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DeLong RK, Huber H, Aparicio-Lopez C, Bhatti A, Swanson R, Shrestha TB, Gaudreault NN. Enzyme Nanoscale Interactions with Manganese Zinc Sulfide Give Insight into Potential Antiviral Mechanisms and SARS-CoV-2 Inhibition. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2022; 5:449-457. [PMID: 35821747 PMCID: PMC9236215 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.2c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
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Recent interest in nanomedicine has
skyrocketed because of mRNA
vaccine lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) against COVID-19. Ironically, despite
this success, the innovative nexus between nanotechnology and biochemistry,
and the impact of nanoparticles on enzyme biochemical activity is
poorly understood. The studies of this group on zinc nanoparticle
(ZNP) compositions suggest that nanorod morphologies are preferred
and that ZNP doped with manganese or iron can increase activity against
model enzymes such as luciferase, DNA polymerase, and β-galactosidase
(β-Gal), with the latter previously being associated with antimicrobial
activity. SARS-CoV-2 encodes several of these types of oxido-reductase,
polymerase, or hydrolase types of enzymes, and while metamaterials
or nanoparticle composites have become important in many fields, their
application against SARS-CoV-2 has only recently been considered.
Recently, this group discovered the antiviral activity of manganese-doped
zinc sulfide (MnZnS), and here the interactions of this nanoparticle
composite with β-Gal, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), and
human ACE2 (hACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, are demonstrated. Low
UV, circular dichroism, and zeta potential results confirm their enzyme
interaction and inhibition by fluorometric area under the curve (AUC)
measurements. The IC50 of enzyme activity varied depending
on the manganese percentage and surface ranging from 20 to 50 μg/mL.
MnZnS NPs give a 1–2 log order inhibition of SARS-CoV-2; however,
surface-capping with cysteine does not improve activity. These data
suggest that Mn substituted ZNP interactions to hACE2 and potentially
other enzymes may underlie its antiviral activity, opening up a new
area of pharmacology ready for preclinical translation.
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DeLong RK, Cheng YH, Pearson P, Lin Z, Coffee C, Mathew EN, Hoffman A, Wouda RM, Higginbotham ML. Translating Nanomedicine to Comparative Oncology-the Case for Combining Zinc Oxide Nanomaterials with Nucleic Acid Therapeutic and Protein Delivery for Treating Metastatic Cancer. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:671-681. [PMID: 31040175 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.256230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The unique anticancer, biochemical, and immunologic properties of nanomaterials are becoming a new tool in biomedical research. Their translation into the clinic promises a new wave of targeted therapies. One nanomaterial of particular interest are zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles (NPs), which has distinct mechanisms of anticancer activity including unique surface, induction of reactive oxygen species, lipid oxidation, pH, and also ionic gradients within cancer cells and the tumor microenvironment. It is recognized that ZnO NPs can serve as a direct enzyme inhibitor. Significantly, ZnO NPs inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and protein kinase B (AKT) associated with melanoma progression, drug resistance, and metastasis. Indeed, direct intratumoral injection of ZnO NPs or a complex of ZnO with RNA significantly suppresses ERK and AKT phosphorylation. These data suggest ZnO NPs and their complexes or conjugates with nucleic acid therapeutic or anticancer protein may represent a potential new strategy for the treatment of metastatic melanoma, and potentially other cancers. This review focuses on the anticancer mechanisms of ZnO NPs and what is currently known about its biochemical effects on melanoma, biologic activity, and pharmacokinetics in rodents and its potential for translation into large animal, spontaneously developing models of melanoma and other cancers, which represent models of comparative oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K DeLong
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Nanotechnology Innovation Center (R.K.D., P.P., E.N.M., A.H.), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute for Computational Comparative Medicine (Y.-H.C., Z.L.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (C.C., R.M.W., M.L.H.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Yi-Hsien Cheng
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Nanotechnology Innovation Center (R.K.D., P.P., E.N.M., A.H.), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute for Computational Comparative Medicine (Y.-H.C., Z.L.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (C.C., R.M.W., M.L.H.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Paige Pearson
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Nanotechnology Innovation Center (R.K.D., P.P., E.N.M., A.H.), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute for Computational Comparative Medicine (Y.-H.C., Z.L.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (C.C., R.M.W., M.L.H.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Nanotechnology Innovation Center (R.K.D., P.P., E.N.M., A.H.), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute for Computational Comparative Medicine (Y.-H.C., Z.L.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (C.C., R.M.W., M.L.H.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Calli Coffee
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Nanotechnology Innovation Center (R.K.D., P.P., E.N.M., A.H.), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute for Computational Comparative Medicine (Y.-H.C., Z.L.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (C.C., R.M.W., M.L.H.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Elza Neelima Mathew
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Nanotechnology Innovation Center (R.K.D., P.P., E.N.M., A.H.), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute for Computational Comparative Medicine (Y.-H.C., Z.L.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (C.C., R.M.W., M.L.H.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Amanda Hoffman
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Nanotechnology Innovation Center (R.K.D., P.P., E.N.M., A.H.), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute for Computational Comparative Medicine (Y.-H.C., Z.L.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (C.C., R.M.W., M.L.H.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Raelene M Wouda
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Nanotechnology Innovation Center (R.K.D., P.P., E.N.M., A.H.), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute for Computational Comparative Medicine (Y.-H.C., Z.L.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (C.C., R.M.W., M.L.H.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Mary Lynn Higginbotham
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Nanotechnology Innovation Center (R.K.D., P.P., E.N.M., A.H.), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Institute for Computational Comparative Medicine (Y.-H.C., Z.L.), and Department of Clinical Sciences (C.C., R.M.W., M.L.H.), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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Thomas SE, Comer J, Kim MJ, Marroquin S, Murthy V, Ramani M, Hopke TG, McCall J, Choi SO, DeLong RK. Comparative functional dynamics studies on the enzyme nano-bio interface. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4523-4536. [PMID: 30127604 PMCID: PMC6092129 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s152222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Biomedical applications of nanoparticles (NPs) as enzyme inhibitors have recently come to light. Oxides of metals native to the physiological environment (eg, Fe, Zn, Mg, etc.) are of particular interest-especially the functional consequences of their enzyme interaction. Materials and methods Here, Fe2O3, zinc oxide (ZnO), magnesium oxide (MgO) and nickel oxide (NiO) NPs are compared to copper (Cu) and boron carbide (B4C) NPs. The functional impact of NP interaction to the model enzyme luciferase is determined by 2-dimensional fluorescence difference spectroscopy (2-D FDS) and 2-dimensional photoluminescence difference spectroscopy (2-D PLDS). By 2-D FDS analysis, the change in maximal intensity and in 2-D FDS area under the curve (AUC) is in the order Cu~B4C>ZnO>NiO>>Fe2O3>MgO. The induced changes in protein conformation are confirmed by tryptic digests and gel electrophoresis. Results Analysis of possible trypsin cleavage sites suggest that cleavage mostly occurs in the range of residues 112-155 and 372-439, giving a major 45 kDa band. By 2-D PLDS, it is found that B4C NPs completely ablate bioluminescence, while Cu and Fe2O3 NPs yield a unique bimodal negative decay rate, -7.67×103 and -3.50×101 relative light units respectively. Cu NPs, in particular, give a remarkable 271% change in enzyme activity. Molecular dynamics simulations in water predicted that the surfaces of metal oxide NPs become capped with metal hydroxide groups under physiological conditions, while the surface of B4C becomes populated with boronic acid or borinic acid groups. These predictions are supported by the experimentally determined zeta potential. Thin layer chromatography patterns further support this conception of the NP surfaces, where stabilizing interactions were in the order ionic>polar>non-polar for the series tested. Conclusion Overall the results suggest that B4C and Cu NP functional dynamics on enzyme biochemistry are unique and should be examined further for potential ramifications on other model, physiological or disease-relevant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer E Thomas
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA, .,Department of Biomedical Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Jeffrey Comer
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA,
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA,
| | - Shanna Marroquin
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA,
| | - Vaibhav Murthy
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA,
| | - Meghana Ramani
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA,
| | - Tabetha Gaile Hopke
- Department of Biomedical Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, USA
| | - Jayden McCall
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA,
| | - Seong-O Choi
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA,
| | - Robert K DeLong
- Nanotechnology Innovation Center of Kansas State, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA,
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Marcus M, Skaat H, Alon N, Margel S, Shefi O. NGF-conjugated iron oxide nanoparticles promote differentiation and outgrowth of PC12 cells. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:1058-66. [PMID: 25473934 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr05193a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The search for regenerative agents that promote neuronal differentiation and repair is of great importance. Nerve growth factor (NGF) which is an essential contributor to neuronal differentiation has shown high pharmacological potential for the treatment of central neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. However, growth factors undergo rapid degradation, leading to a short biological half-life. In our study, we describe a new nano-based approach to enhance the NGF activity resulting in promoted neuronal differentiation. We covalently conjugated NGF to iron oxide nanoparticles (NGF-NPs) and studied the effect of the novel complex on the differentiation of PC12 cells. We found that the NGF-NP treatment, at the same concentration as free NGF, significantly promoted neurite outgrowth and increased the complexity of the neuronal branching trees. Examination of neuronal differentiation gene markers demonstrated higher levels of expression in PC12 cells treated with the conjugated factor. By manipulating the NGF specific receptor, TrkA, we have demonstrated that NGF-NPs induce cell differentiation via the regular pathway. Importantly, we have shown that NGF-NPs undergo slower degradation than free NGF, extending their half-life and increasing NGF availability. Even a low concentration of conjugated NGF treatment has led to an effective response. We propose the use of the NGF-NP complex which has magnetic characteristics, also as a useful method to enhance NGF efficiency and activity, thus, paving the way for substantial neuronal repair therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marcus
- Faculty of Engineering, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel.
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