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Moran C, Johnson PA, Landau AN, Hogendoorn H. Decoding Remapped Spatial Information in the Peri-Saccadic Period. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e2134232024. [PMID: 38871460 PMCID: PMC11270511 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2134-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been suggested that, prior to a saccade, visual neurons predictively respond to stimuli that will fall in their receptive fields after completion of the saccade. This saccadic remapping process is thought to compensate for the shift of the visual world across the retina caused by eye movements. To map the timing of this predictive process in the brain, we recorded neural activity using electroencephalography during a saccade task. Human participants (male and female) made saccades between two fixation points while covertly attending to oriented gratings briefly presented at various locations on the screen. Data recorded during trials in which participants maintained fixation were used to train classifiers on stimuli in different positions. Subsequently, data collected during saccade trials were used to test for the presence of remapped stimulus information at the post-saccadic retinotopic location in the peri-saccadic period, providing unique insight into when remapped information becomes available. We found that the stimulus could be decoded at the remapped location ∼180 ms post-stimulus onset, but only when the stimulus was presented 100-200 ms before saccade onset. Within this range, we found that the timing of remapping was dictated by stimulus onset rather than saccade onset. We conclude that presenting the stimulus immediately before the saccade allows for optimal integration of the corollary discharge signal with the incoming peripheral visual information, resulting in a remapping of activation to the relevant post-saccadic retinotopic neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe Moran
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Department of Psychology,Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Philippa A Johnson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Cognitive Psychology Unit, Institute of Psychology & Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Ayelet N Landau
- Department of Psychology,Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
- Department of Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
| | - Hinze Hogendoorn
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
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Kroell LM, Rolfs M. Foveal vision anticipates defining features of eye movement targets. eLife 2022; 11:e78106. [PMID: 36082940 PMCID: PMC9581528 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
High-acuity foveal processing is vital for human vision. Nonetheless, little is known about how the preparation of large-scale rapid eye movements (saccades) affects visual sensitivity in the center of gaze. Based on findings from passive fixation tasks, we hypothesized that during saccade preparation, foveal processing anticipates soon-to-be fixated visual features. Using a dynamic large-field noise paradigm, we indeed demonstrate that defining features of an eye movement target are enhanced in the pre-saccadic center of gaze. Enhancement manifested as higher Hit Rates for foveal probes with target-congruent orientation and a sensitization to incidental, target-like orientation information in foveally presented noise. Enhancement was spatially confined to the center of gaze and its immediate vicinity, even after parafoveal task performance had been raised to a foveal level. Moreover, foveal enhancement during saccade preparation was more pronounced and developed faster than enhancement during passive fixation. Based on these findings, we suggest a crucial contribution of foveal processing to trans-saccadic visual continuity: Foveal processing of saccade targets commences before the movement is executed and thereby enables a seamless transition once the center of gaze reaches the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Kroell
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
| | - Martin Rolfs
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu BerlinBerlinGermany
- Exzellenzcluster Science of Intelligence, Technische Universität BerlinBerlinGermany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience BerlinBerlinGermany
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Hübner C, Schütz AC. Rapid visual adaptation persists across saccades. iScience 2021; 24:102986. [PMID: 34485868 PMCID: PMC8403744 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons in the visual cortex quickly adapt to constant input, which should lead to perceptual fading within few tens of milliseconds. However, perceptual fading is rarely observed in everyday perception, possibly because eye movements refresh retinal input. Recently, it has been suggested that amplitudes of large saccadic eye movements are scaled to maximally decorrelate presaccadic and postsaccadic inputs and thus to annul perceptual fading. However, this argument builds on the assumption that adaptation within naturally brief fixation durations is strong enough to survive any visually disruptive saccade and affect perception. We tested this assumption by measuring the effect of luminance adaptation on postsaccadic contrast perception. We found that postsaccadic contrast perception was affected by presaccadic luminance adaptation during brief periods of fixation. This adaptation effect emerges within 100 milliseconds and persists over seconds. These results indicate that adaptation during natural fixation periods can affect perception even after visually disruptive saccades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Hübner
- Allgemeine und Biologische Psychologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany.,Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander C Schütz
- Allgemeine und Biologische Psychologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany.,Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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Dreneva A, Chernova U, Ermolova M, MacInnes WJ. Attention Trade-Off for Localization and Saccadic Remapping. Vision (Basel) 2021; 5:vision5020024. [PMID: 34065173 PMCID: PMC8163179 DOI: 10.3390/vision5020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive remapping may be the principal mechanism of maintaining visual stability, and attention is crucial for this process. We aimed to investigate the role of attention in predictive remapping in a dual task paradigm with two conditions, with and without saccadic remapping. The first task was to remember the clock hand position either after a saccade to the clock face (saccade condition requiring remapping) or after the clock being displaced to the fixation point (fixation condition with no saccade). The second task was to report the remembered location of a dot shown peripherally in the upper screen for 1 s. We predicted that performance in the two tasks would interfere in the saccade condition, but not in the fixation condition, because of the attentional demands needed for remapping with the saccade. For the clock estimation task, answers in the saccadic trials tended to underestimate the actual position by approximately 37 ms while responses in the fixation trials were closer to veridical. As predicted, the findings also revealed significant interaction between the two tasks showing decreased predicted accuracy in the clock task for increased error in the localization task, but only for the saccadic condition. Taken together, these results point at the key role of attention in predictive remapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dreneva
- Faculty of Psychology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 125009 Moscow, Russia
- Correspondence:
| | - Ulyana Chernova
- Vision Modelling Laboratory, Faculty of Social Science, HSE University, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (U.C.); (W.J.M.)
- School of Psychology, HSE University, 101000 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Maria Ermolova
- School of Psychology, HSE University, 101000 Moscow, Russia;
- Department of Neurology & Stroke, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - William Joseph MacInnes
- Vision Modelling Laboratory, Faculty of Social Science, HSE University, 101000 Moscow, Russia; (U.C.); (W.J.M.)
- School of Psychology, HSE University, 101000 Moscow, Russia;
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Ge Y, Sun Z, Qian C, He S. Spatiotopic updating across saccades in the absence of awareness. J Vis 2021; 21:7. [PMID: 33961004 PMCID: PMC8114003 DOI: 10.1167/jov.21.5.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the continuously changing visual inputs caused by eye movements, our perceptual representation of the visual world remains remarkably stable. Visual stability has been a major area of interest within the field of visual neuroscience. The early visual cortical areas are retinotopic-organized, and presumably there is a retinotopic to spatiotopic transformation process that supports the stable representation of the visual world. In this study, we used a cross-saccadic adaptation paradigm to show that both the orientation adaptation and face gender adaptation could still be observed at the same spatiotopic (but different retinotopic) locations even when the adapting stimuli were rendered invisible. These results suggest that awareness of a visual object is not required for its transformation from the retinotopic to the spatiotopic reference frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Ge
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Vision and Attention Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Zhouyuan Sun
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chencan Qian
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng He
- State Key Lab of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Vision and Attention Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Shanghai, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Predictive remapping leaves a behaviorally measurable attentional trace on eye-centered brain maps. Psychon Bull Rev 2021; 28:1243-1251. [PMID: 33634356 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-021-01893-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
How does the brain maintain spatial attention despite the retinal displacement of objects by saccades? A possible solution is to use the vector of an upcoming saccade to compensate for the shift of objects on eye-centered (retinotopic) brain maps. In support of this hypothesis, previous studies have revealed attentional effects at the future retinal locus of an attended object, just before the onset of saccades. A critical yet unresolved theoretical issue is whether predictively remapped attentional effects would persist long enough on eye-centered brain maps, so no external input (goal, expectation, reward, memory, etc.) is needed to maintain spatial attention immediately following saccades. The present study examined this issue with inhibition of return (IOR), an attentional effect that reveals itself in both world-centered and eye-centered coordinates, and predictively remaps before saccades. In the first task, a saccade was introduced to a cueing task ("nonreturn-saccade task") to show that IOR is coded in world-centered coordinates following saccades. In a second cueing task, two consecutive saccades were executed to trigger remapping and to dissociate the retinal locus relevant to remapping from the cued retinal locus ("return-saccade" task). IOR was observed at the remapped retinal locus 430-ms following the (first) saccade that triggered remapping. A third cueing task ("no-remapping" task) further revealed that the lingering IOR effect left by remapping was not confounded by the attention spillover. These results together show that predictive remapping leaves a robust attentional trace on eye-centered brain maps. This retinotopic trace is sufficient to sustain spatial attention for a few hundred milliseconds following saccades.
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Guo CCG, He T, Grandjean J, Homberg J. Knockout serotonin transporter in rats moderates outcome and stimulus generalization. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:25. [PMID: 33414390 PMCID: PMC7791109 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01162-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the common dimension of mental disorders (such as anxiety, depression, and drug addiction) might contribute to the construction of biological frameworks (Research Domain Criteria, RDoC) for novel ways of treatment. One common dimension at the behavioral level observed across these disorders is a generalization. Testing generalization in serotonin transporter (5-HTT) knockout (KO) rats, an animal model showing depression/anxiety-like behaviors and drug addiction-like behaviors, could therefore provide more insights into this framework. We tested the outcome and stimulus generalization in wild-type (WT) and 5-HTT KO rats. Using a newly established touchscreen-based task, subjects directly responded to visual stimuli (Gabor patch images). We measured the response time and outcome in a precise manner. We found that 5-HTT KO rats processed visual information faster than WT rats during outcome generalization. Interestingly, during stimulus generalization, WT rats gradually responded faster to the stimuli as the sessions progressed, while 5-HTT KO rats responded faster than WT in the initial sessions and did not change significantly as the sessions progressed. This observation suggests that KO rats, compared to WT rats, may be less able to update changes in information. Taken together, KO 5-HTT modulates information processing when the environment changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ciu-Gwok Guo
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Tao He
- grid.11135.370000 0001 2256 9319School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Joanes Grandjean
- grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,grid.10417.330000 0004 0444 9382Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Judith Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Stewart EEM, Schütz AC. Transsaccadic integration benefits are not limited to the saccade target. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1491-1501. [PMID: 31365324 PMCID: PMC6783298 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00420.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Across saccades, humans can integrate the low-resolution presaccadic information of an upcoming saccade target with the high-resolution postsaccadic information. There is converging evidence to suggest that transsaccadic integration occurs at the saccade target. However, given divergent evidence on the spatial specificity of related mechanisms such as attention, visual working memory, and remapping, it is unclear whether integration is also possible at locations other than the saccade target. We tested the spatial profile of transsaccadic integration, by testing perceptual performance at six locations around the saccade target and between the saccade target and initial fixation. Results show that integration benefits do not differ between the saccade target and surrounding locations. Transsaccadic integration benefits are not specific to the saccade target and can occur at other locations when they are behaviorally relevant, although there is a trend for worse performance for the location above initial fixation compared with those in the direction of the saccade. This suggests that transsaccadic integration may be a more general mechanism used to reconcile task-relevant pre- and postsaccadic information at attended locations other than the saccade target. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study shows that integration of pre- and postsaccadic information across saccades is not restricted to the saccade target. We found performance benefits of transsaccadic integration at attended locations other than the saccade target, and these benefits did not differ from those found at the saccade target. This suggests that transsaccadic integration may be a more general mechanism used to reconcile pre- and postsaccadic information at task-relevant locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E M Stewart
- Allgemeine und Biologische Psychologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Alexander C Schütz
- Allgemeine und Biologische Psychologie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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