated in chronic liver disease, leading to fibrosis and, if unchecked, cirrhosis. Fibrogenic HSCs exhibit activation of both the UPR and ISR, due in part to increased transcriptional and translational demands, and these stress responses play important roles in fibrogenesis. Targeting these pathways to limit fibrogenesis or promote HSC apoptosis is a potential antifibrotic strategy, but it is limited by our lack of mechanistic understanding of how the UPR and ISR regulate HSC activation and fibrogenesis. This article explores the role of the UPR and ISR in the progression of fibrogenesis, and highlights areas that require further investigation to better understand how the UPR and ISR can be targeted to limit hepatic fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Hanquier
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jagannath Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Reese Baxter
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jessica L Maiers
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Borek I, Birnhuber A, Voelkel NF, Marsh LM, Kwapiszewska G. The vascular perspective on acute and chronic lung disease. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e170502. [PMID: 37581311 PMCID: PMC10425217 DOI: 10.1172/jci170502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The pulmonary vasculature has been frequently overlooked in acute and chronic lung diseases, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), pulmonary fibrosis (PF), and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The primary emphasis in the management of these parenchymal disorders has largely revolved around the injury and aberrant repair of epithelial cells. However, there is increasing evidence that the vascular endothelium plays an active role in the development of acute and chronic lung diseases. The endothelial cell network in the capillary bed and the arterial and venous vessels provides a metabolically highly active barrier that controls the migration of immune cells, regulates vascular tone and permeability, and participates in the remodeling processes. Phenotypically and functionally altered endothelial cells, and remodeled vessels, can be found in acute and chronic lung diseases, although to different degrees, likely because of disease-specific mechanisms. Since vascular remodeling is associated with pulmonary hypertension, which worsens patient outcomes and survival, it is crucial to understand the underlying vascular alterations. In this Review, we describe the current knowledge regarding the role of the pulmonary vasculature in the development and progression of ARDS, PF, and COPD; we also outline future research directions with the hope of facilitating the development of mechanism-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Borek
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Birnhuber
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Norbert F. Voelkel
- Pulmonary Medicine Department, University of Amsterdam Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leigh M. Marsh
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
- Institute for Lung Health, German Lung Center (DZL), Cardiopulmonary Institute, Giessen, Germany
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Bahudhanapati H, Kass DJ. Integrating the Integrated Stress Response. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2023; 68:243-244. [PMID: 36520987 PMCID: PMC9989479 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2022-0465ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Harinath Bahudhanapati
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Daniel J Kass
- Dorothy P. and Richard P. Simmons Center for Interstitial Lung Disease University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Zhao C, Guo H, Hou Y, Lei T, Wei D, Zhao Y. Multiple Roles of the Stress Sensor GCN2 in Immune Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054285. [PMID: 36901714 PMCID: PMC10002013 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine-protein kinase general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) is a well-known stress sensor that responds to amino acid starvation and other stresses, making it critical to the maintenance of cellular and organismal homeostasis. More than 20 years of research has revealed the molecular structure/complex, inducers/regulators, intracellular signaling pathways and bio-functions of GCN2 in various biological processes, across an organism's lifespan, and in many diseases. Accumulated studies have demonstrated that the GCN2 kinase is also closely involved in the immune system and in various immune-related diseases, such as GCN2 acts as an important regulatory molecule to control macrophage functional polarization and CD4+ T cell subset differentiation. Herein, we comprehensively summarize the biological functions of GCN2 and discuss its roles in the immune system, including innate and adaptive immune cells. We also discuss the antagonism of GCN2 and mTOR pathways in immune cells. A better understanding of GCN2's functions and signaling pathways in the immune system under physiological, stressful, and pathological situations will be beneficial to the development of potential therapies for many immune-relevant diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Han Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yangxiao Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tong Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing 100101, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-64807302
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