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Rocha SM, Gustafson DL, Safe S, Tjalkens RB. Comparative safety, pharmacokinetics, and off-target assessment of 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-( p-chlorophenyl) methane in mouse and dog: implications for therapeutic development. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2024; 13:tfae059. [PMID: 38655145 PMCID: PMC11033559 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfae059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The modified phytochemical derivative, 1,1-bis(3'-indolyl)-1-(p-chlorophenyl) methane (C-DIM12), has been identified as a potential therapeutic platform based on its capacity to improve disease outcomes in models of neurodegeneration and cancer. However, comprehensive safety studies investigating pathology and off-target binding have not been conducted. To address this, we administered C-DIM12 orogastrically to outbred male CD-1 mice for 7 days (50 mg/kg/day, 200 mg/kg/day, and 300 mg/kg/day) and investigated changes in hematology, clinical chemistry, and whole-body tissue pathology. We also delivered a single dose of C-DIM12 (1 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 25 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 300 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg) orogastrically to male and female beagle dogs and investigated hematology and clinical chemistry, as well as plasma pharmacokinetics over 48-h. Consecutive in-vitro off-target binding through inhibition was performed with 10 μM C-DIM12 against 68 targets in tandem with predictive off-target structural binding capacity. These data show that the highest dose C-DIM12 administered in each species caused modest liver pathology in mouse and dog, whereas lower doses were unremarkable. Off-target screening and predictive modeling of C-DIM12 show inhibition of serine/threonine kinases, calcium signaling, G-protein coupled receptors, extracellular matrix degradation, and vascular and transcriptional regulation pathways. Collectively, these data demonstrate that low doses of C-DIM12 do not induce pathology and are capable of modulating targets relevant to neurodegeneration and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah M Rocha
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Colorado State University, 1678 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M School of Veterinary, Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, 4466 TAMU College Station, TX 77843-4466, USA
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, 1680 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Bagde A, Patel K, Kutlehria S, Chowdhury N, Singh M. Formulation of topical ibuprofen solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) gel using hot melt extrusion technique (HME) and determining its anti-inflammatory strength. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2019; 9:816-827. [PMID: 30924025 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-019-00632-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) have been formulated using various batch processes, e.g., solvent diffusion evaporation, emulsification solvent evaporation followed by size reduction using high-pressure homogenization (HPH) or ultrasonication. However, for the manufacturing of formulations, continuous processes are always preferred over batch processes since they are more efficient and offer better quality of the end product. Hence, we developed topical SLN of ibuprofen (IBU) using hot melt extrusion (HME), prepared a gel formulation, and performed its in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Effect of different variables of HME equipment and materials used in SLN was optimized using design of experiment (DoE) approach. Stable 0.48% IBU SLN with particle size 60.2 ± 4.81 nm and entrapment efficiency 90.41 ± 3.46% were developed which further gelled using 1% carbopol 981A. Drug release study, skin deposition study, and in vivo anti-inflammatory activity studies showed 84.37 ± 4.65% drug release, 12.05 ± 0.81% drug deposition, and 40.17 ± 2.41% edema inhibition respectively in case of IBU SLN gel (IBU-SLN-G) which was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than control IBU gel (C-IBU-G) with 50.11 ± 0.57% drug release, 4.11 ± 1.10% deposition, and 20.08 ± 3.23% edema inhibition respectively. In conclusion, HME offers a single step process for manufacturing for SLN which avoids high stress particle size reduction techniques used for SLN preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Bagde
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA
| | - Shallu Kutlehria
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Nusrat Chowdhury
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL, 32307, USA.
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Bagde A, Patel K, Mondal A, Kutlehria S, Chowdhury N, Gebeyehu A, Patel N, Kumar N, Singh M. Combination of UVB Absorbing Titanium Dioxide and Quercetin Nanogel for Skin Cancer Chemoprevention. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:240. [PMID: 31250221 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunscreens are widely prescribed and used to prevent skin cancer; however, they have been reported to contain various chemicals which mimic hormones and disrupt hormonal functioning in humans. The aim of this study was to develop topical nanogel for skin cancer prevention using an antioxidant compound quercetin (Qu) and inorganic titanium dioxide (TiO2). Two formulations of Qu nanocrystals were optimized with low and high concentration of drug using the Box-Behnken design with the quadratic response surface model and further homogenized with TiO2. Qu nanocrystal (0.08% and 0.12%) formulations showed a particle size of 249.65 ± 2.84 nm and 352.48 ± 3.56 nm with zeta potential of - 14.7 ± 0.41 mV and - 19.6 ± 0.37 mV and drug content of 89.27 ± 1.39% and 90.38 ± 1.81% respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed rod-shaped nanocrystals with a particle size below 400 nm. Qu (0.08%), Qu (0.12%), Qu (0.12%) + TiO2 (5%), and Qu (0.12%) + TiO2 (15%) nanogels showed over 70% drug release with significantly (p < 0.001) enhanced skin deposition of Qu as compare with Qu suspension within 24 h. The average numbers of tumor, tumor volume, and percentage of animals with tumors at onset in the Qu (0.12%) + TiO2 (15%) nanogel-pretreated group was found to be significantly (p < 0.05) less as compared with the UV only exposed group. Further, Qu (0.12%) + TiO2 (15%) nanogel significantly (p < 0.001) downregulated COX-2, EP3, EP4, PCNA, and cyclin D1 expressions in contrast to Qu and TiO2 only pretreated groups. Therefore, novel combination of Qu (0.12%) + TiO2 (15%) with enhanced skin deposition can be used as a chemopreventive strategy in UVB-induced skin photocarcinogenesis.
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Boakye CH, Patel K, Doddapaneni R, Bagde A, Marepally S, Singh M. Novel amphiphilic lipid augments the co-delivery of erlotinib and IL36 siRNA into the skin for psoriasis treatment. J Control Release 2017; 246:120-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lipid-based oral delivery systems for skin deposition of a potential chemopreventive DIM derivative: characterization and evaluation. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2016; 6:526-39. [PMID: 27405772 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-016-0302-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to explore the oral route as a viable potential for the skin deposition of a novel diindolylmethane derivative (DIM-D) for chemoprevention activity. Various lipid-based oral delivery systems were optimized and compared for enhancing DIM-D's oral bioavailability and skin deposition. Preformulation studies were performed to evaluate the log P and solubility of DIM-D. Microsomal metabolism, P-glycoprotein efflux, and caco-2 monolayer permeability of DIM-D were determined. Comparative evaluation of the oral absorption and skin deposition of DIM-D-loaded various lipid-based formulations was performed in rats. DIM-D showed pH-dependent solubility and a high log P value. It was not a strong substrate of microsomal degradation and P-glycoprotein. SMEDDs comprised of medium chain triglycerides, monoglycerides, and kolliphor-HS15 (36.70 ± 0.42 nm). SNEDDs comprised of long chain triglycerides, cremophor RH40, labrasol, and TPGS (84.00 ± 14.14 nm). Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) consisted of compritol, miglyol, and surfactants (116.50 ± 2.12 nm). The blank formulations all showed >70 % cell viability in caco-2 cells. Differential Scanning Calorimetry confirmed the amorphization of DIM-D within the lipid matrices while Atomic Force Microscopy showed particle size distribution similar to the dynamic light scattering data. DIM-D also showed reduced permeation across caco-2 monolayer that was enhanced (p < 0.05) by SNEDDs in comparison to SMEDDs and NLC. Fabsolute for DIM-D SNEDDs, SMEDDs, and NLC was 0.14, 0.04, and 0.007, respectively. SNEDDs caused 53.90, 11.32, and 15.08-fold more skin deposition of DIM-D than the free drug, SMEDDs, and NLC, respectively, at 2 h following oral administration and shows a viable potential for use in skin cancer chemoprevention. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Boakye CHA, Patel K, Doddapaneni R, Bagde A, Behl G, Chowdhury N, Safe S, Singh M. Ultra-flexible nanocarriers for enhanced topical delivery of a highly lipophilic antioxidative molecule for skin cancer chemoprevention. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 143:156-167. [PMID: 27003466 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we developed cationic ultra-flexible nanocarriers (UltraFLEX-Nano) to surmount the skin barrier structure and to potentiate the topical delivery of a highly lipophilic antioxidative diindolylmethane derivative (DIM-D) for the inhibition of UV-induced DNA damage and skin carcinogenesis. METHODS UltraFLEX-Nano was prepared with 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane, cholesterol and tween-80 by ethanolic injection method; was characterized by Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) and Atomic Force Microscopic (phase-imaging) analyses and permeation studies were performed in dermatomed human skin. The efficacy of DIM-D-UltraFLEX-Nano for skin cancer chemoprevention was evaluated in UVB-induced skin cancer model in vivo. RESULTS DIM-D-UltraFLEX-Nano formed a stable mono-dispersion (110.50±0.71nm) with >90% encapsulation of DIM-D that was supported by HPLC, DSC, FT-IR and AFM phase imaging. The blank formulation was non-toxic to human embryonic kidney cells. UltraFLEX-Nano was vastly deformable and highly permeable across the stratum corneum; there was significant (p<0.01) skin deposition of DIM-D for UltraFLEX-Nano that was superior to PEG solution (13.83-fold). DIM-D-UltraFLEX-Nano pretreatment delayed the onset of UVB-induced tumorigenesis (2 weeks) and reduced (p<0.05) the number of tumors observed in SKH-1 mice (3.33-fold), which was comparable to pretreatment with sunscreen (SPF30). Also, DIM-D-UltraFLEX-Nano caused decrease (p<0.05) in UV-induced DNA damage (8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine), skin inflammation (PCNA), epidermal hyperplasia (c-myc, CyclinD1), immunosuppression (IL10), cell survival (AKT), metastasis (Vimentin, MMP-9, TIMP1) but increase in apoptosis (p53 and p21). CONCLUSION UltraFLEX-Nano was efficient in enhancing the topical delivery of DIM-D. DIM-D-UltraFLEX-Nano was efficacious in delaying skin tumor incidence and multiplicity in SKH mice comparable to sunscreen (SPF30).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedar H A Boakye
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Ketan Patel
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Ravi Doddapaneni
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Arvind Bagde
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | | | - Nusrat Chowdhury
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA
| | - Stephen Safe
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, TX 77843, USA
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA.
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Singh P, Arya M, Kanoujia J, Singh M, Gupta KP, Saraf SA. Design of topical nanostructured lipid carrier of silymarin and its effect on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) induced cellular differentiation in mouse skin. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra20231d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Effect of silymarin NLC on DMBA induced cell changes in mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
- Lucknow 226025
- India
| | - Malti Arya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
- Lucknow 226025
- India
| | - Jovita Kanoujia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
- Lucknow 226025
- India
| | - Mahendra Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
- Lucknow 226025
- India
| | - Krishna P. Gupta
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
- Lucknow 226001
- India
| | - Shubhini A. Saraf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University
- Lucknow 226025
- India
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