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Sakurai R, Kodama K, Ozawa Y, Kobayashi-Cuya KE. Effect of the Visual Illusion on Stepping-Over Action and Its Association with Gaze Behavior. Percept Mot Skills 2024; 131:348-362. [PMID: 38281966 DOI: 10.1177/00315125241230194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
An adequate foot clearance height while stepping over an obstacle is important for safety in daily life. In the present study, we examined whether visual illusions affect foot clearance during a stepping-over action, and whether this is further influenced by gaze behavior. Twelve participants stepped over an obstacle placed four meters away under conditions of three different obstacle characteristics: white, horizontal, or vertical lines. We measured the participants' foot clearances during the step-over action and their gaze behavior during the approaching phase. Participants stepped significantly higher over the obstacles in the vertical lines (illusion) condition. The duration of gaze fixation on the obstacle positively correlated with increased foot clearance in the vertical condition, suggesting that the effect of the visual illusion on foot clearance was enhanced by prolonged gaze fixation. Conversely, prolonged fixation negatively correlated with foot clearance in the white (control) condition, implying that a cautious perception of an obstacle may contribute to efficient stepping-over action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Sakurai
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kodama
- University Education Center, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Ozawa
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Japan
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2
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Bratzke D. Ebbinghaus, Müller-Lyer, and Ponzo: Three examples of bidirectional space-time interference. Psychon Bull Rev 2024:10.3758/s13423-024-02491-7. [PMID: 38519757 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-024-02491-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown interference between illusory size and perceived duration. The present study replicated this space-time interference in three classic visual-spatial illusions, the Ebbinghaus, the Müller-Lyer, and the Ponzo illusion. The results showed bidirectional interference between illusory size and duration for all three illusions. That is, subjectively larger stimuli were judged to be presented longer, and stimuli that were presented longer were judged to be larger. Thus, cross-dimensional interference between illusory size and duration appears to be a robust phenomenon and to generalize across a wide range of visual size illusions. This space-time interference most likely arises at the memory level and supports the theoretical notion of a common representational metric for space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bratzke
- Department of Psychology, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany.
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3
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Tailor G, Telles-Langdon DM, Glazebrook CM. Müller-Lyer Illusion susceptibility is conditionally predicted by autistic trait expression. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:429-442. [PMID: 38147086 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06756-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Müller-Lyer (ML) figures bias size estimation consistently, yet different methods can lead to different degrees of illusory bias. Autistic individuals may also be less likely to perceive illusory biases with varying levels of autistic trait expression proposed to modulate reported illusory biases. The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and Systemizing Quotient (SQ) are self-report measures that quantify autistic trait expression and systemizing ability in neurotypical individuals. The current study sought to determine if perceptions of illusory size bias negatively correlate with autistic trait expression and the extent to which varying methods of illusion presentation change the magnitude of illusory bias. Thirty neurotypical adults completed both questionnaires as well as four size estimation tasks. Two tasks involved perceptual discrimination of ML figures by concurrent and successive presentation, where participants selected the longer figure by keypress. For Tasks 3 and 4, participants adjusted the size of a non-illusory line (Task 3) or complementary illusory figure (Task 4) to match the perceived length. Overall, task performance was not correlated with autistic trait expression. One exception was a negative correlation with AQ when adjusting a complementary illusory ML figure in Task 4. Illusory biases were also stronger when two illusory figures were presented concurrently. Given these results, illusion susceptibility to the ML is suggested to be reduced with increases in AQ, but only when the method of illusion measurement is adjustment of concurrent illusory figures. Taken together the results provide evidence that traits associated with autism in a neurotypical population may systematically modulate perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganesh Tailor
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - David M Telles-Langdon
- Gupta Faculty of Kinesiology and Applied Health, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Cheryl M Glazebrook
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, The University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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4
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Guan W, Li B, Qian J. Time course of encoding and maintenance of stereoscopically induced size–distance scaling. VISUAL COGNITION 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2023.2174232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Guan
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Binglong Li
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiehui Qian
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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5
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Bressan P, Kramer P. Most Findings Obtained With Untimed Visual Illusions Are Confounded. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:1238-1246. [PMID: 34241541 DOI: 10.1177/0956797621994268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual illusions have been studied extensively, but their time course has not. Here we show, in a sample of more than 550 people, that unrestricted presentation times-as opposed to presentations lasting only a single second-weaken the Ebbinghaus illusion, strengthen lightness contrast with double increments, and do not alter lightness contrast with double decrements. When presentation time is unrestricted, these illusions are affected in the same way (decrease, increase, no change) by how long observers look at them. Our results imply that differences in illusion magnitude between individuals or groups are confounded with differences in inspection time, no matter whether stimuli are evaluated in matching, adjustment, or untimed comparison tasks. We offer an explanation for why these three illusions progress differently, and we spell out how our findings challenge theories of lightness, theories of global-local processing, and the interpretation of all research that has investigated visual illusions, or used them as tools, without considering inspection time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bressan
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova
| | - Peter Kramer
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova
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6
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Abstract
When a distractor appears in close proximity to a saccade target, the saccadic end point is biased towards the distractor. This so-called global effect reduces with the latency of the saccade if the saccade is visually guided. We recently reported that the global effect does not reduce with the latency of a double-step memory-guided saccade. The aim of this study was to investigate why the global effect in memory-guided saccades does not show the typically observed reduction with saccadic latency. One possibility is that reduction of the global effect requires continuous access to visual information about target and distractor locations, which is lacking in the case of a memory-guided saccade. Alternatively, participants may be inclined to routinely preprogram a memory-guided saccade at the moment the visual information disappears, with the result that a memory-guided saccade is typically programmed on the basis of an earlier representation than necessary. To distinguish between these alternatives, two potential targets were presented, and participants were asked to make a saccade to one of them after a delay. In one condition, the target identity was precued, allowing preprogramming of the saccade, while in another condition, it was revealed by a retro cue after the delay. The global effect remained present in both conditions. Increasing visual exposure of target and distractor led to a reduction of the global effect, irrespective of whether participants could preprogram a saccade or not. The results suggest that continuous access to visual information is required in order to eliminate the global effect.
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7
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The Müller-Lyer line-length task interpreted as a conflict paradigm: A chronometric study and a diffusion account. Atten Percept Psychophys 2020; 82:4025-4037. [PMID: 32895886 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-020-02096-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We propose to interpret tasks evoking the classical Müller-Lyer illusion as one form of a conflict paradigm involving relevant (line length) and irrelevant (arrow orientation) stimulus attributes. Eight practiced observers compared the lengths of two line-arrow combinations; the length of the lines and the orientation of their arrows was varied unpredictably across trials so as to obtain psychometric and chronometric functions for congruent and incongruent line-arrow combinations. To account for decision speed and accuracy in this parametric data set, we present a diffusion model based on two assumptions: inward (outward)-pointing arrows added to a line (i) add (subtract) a separate, task-irrelevant drift component, and (ii) they reduce (increase) the distance to the barrier associated with the response identifying this line as being longer. The model was fitted to the data of each observer separately, and accounted in considerable quantitative detail for many aspects of the data obtained, including the fact that arrow-congruent responses were most prominent in the earliest RT quartile-bin. Our model gives a specific, process-related meaning to traditional static interpretations of the Müller-Lyer illusion, and combines within a single coherent framework structural and strategic mechanisms contributing to the illusion. Its central assumptions correspond to the general interpretation of geometrical-optical illusions as a manifestation of the resolution of a perceptual conflict (Day & Smith, 1989; Westheimer, 2008).
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8
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Chen J, Yang P, Chen Z. The effect of the Müller-Lyer configuration on saccadic eye movements is not fully due to illusory perception. J Neurophysiol 2020; 124:856-867. [PMID: 32783573 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00166.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has shown that both perception and oculomotor control are affected by visual illusions. While these findings appear to suggest a common code of visual processing for perception and oculomotor control, there remains the possibility that the perceptual and the oculomotor effects emerge through partially different processes. In three experiments, we replicated the previous finding that perception and saccades were both biased by the typical Müller-Lyer configurations. However, using a non-Müller-Lyer setup in which the perceptual illusion effect was much restrained, we did not observe a comparable reduction in the saccadic effect. Instead, the saccadic effect by Müller-Lyer configuration could be partially due to the center-of-gravity (CoG) effect (i.e., the tendency for saccades to land at the center of gravity of the stimuli). These results indicate that the influence of the Müller-Lyer configuration on saccadic eye movements is a mixed effect of perceptual representation and CoG, rather than exclusively due to the illusory perception. We further found that the saccadic and perceptual effects were not correlated at the trial-by-trial level, which suggest that there could be largely independent sources of noise for perception and saccadic control.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The Müller-Lyer illusion affects both perception and oculomotor control, but it is unknown whether these effects arise from the same or different underlying mechanisms. We developed a modified version of the Müller-Lyer configuration, which largely reduced the perceptual illusion effect compared with the typical configuration but reduced the saccadic effect to a much less extent. Such difference indicates that influence of the Müller-Lyer configuration on saccadic eye movements is not fully mediated by illusory perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Pin Yang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongting Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Shanghai Changning-ECNU Mental Health Center, School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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9
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de la Malla C, Brenner E, de Haan EHF, Smeets JBJ. A visual illusion that influences perception and action through the dorsal pathway. Commun Biol 2019; 2:38. [PMID: 30701203 PMCID: PMC6349884 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0293-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two main anatomically and physiologically defined visual pathways connecting the primary visual cortex with higher visual areas: the ventral and the dorsal pathway. The influential two-visual-systems hypothesis postulates that visual attributes are analyzed differently for different functions: in the dorsal pathway visual information is analyzed to guide actions, whereas in the ventral pathway visual information is analyzed for perceptual judgments. We here show that a person who cannot identify objects due to an extensive bilateral ventral brain lesion is able to judge the velocity at which an object moves. Moreover, both his velocity judgements and his interceptive actions are as susceptible to a motion illusion as those of people without brain lesions. These findings speak in favor of the idea that dorsal structures process information about attributes such as velocity, irrespective of whether such information is used for perceptual judgments or to guide actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina de la Malla
- Vision and Control of Action (VISCA) Group, Department of Cognition, Development and Psychology of Education, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Passeig de la Vall d’Hebron 171, 08035 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eli Brenner
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Edward H. F. de Haan
- Department of Psychology, Amsterdam Brain and Cognition, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129, 1001NK Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen B. J. Smeets
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 9, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Arkesteijn K, Smeets JBJ, Donk M, Belopolsky AV. Target-distractor competition cannot be resolved across a saccade. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15709. [PMID: 30356170 PMCID: PMC6200742 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When a distractor is presented in close spatial proximity to a target, a saccade tends to land in between the two objects rather than on the target. This robust phenomenon (also referred to as the global effect) is thought to reflect unresolved competition between target and distractor. It is unclear whether this landing bias persists across saccades since a saccade displaces the retinotopic representations of target and distractor. In the present study participants made successive saccades towards two saccadic targets which were presented simultaneously with an irrelevant distractor in close proximity to the second saccade target. The second saccade was either visually-guided or memory-guided. For the memory-guided trials, the second saccade showed a landing bias towards the location of the distractor, despite the disappearance of the distractor after the first saccade. In contrast, for the visually-guided trials, the bias was corrected and the landing bias was eliminated, even for saccades with the shortest intersaccadic intervals. This suggests that the biased saccade plan was remapped across the first saccade. Therefore, we conclude that the target-distractor competition was not resolved across a saccade, but can be resolved based on visual information that is available after a saccade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiki Arkesteijn
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen B J Smeets
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mieke Donk
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Artem V Belopolsky
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Ueda H, Abekawa N, Gomi H. The faster you decide, the more accurate localization is possible: Position representation of "curveball illusion" in perception and eye movements. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201610. [PMID: 30080898 PMCID: PMC6078290 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When the inside texture of a moving object moves, the perceived motion of the object is often distorted toward the direction of the texture's motion (motion-induced position shift), and such perceptual distortion accumulates while the object is watched, causing what is known as the curveball illusion. In a recent study, however, the accumulation of the position error was not observed in saccadic eye movements. Here, we examined whether the position of the illusory object is represented independently in the perceptual and saccadic systems. In the experiments, the stimulus of the curveball illusion was adopted to examine the temporal change in the position representation for saccadic eye movements and for perception by varying the elapsed time from the input of visual information to saccade onset and perceptual judgment, respectively. The results showed that the temporal accumulation of the motion-induced position shift is observed not only in perception but also in saccadic eye movements. In the saccade tasks, the landing positions of saccades gradually shifted to the illusory perceived position as the elapsed time from the target offset to the saccade "go" signal increased. Furthermore, in the perception task, shortening the time between the target offset and the perceptual judgment reduced the size of the illusion effect. Therefore, these results argue against the idea of dissociation between saccadic and perceptual localization of a moving object suggested in the previous study, in which saccades were measured in a rushed way while perceptual responses were measured without time constraint. Instead, the similar temporal trends of these effects imply a common or similar target representation for perception and eye movements which dynamically changes over the course of evidence accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueda
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Co., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naotoshi Abekawa
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Co., Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Gomi
- NTT Communication Science Laboratories, Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Co., Kanagawa, Japan
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12
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Medendorp WP, de Brouwer AJ, Smeets JB. Dynamic representations of visual space for perception and action. Cortex 2018; 98:194-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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Schenk T, Hesse C. Do we have distinct systems for immediate and delayed actions? A selective review on the role of visual memory in action. Cortex 2018; 98:228-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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15
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Massendari D, Lisi M, Collins T, Cavanagh P. Memory-guided saccades show effect of a perceptual illusion whereas visually guided saccades do not. J Neurophysiol 2017; 119:62-72. [PMID: 28954892 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00229.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The double-drift stimulus (a drifting Gabor with orthogonal internal motion) generates a large discrepancy between its physical and perceived path. Surprisingly, saccades directed to the double-drift stimulus land along the physical, and not perceived, path (Lisi M, Cavanagh P. Curr Biol 25: 2535-2540, 2015). We asked whether memory-guided saccades exhibited the same dissociation from perception. Participants were asked to keep their gaze centered on a fixation dot while the double-drift stimulus moved back and forth on a linear path in the periphery. The offset of the fixation was the go signal to make a saccade to the target. In the visually guided saccade condition, the Gabor kept moving on its trajectory after the go signal but was removed once the saccade began. In the memory conditions, the Gabor disappeared before or at the same time as the go-signal (0- to 1,000-ms delay) and participants made a saccade to its remembered location. The results showed that visually guided saccades again targeted the physical rather than the perceived location. However, memory saccades, even with 0-ms delay, had landing positions shifted toward the perceived location. Our result shows that memory- and visually guided saccades are based on different spatial information. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We compared the effect of a perceptual illusion on two types of saccades, visually guided vs. memory-guided saccades, and found that whereas visually guided saccades were almost unaffected by the perceptual illusion, memory-guided saccades exhibited a strong effect of the illusion. Our result is the first evidence in the literature to show that visually and memory-guided saccades use different spatial representations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Massendari
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, CNRS UMR 8248, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France
| | - Matteo Lisi
- Centre for Applied Vision Research, City University of London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Thérèse Collins
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, CNRS UMR 8248, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France
| | - Patrick Cavanagh
- Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, CNRS UMR 8248, Université Paris Descartes , Paris , France.,Department Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College , Hanover, New Hampshire
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16
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Errors in interception can be predicted from errors in perception. Cortex 2017; 98:49-59. [PMID: 28454717 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
It has been hypothesised that our actions are less susceptible to visual illusions than our perceptual judgements because similar information is processed for perception and action in separate pathways. We test this hypothesis for subjects intercepting a moving object that appears to move at a different speed than its true speed due to an illusion. The object was a moving Gabor patch: a sinusoidal grating of which the luminance contrast is modulated by a two-dimensional Gaussian. We manipulated the patch's apparent speed by moving the grating relative to the Gaussian. We used separate two-interval forced choice discrimination tasks to determine how moving the grating influenced ten people's judgements of the object's position and velocity while they were fixating. Based on their perceptual judgements, and knowing that our ability to correct for errors that arise from relying on incorrect judgements are limited by a sensorimotor delay of about 100 msec, we predicted the extent to which subjects would tap ahead of or behind similar targets when trying to intercept them at the fixation location. The predicted errors closely matched the actual errors that subjects made when trying to intercept the targets. This finding does not support the two visual streams hypothesis. The results are consistent with the idea that the extent to which an illusion influences an action tells us something about the extent to which the action relies on the percept in question.
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17
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Abstract
AbstractVisual perception is not instantaneous; the perceptual representation of our environment builds up over time. This can strongly affect our responses to visual stimuli. Here, we study the temporal dynamics of visual processing by analyzing the time course of priming effects induced by the well-known Ebbinghaus illusion. In slower responses, Ebbinghaus primes produce effects in accordance with their perceptual appearance. However, in fast responses, these effects are reversed. We argue that this dissociation originates from the difference between early feedforward-mediated gist of the scene processing and later feedback-mediated more elaborate processing. Indeed, our findings are well explained by the differences between low-frequency representations mediated by the fast magnocellular pathway and high-frequency representations mediated by the slower parvocellular pathway. Our results demonstrate the potentially dramatic effect of response speed on the perception of visual illusions specifically and on our actions in response to objects in our visual environment generally.
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18
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Proulx MJ, Gwinnutt J, Dell'Erba S, Levy-Tzedek S, de Sousa AA, Brown DJ. Other ways of seeing: From behavior to neural mechanisms in the online "visual" control of action with sensory substitution. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2016; 34:29-44. [PMID: 26599473 PMCID: PMC4927905 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-150541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vision is the dominant sense for perception-for-action in humans and other higher primates. Advances in sight restoration now utilize the other intact senses to provide information that is normally sensed visually through sensory substitution to replace missing visual information. Sensory substitution devices translate visual information from a sensor, such as a camera or ultrasound device, into a format that the auditory or tactile systems can detect and process, so the visually impaired can see through hearing or touch. Online control of action is essential for many daily tasks such as pointing, grasping and navigating, and adapting to a sensory substitution device successfully requires extensive learning. Here we review the research on sensory substitution for vision restoration in the context of providing the means of online control for action in the blind or blindfolded. It appears that the use of sensory substitution devices utilizes the neural visual system; this suggests the hypothesis that sensory substitution draws on the same underlying mechanisms as unimpaired visual control of action. Here we review the current state of the art for sensory substitution approaches to object recognition, localization, and navigation, and the potential these approaches have for revealing a metamodal behavioral and neural basis for the online control of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Proulx
- Crossmodal Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James Gwinnutt
- Crossmodal Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Sara Dell'Erba
- Crossmodal Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Shelly Levy-Tzedek
- Cognition, Aging and Rehabilitation Lab, Recanati School for Community Health Professions, Department of Physical Therapy & Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Alexandra A de Sousa
- Crossmodal Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,Department of Science, Bath Spa University, Bath, UK
| | - David J Brown
- Crossmodal Cognition Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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19
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Zimmermann E, Morrone MC, Burr D. Adaptation to size affects saccades with long but not short latencies. J Vis 2016; 16:2. [PMID: 27139583 PMCID: PMC5053361 DOI: 10.1167/16.7.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintained exposure to a specific stimulus property-such as size, color, or motion-induces perceptual adaptation aftereffects, usually in the opposite direction to that of the adaptor. Here we studied how adaptation to size affects perceived position and visually guided action (saccadic eye movements) to that position. Subjects saccaded to the border of a diamond-shaped object after adaptation to a smaller diamond shape. For saccades in the normal latency range, amplitudes decreased, consistent with saccading to a larger object. Short-latency saccades, however, tended to be affected less by the adaptation, suggesting that they were only partly triggered by a signal representing the illusory target position. We also tested size perception after adaptation, followed by a mask stimulus at the probe location after various delays. Similar size adaptation magnitudes were found for all probe-mask delays. In agreement with earlier studies, these results suggest that the duration of the saccade latency period determines the reference frame that codes the probe location.
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Gori S, Molteni M, Facoetti A. Visual Illusions: An Interesting Tool to Investigate Developmental Dyslexia and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:175. [PMID: 27199702 PMCID: PMC4842763 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A visual illusion refers to a percept that is different in some aspect from the physical stimulus. Illusions are a powerful non-invasive tool for understanding the neurobiology of vision, telling us, indirectly, how the brain processes visual stimuli. There are some neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by visual deficits. Surprisingly, just a few studies investigated illusory perception in clinical populations. Our aim is to review the literature supporting a possible role for visual illusions in helping us understand the visual deficits in developmental dyslexia and autism spectrum disorder. Future studies could develop new tools - based on visual illusions - to identify an early risk for neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gori
- Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of BergamoBergamo, Italy
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio MedeaBosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Massimo Molteni
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio MedeaBosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Andrea Facoetti
- Child Psychopathology Unit, Scientific Institute, IRCCS Eugenio MedeaBosisio Parini, Italy
- Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of General Psychology, University of PadovaPadua, Italy
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de Brouwer AJ, Brenner E, Smeets JBJ. Keeping a target in memory does not increase the effect of the Müller-Lyer illusion on saccades. Exp Brain Res 2015; 234:977-83. [PMID: 26686530 PMCID: PMC4785202 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4520-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The effects of visual contextual illusions on motor behaviour vary largely between experimental conditions. Whereas it has often been reported that the effects of illusions on pointing and grasping are largest when the movement is performed some time after the stimulus has disappeared, the effect of a delay has hardly been studied for saccadic eye movements. In this experiment, participants viewed a briefly presented Müller-Lyer illusion with a target at its endpoint and made a saccade to the remembered position of this target after a delay of 0, 0.6, 1.2 or 1.8 s. We found that horizontal saccade amplitudes were shorter for the perceptually shorter than for the perceptually longer configuration of the illusion. Most importantly, although the delay clearly affected saccade amplitude, resulting in shorter saccades for longer delays, the illusion effect did not depend on the duration of the delay. We argue that visually guided and memory-guided saccades are likely based on a common visual representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouk J de Brouwer
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Eli Brenner
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen B J Smeets
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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de Brouwer AJ, Smeets JB, Gutteling TP, Toni I, Medendorp WP. The Müller-Lyer illusion affects visuomotor updating in the dorsal visual stream. Neuropsychologia 2015; 77:119-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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