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Işık MU, Değirmenci MFK, Sağlık A. Factors affecting the response to subthreshold micropulse laser therapy used in center-involved diabetic macular edema. Lasers Med Sci 2021; 37:1865-1871. [PMID: 34657215 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-021-03441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the status of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and HbA1c levels on the efficacy of the subthreshold micropulse laser (SMPL) in the treatment of center-involving diabetic macular edema (DME). A total of 20 eyes of 20 patients (mean age 57.9 ± 9.7 years) who were diagnosed with center-involving DME and treated with SMPL for refusing intravitreal injection and 20 eyes of 20 age- and sex-matched healthy participants were enrolled. All patients were followed up in the 1st and 3rd months after SMPL. For measurement of RPE area central 1000 microns, macular EDI-OCT scans were binarized by using the public domain software ImageJ, with a semi-automated technique. There was a significant increase in BCVA values and a significant decrease in CMT values during follow-up. The area of RPE before SMPL was significantly thinner in the patient group (p: 0.004). When the areas of RPE before and 3 months after SMPL were compared, no significant change was observed (p: 0.437). When the relationship between pre-treatment area of RPE and HbA1c was examined, an inverse correlation was observed (p: 0.018). The patients were evaluated by dividing them into 2 groups as 2nd session SMPL required and not required, and the area of RPE was smaller in the group requiring 2nd session SMPL (p: 0.030). The status of central RPE may be a determining factor on the response to treatment. Additionally, HbA1c levels may have an impact on treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmed Uğur Işık
- Retina Department, Department of Ophthalmology, Kastamonu University Faculty of Medicine, 37100, Kastamonu, Turkey.
| | | | - Ayhan Sağlık
- Cornea Department, Department of Ophthalmology, Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Şanlıurfa, Turkey
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Patrick AT, He W, Madu J, Sripathi SR, Choi S, Lee K, Samson FP, Powell FL, Bartoli M, Jee D, Gutsaeva DR, Jahng WJ. Mechanistic dissection of diabetic retinopathy using the protein-metabolite interactome. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2021; 19:829-848. [PMID: 33520806 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-020-00570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose The current study aims to determine the molecular mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy (DR) using the protein-protein interactome and metabolome map. We examined the protein network of novel biomarkers of DR for direct (physical) and indirect (functional) interactions using clinical target proteins in different models. Methods We used proteomic tools including 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry analysis, and database search for biomarker identification using in vivo murine and human model of diabetic retinopathy and in vitro model of oxidative stress. For the protein interactome and metabolome mapping, various bioinformatic tools that include STRING and OmicsNet were used. Results We uncovered new diabetic biomarkers including prohibitin (PHB), dynamin 1, microtubule-actin crosslinking factor 1, Toll-like receptor (TLR 7), complement activation, as well as hypothetical proteins that include a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM18), vimentin III, and calcium-binding C2 domain-containing phospholipid-binding switch (CAC2PBS) using a proteomic approach. Proteome networks of protein interactions with diabetic biomarkers were established using known DR-related proteome data. DR metabolites were interconnected to establish the metabolome map. Our results showed that mitochondrial protein interactions were changed during hyperglycemic conditions in the streptozotocin-treated murine model and diabetic human tissue. Conclusions Our interactome mapping suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction could be tightly linked to various phases of DR pathogenesis including altered visual cycle, cytoskeletal remodeling, altered lipid concentration, inflammation, PHB depletion, tubulin phosphorylation, and altered energy metabolism. The protein-metabolite interactions in the current network demonstrate the etiology of retinal degeneration and suggest the potential therapeutic approach to treat DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambrose Teru Patrick
- Retina Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Petroleum Chemistry, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Weilue He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI USA
| | - Joshua Madu
- Retina Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Petroleum Chemistry, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Srinivas R Sripathi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Seulggie Choi
- Division of Vitreous and Retina, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Kook Lee
- Division of Vitreous and Retina, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Faith Pwaniyibo Samson
- Retina Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Petroleum Chemistry, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
| | - Folami L Powell
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Manuela Bartoli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Donghyun Jee
- Division of Vitreous and Retina, Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, St. Vincent's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Suwon, Korea
| | - Diana R Gutsaeva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA USA
| | - Wan Jin Jahng
- Retina Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Petroleum Chemistry, American University of Nigeria, Yola, Nigeria
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Hadziahmetovic M, Malek G. Age-Related Macular Degeneration Revisited: From Pathology and Cellular Stress to Potential Therapies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:612812. [PMID: 33569380 PMCID: PMC7868387 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.612812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the aging retina, in which patients experience severe vision loss. Therapies available to patients are limited and are only effective in a sub-population of patients. Future comprehensive clinical care depends on identifying new therapeutic targets and adopting a multi-therapeutic approach. With this goal in mind, this review examines the fundamental concepts underlying the development and progression of AMD and re-evaluates the pathogenic pathways associated with the disease, focusing on the impact of injury at the cellular level, with the understanding that critical assessment of the literature may help pave the way to identifying disease-relevant targets. During this process, we elaborate on responses of AMD vulnerable cells, including photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelial cells, microglia, and choroidal endothelial cells, based on in vitro and in vivo studies, to select stressful agents, and discuss current therapeutic developments in the field, targeting different aspects of AMD pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majda Hadziahmetovic
- Duke Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Goldis Malek
- Duke Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States.,Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, United States
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Alışık M, Işik MU. The Relationship between Choroidal Thickness and Intracellular Oxidised-reduced Glutathione and Extracellular Thiol-disulfide Homeostasis at Different Stages of Diabetic Retinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2020; 46:367-372. [PMID: 33103488 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2020.1842463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between diabetic retinopathy and oxidative damage by measuring intracellular and extracellular thiol levels, and to compare intracellular and extracellular thiol levels. Method: In this prospective, cross-sectional, and comparative study, 25 healthy control participants (group 1), a total of 25 diabetic macular edema (DME) patients with non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (DRP) and without DME (group 2), and 25 DME patients with non-proliferative DRP and with DME (group 3) were included. Choroidal thickness (ChT) and central macular thickness (CMT) were measured by spectral domain optic coherence tomography. For the evaluation of antioxidant/oxidant balance, intracellular GSH (reduced glutathione) and GSSG (oxidized glutathione), extracellular SH (thiol) and SS (disulfide) levels were measured and recorded. Results: Comparing intracellular and extracellular thiol levels between groups, intracellular GSSG level and GSSG/GSH percent ratio, and extracellular disulfide and SS/SH percent ratio values were higher in diabetic patients than healthy participants. Choroidal thicknesses were significantly thinner in DRP groups compared to the healthy population. When the relationship between choroidal thicknesses and thiol levels was investigated, there were significant relationships between choroidal thicknesses and thiol levels in group 3. Conclusion: Oxidative stress and impaired intracellular GSH/GSSG and serum SH/SS balances were observed to have an effect on DRP and DME pathogenesis. In addition, in groups with and without DME, thinning in choroidal thicknesses and the relationship between these thicknesses and intra/extracellular oxidative stress indicators can also be explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Alışık
- Department of Biochemistry, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University , Bolu, Turkey
| | - Mehmed Uğur Işik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kastamonu University Faculty of Medicine , Kastamonu, Turkey
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Leybaert L, Lampe PD, Dhein S, Kwak BR, Ferdinandy P, Beyer EC, Laird DW, Naus CC, Green CR, Schulz R. Connexins in Cardiovascular and Neurovascular Health and Disease: Pharmacological Implications. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 69:396-478. [PMID: 28931622 PMCID: PMC5612248 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.012062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Connexins are ubiquitous channel forming proteins that assemble as plasma membrane hemichannels and as intercellular gap junction channels that directly connect cells. In the heart, gap junction channels electrically connect myocytes and specialized conductive tissues to coordinate the atrial and ventricular contraction/relaxation cycles and pump function. In blood vessels, these channels facilitate long-distance endothelial cell communication, synchronize smooth muscle cell contraction, and support endothelial-smooth muscle cell communication. In the central nervous system they form cellular syncytia and coordinate neural function. Gap junction channels are normally open and hemichannels are normally closed, but pathologic conditions may restrict gap junction communication and promote hemichannel opening, thereby disturbing a delicate cellular communication balance. Until recently, most connexin-targeting agents exhibited little specificity and several off-target effects. Recent work with peptide-based approaches has demonstrated improved specificity and opened avenues for a more rational approach toward independently modulating the function of gap junctions and hemichannels. We here review the role of connexins and their channels in cardiovascular and neurovascular health and disease, focusing on crucial regulatory aspects and identification of potential targets to modify their function. We conclude that peptide-based investigations have raised several new opportunities for interfering with connexins and their channels that may soon allow preservation of gap junction communication, inhibition of hemichannel opening, and mitigation of inflammatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Leybaert
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Paul D Lampe
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Stefan Dhein
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Peter Ferdinandy
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Eric C Beyer
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Dale W Laird
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Christian C Naus
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Colin R Green
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (L.L.); Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington (P.D.L.); Institute for Pharmacology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (S.D.); Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Medical Specialization-Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland (B.R.K.); Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary (P.F.); Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary (P.F.); Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois (E.C.B.); Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Western Ontario, Dental Science Building, London, Ontario, Canada (D.W.L.); Cellular and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (C.C.N.); Department of Ophthalmology and The New Zealand National Eye Centre, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand (C.R.G.); and Physiologisches Institut, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany (R.S.)
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Connexin43 in retinal injury and disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2016; 51:41-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kim Y, Davidson JO, Gunn KC, Phillips AR, Green CR, Gunn AJ. Role of Hemichannels in CNS Inflammation and the Inflammasome Pathway. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2016; 104:1-37. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Aredo B, Li T, Chen X, Zhang K, Wang CXZ, Gou D, Zhao B, He Y, Ufret-Vincenty RL. A chimeric Cfh transgene leads to increased retinal oxidative stress, inflammation, and accumulation of activated subretinal microglia in mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:3427-40. [PMID: 26030099 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Variants of complement factor H (Cfh) affecting short consensus repeats (SCRs) 6 to 8 increase the risk of age-related macular degeneration. Our aim was to explore the effect of expressing a Cfh variant on the in vivo susceptibility of the retina and RPE to oxidative stress and inflammation, using chimeric Cfh transgenic mice (chCfhTg). METHODS The chCfhTg and age-matched C57BL/6J (B6) mice were subjected to oxidative stress by either normal aging, or by exposure to a combination of oral hydroquinone (0.8% HQ) and increased light. Eyes were collected for immunohistochemistry of RPE-choroid flat mounts and of retinal sections, ELISA, electron microscopy, and RPE/microglia gene expression analysis. RESULTS Aging mice to 2 years led to an increased accumulation of basal laminar deposits, subretinal microglia/macrophages (MG/MΦ) staining for CD16 and for malondialdehyde (MDA), and MDA-modified proteins in the retina in chCfhTg compared to B6 mice. The chCfhTg mice maintained on HQ diet and increased light showed greater deposition of basal laminar deposits, more accumulation of fundus spots suggestive of MG/MΦ, and increased deposition of C3d in the sub-RPE space, compared to controls. In addition, chCfhTg mice demonstrated upregulation of NLRP3, IP-10, CD68, and TREM-2 in the RNA isolates from RPE/MG/MΦ. CONCLUSIONS Expression of a Cfh transgene introducing a variant in SCRs 6 to 8 was sufficient to lead to increased retinal/RPE susceptibility to oxidative stress, a proinflammatory MG/MΦ phenotype, and a proinflammatory RPE/MG/MΦ gene expression profile in a transgenic mouse model. Our data suggest that altered interactions of Cfh with MDA-modified proteins may be relevant in explaining the effects of the Cfh variant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bogale Aredo
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Kaiyan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Cynthia Xin-Zhao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Darlene Gou
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Biren Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
| | - Yuguang He
- Department of Ophthalmology UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States
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Nazari H, Hariri A, Hu Z, Ouyang Y, Sadda S, Rao NA. Choroidal atrophy and loss of choriocapillaris in convalescent stage of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease: in vivo documentation. J Ophthalmic Inflamm Infect 2014; 4:9. [PMID: 24655594 PMCID: PMC4004465 DOI: 10.1186/1869-5760-4-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine the clinical significance of posterior choroidal thickness and vascular changes in the convalescent stage of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH). Macular spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) images of 22 eyes of 13 consecutive patients with VKH at the convalescent stage were compared to 17 eyes of 9 age/sex/refraction-matched normal subjects. The choriocapillaris layer, medium choroidal vessels (Sattler's layer), and large choroidal vessels (Haller's layer) were assessed in foveal SD-OCT scans. The presence and the extent of disruption of outer retinal structures were also noted. Inner and outer choroid boundaries were manually drawn on horizontal raster SD-OCT scans, and choroidal thickness and volume maps were generated. Correlation analysis was run to assess the association of the above parameters in the VKH patients compared to the normal subjects. Results In the eyes with convalescent stage of VKH, mean choroidal thickness in the foveal central subfield (200 ± 60 μm) was lower than in matched controls (288 ± 40 μm) (P < 0.0001). A thinner sub-macular choroid correlated with a lower visual acuity in uveitis eyes (Pearson correlation, r = -0.5089, P = 0.005). While the choriocapillaris layer was continuous and intact in all control eyes, various degrees of choriocapillaris loss were observed in 11 eyes (50%) with VKH (P < 0.0001). In these patients, the presence of outer retinal disruption was associated with a lower visual acuity (Spearman correlation, P < 0.001). Conclusions The choroid is significantly thinner and the choriocapillaris layer is disrupted in the eyes with convalescent stage of VKH. Evaluation of the choriocapillaris in SD-OCT scans may be a useful surrogate marker for visual function in the convalescent stage of VKH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Nazari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | - Zhihong Hu
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | | | - SiriniVas Sadda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Narsing A Rao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA ; USC Eye Institute, University of Southern California, 1450 San Pablo Street, DVRC211, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Zhou Q, Anderson C, Zhang H, Li X, Inglis F, Jayagopal A, Wang S. Repression of choroidal neovascularization through actin cytoskeleton pathways by microRNA-24. Mol Ther 2013; 22:378-389. [PMID: 24297048 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton is critical for cell motility and division, both of which are important for angiogenesis. MicroRNAs (miRNA/miR) are emerging as pivotal modulators of vascular development and disease. How miRNAs regulate actin cytoskeleton dynamics in endothelial cells (EC) and neovascularization is still unclear. Here, we report that miR-24 regulates actin dynamics in ECs through targeting multiple members downstream of Rho signaling, including Pak4, Limk2, and Diaph1 proteins. Overexpression of miR-24 in ECs blocks stress fiber and lamellipodia formation, represses EC migration, proliferation, and tube formation in vitro, as well as angiogenesis in an ex vivo aortic ring assay. Moreover, subretinal delivery of miR-24 mimics represses laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) in vivo. Mechanistically, knockdown of miR-24 target protein LIMK2 or PAK4 inhibits stress fiber formation and tube formation in vitro, mimicking miR-24 overexpression phenotype in angiogenesis, while overexpression of LIMK2 and PAK4 by adenoviruses partially rescued the tube formation defects in miR-24 overexpressing ECs. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-24 represses angiogenesis by simultaneously regulating multiple components in the actin cytoskeleton pathways. Manipulation of actin cytoskeleton pathways by miR-24 may represent an attractive therapeutic solution for the treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinbo Zhou
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chastain Anderson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xinyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Fiona Inglis
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Ashwath Jayagopal
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shusheng Wang
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.
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11
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Sugano E, Isago H, Murayama N, Tamai M, Tomita H. Different anti-oxidant effects of thioredoxin 1 and thioredoxin 2 in retinal epithelial cells. Cell Struct Funct 2013; 38:81-8. [PMID: 23485938 DOI: 10.1247/csf.12025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects the retina and is the most common cause of blindness in elderly persons in developed countries. The retina is constantly subjected to oxidative stress; to avoid the effects of oxidative stress, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells possess potent anti-oxidant systems. Disruption of these systems leads to dysfunction of RPE cells, which then accelerates the development of AMD. Here, we investigated the role of thioredoxins (TRXs), scavengers of intracellular reactive oxygen species, by assessing the effect of TRX overexpression on cell viability, morphology, NF-κB expression, and mitochondrial membrane potential, in RPE cells. TRX-overexpressing cell lines were generated by infection of an established human RPE cell line (ARPE) with adeno-associated virus vectors encoding either TRX1 or TRX2. We showed that overexpression of TRXs reduced cell death caused by 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)-induced oxidative stress; TRX2 was more effective than TRX1 in promoting cell survival. 4-HNE caused perinuclear NF-κB accumulation, which was absent in TRX-overexpressing cells. Moreover, overexpression of TRXs prevented depolarization of mitochondrial membranes; again, TRX2 was more effective than TRX1 in maintaining the membrane potential. The difference in the protective effects of these TRXs against oxidative stress may be due to their expression profile. TRX2 was expressed in the mitochondria, while TRX1 was expressed in the cytoplasm. Thus, TRX2 may directly protect mitochondria by preventing depolarization. These results demonstrate that TRXs are potent antioxidant proteins in RPE cells and their direct effect on mitochondria may be a key to prevent oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Sugano
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Iwate University, Iwate, Japan
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12
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Novel method for the rapid isolation of RPE cells specifically for RNA extraction and analysis. Exp Eye Res 2012; 102:1-9. [PMID: 22721721 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RPE cells are involved in the pathogenesis of many retinal diseases. Accurate analysis of RPE gene expression profiles in different scenarios will increase our understanding of disease mechanisms. Our objective in this study was to develop an improved method for the isolation of RPE cells, specifically for RNA analysis. Mouse RPE cells were isolated using different techniques, including mechanical dissociation techniques and a new technique we refer to here as "Simultaneous RPE cell Isolation and RNA Stabilization" (SRIRS method). RNA was extracted from the RPE cells. An RNA bioanalyzer was used to determine the quantity and quality of RNA. qPCR was used to determine contamination with non-RPE-derived RNA. Several parameters with a potential impact on the isolation protocol were studied and optimized. A marked improvement in the quantity and quality of RPE-derived RNA was obtained with the SRIRS technique. We could get the RPE in direct contact with the RNA protecting agent within 1 min of enucleation, and the RPE isolated within 11 min of enucleation. There was no significant contamination with vascular, choroidal or scleral-derived RNA. We have developed a fast, easy and reliable method for the isolation of RPE cells that leads to a high yield of RPE-derived RNA while preserving its quality. We believe this technique will be useful for future studies looking at gene expression profiles of RPE cells and their role in the pathophysiology of retinal diseases.
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Wang H, Wittchen ES, Hartnett ME. Breaking barriers: insight into the pathogenesis of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Eye Brain 2011; 3:19-28. [PMID: 27795668 DOI: 10.2147/eb.s24951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of central visual acuity loss in a growing segment of the population, those over the age of 60 years. Treatment has improved over the last decade, with the availability of agents that inhibit the bioactivity of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), but it is still limited, because of tachyphylaxis and potential risk and toxicity of anti-VEGF agents. The authors have sought to understand the mechanisms of choroidal endothelial cell (CEC) activation and transmigration of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and of RPE barrier dysfunction, events preceding vision-threatening neovascular AMD. The authors developed physiologically relevant human RPE and CEC coculture and transmigration models that have been important in helping to understand causes of events in human neovascular AMD. The authors can control for interactions between these cells and can separately assess activation of signaling pathways in each cell type relevant during CEC transmigration. Using these models, it was found that VEGF, particularly the cell-associated VEGF splice variant VEGF189, accounts for about 40% of CEC transmigration across the RPE. This percentage is in the range of similar reports following clinical inhibition of VEGF in neovascular AMD. RPE VEGF189 working through CEC VEGF receptor 2 activates the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) of the Rho family, Rac1, in CECs, which in turn facilitates CEC transmigration. Conversely, inhibition of Rac1 activity prevents CEC transmigration. Once activated, Rac1 aggregates with subunits of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, resulting in the generation of reactive oxygen species. Activated NADPH oxidase increases choroidal neovascularization in animal models of laser-induced injury. Rac1 is also downstream of the eotaxin-CCR3 pathway, another pathway important in human neovascular AMD. Studies also suggest that active Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1), another small GTPase, in RPE can strengthen the RPE barrier integrity and can resist CEC transmigration of the RPE, suggesting Rap1 activation may be another potential target for preventing neovascular AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Erika S Wittchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Hartnett
- Department of Ophthalmology, John A Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
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Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effects of hydrogen peroxide exposure on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in cultured human corneal epithelial cells. In addition, we compared the integrity of mtDNA found in epithelial cells isolated from keratoconus (KC) and normal (NL) corneas. METHODS Telomerase immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line (hTCEpi) were cultured at pH 7.0 or pH 5.0 with or without 200 microM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Immunohistochemistry with a marker for oxidative damage, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG), was performed on KC and NL corneas (n = 10). Epithelial cells were isolated from KC corneas (n = 5) and NL corneas (n = 7). Total DNA was extracted, and the mtDNA was analyzed by long extension polymerase chain reaction (LX-PCR). The ratios of mtDNA to nuclear DNA were measured by PCR. The mtDNA control regions were PCR amplified and sequenced. RESULTS In the epithelial cell cultures, the full-length LX-PCR mtDNA decreased 54% and 44% in the H2O2 + pH7 cultures and H2O2 + pH5 cultures, respectively. 8-OH-dG was present in all layers of KC epithelial cells but only in superficial layers of NL epithelial cells. The isolated KC and NL epithelial cells had comparable levels of full-length LX-PCR mtDNA (16.2 kb) and smaller sized mtDNA bands (4.3 +/- 0.99 vs 4.0 +/- 0.83 bands per individual, respectively). There were no significant differences in the control region nucleotide sequences in KC and NL epithelia. CONCLUSIONS Hydrogen peroxide can significantly degrade LX-PCR mtDNA in vitro. Although the KC epithelium showed a higher degree of oxidative damage, the levels of mtDNA damage in NL and KC epithelial cells were similar to each other.
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Pathogenesis of retinitis pigmentosa associated with apoptosis-inducing mutations in carbonic anhydrase IV. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:3437-42. [PMID: 19211803 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0813178106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Missense mutations in the carbonic anhydrase IV (CA IV) gene have been identified in patients with an autosomal dominant form of retinitis pigmentosa (RP17). We used two transient expression systems to investigate the molecular mechanism by which the newly identified CA IV mutations, R69H and R219S, contribute to retinal pathogenesis. Although the R219S mutation drastically reduced the activity of the enzyme, the R69H mutation had a minimal effect, suggesting that loss of CA activity is not the molecular basis for their pathogenesis. Defective processing was apparent for both mutant proteins. Cell surface-labeling techniques showed that the R69H and R219S mutations both impaired the trafficking of CA IV to the cell surface, resulting in their abnormal intracellular retention. Expression of both CA IV mutants induced elevated levels of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers, BiP and CHOP, and led to cell death by apoptosis. They also had a dominant-negative effect on the secretory function of the ER. These properties are similar to those of R14W CA IV, the signal sequence variant found in the original patients with RP17. These findings suggest that toxic gain of function involving ER stress-induced apoptosis is the common mechanism for pathogenesis of this autosomal-dominant disease. Apoptosis induced by the CA IV mutants could be prevented, at least partially, by treating the cells with dorzolamide, a CA inhibitor. Thus, the use of a CA inhibitor as a chemical chaperone to reduce ER stress may delay or prevent the onset of blindness in RP17.
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Follenzi A, Benten D, Novikoff P, Faulkner L, Raut S, Gupta S. Transplanted endothelial cells repopulate the liver endothelium and correct the phenotype of hemophilia A mice. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:935-45. [PMID: 18274668 DOI: 10.1172/jci32748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of healthy cells to repair organ damage or replace deficient functions constitutes a major goal of cell therapy. However, the mechanisms by which transplanted cells engraft, proliferate, and function remain unknown. To investigate whether host liver sinusoidal endothelium could be replaced with transplanted liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, we developed an animal model of tissue replacement that utilized a genetic system to identify transplanted cells and induced host-cell perturbations to confer a proliferative advantage to transplanted cells. Under these experimental conditions, transplanted cells engrafted efficiently and proliferated to replace substantial portions of the liver endothelium. Tissue studies demonstrated that transplanted cells became integral to the liver structure and reacquired characteristic endothelial morphology. Characterization of transplanted endothelial cells by membrane markers and studies of cellular function, including synthesis and release of coagulation factor VIII, demonstrated that transplanted cells were functionally intact. Further analysis showed that repopulation of the livers of mice that model hemophilia A with healthy endothelial cells restored plasma factor VIII activity and corrected their bleeding phenotype. Our studies therefore suggest that transplantation of healthy endothelial cells should be considered for cell therapy of relevant disorders and that endothelial reconstitution with transplanted cells may offer an excellent paradigm for defining organ-specific pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Follenzi
- Department of Pathology, Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461, USA
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17
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Bargagna-Mohan P, Ravindranath PP, Mohan R. Small molecule anti-angiogenic probes of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway: potential application to choroidal neovascularization. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006; 47:4138-45. [PMID: 16936134 PMCID: PMC3229038 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.05-1452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the angiogenic and inflammatory responses of human choroidal endothelial cells (HCECs) to stimulators and inhibitors of the ubiquitin proteasome pathway (UPP). METHODS The regulation of the UPP by the inhibitor withaferin A and its congener, withanolide D, two natural products derived from the medicinal plant Withania somnifera was assessed in the three-dimensional endothelial cell sprouting assay (3D-ECSA), by using HCEC- and human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC)-derived spheroids embedded in a collagen I matrix. Western blot analysis was used to investigate the effect of withanolides on IkappaB-alpha, polyubiquitination, and heme oxygenase (HO)-1 regulation in HCEC and HUVEC cultures. RESULTS HCECs, like HUVECs, responded to fibroblast growth factor-2, vascular endothelial growth factor, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha stimulation and sprouted vessel-like structures in collagen I matrix. However, HCECs were slower to generate these sprouting vessels, when compared with HUVECs. The extent of inhibition of endothelial cell sprouting in 3D matrix, the blockade of TNF-alpha-induced IkappaB-alpha degradation, levels of global polyubiquitinated proteins, and induced production of HO-1 in response to treatment by the withanolides in cultured endothelial cells was similarly regulated between HCECs and HUVECs. CONCLUSIONS HCECs share with HUVECs a similar response to UPP inhibitors, suggesting that this well-conserved pathway that regulates angioinflammatory mechanisms could be exploited for drug-targeting in the development of novel agents for CNV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Bargagna-Mohan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - Royce Mohan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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18
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Tanito M, Yoshida Y, Kaidzu S, Ohira A, Niki E. Detection of lipid peroxidation in light-exposed mouse retina assessed by oxidative stress markers, total hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2α. Neurosci Lett 2006; 398:63-8. [PMID: 16442231 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2005.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2005] [Revised: 12/15/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to excessive light induces retinal photoreceptor cell damage, which may involve lipid peroxidation. Morphological changes and the detection of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation confirmed the retinal damage caused by exposure of the retina of Balb/c mice to white fluorescent light (5000 lux, 2 h). The total amounts of hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (tHODE) and 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha (8-iso-PGF2alpha) in the retinas obtained from light-exposed mice were assessed after reduction and saponification. In this method, both the free and ester forms of hydroperoxides, hydroxides, and ketones of linoleic acid are measured as tHODE by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. When compared with controls, a significant increase in the concentrations of tHODE and 8-iso-PGF2alpha was observed 24 h after light exposure. Furthermore, the stereoisomeric ratio (Z,E)-HODE/(E,E)-HODE decreased after light exposure, suggesting the involvement of free-radical-mediated peroxidation. By the immunohistochemical technique, it was confirmed that 8-iso-PGF2alpha increased in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), outer plexiform layer (OPL), rod outer segment, and choroidal layer, while 13-HODE increased in the OPL and rod inner segment after light exposure. These results demonstrate that tHODE and 8-iso-PGF2alpha assessed by the present method are appropriate biomarkers responding to retinal photooxidative stress in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Tanito
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shimane University School of Medicine, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
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19
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Yamada Y, Ishibashi K, Ishibashi K, Bhutto IA, Tian J, Lutty GA, Handa JT. The expression of advanced glycation endproduct receptors in rpe cells associated with basal deposits in human maculas. Exp Eye Res 2005; 82:840-8. [PMID: 16364296 PMCID: PMC3266699 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2005.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Basal deposits within Bruch's membrane are associated with aging and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) although the factors causing their formation are incompletely understood. Advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) accumulate in Bruch's membrane including basal deposits and drusen with aging. One mechanism by which AGEs alter a cell's phenotype is via AGE receptors. The purpose of this study was to immunolocalize and quantify the expression of AGE receptors by RPE cells associated with basal deposits or normal Bruch's membrane that were microdissected from human maculas. Postmortem eyes from 14 aged control donors and five donors with non-neovascular AMD were cryopreserved. RPE cells associated with normal Bruch's membrane or basal deposits were laser capture microdissected. The RNA was extracted and used for RT-qPCR to quantify the expression of RAGE, AGE R1, AGE R2, and AGE R3. Streptavidin alkaline phosphatase immunohistochemistry for these receptors was also performed and sections were bleached from 14 normal and nine AMD donors. RT-qPCR showed significant upregulation of RAGE, AGE R1, and AGE R3 in RPE cells overlying basal deposits compared to cells attached to morphologically normal Bruch's membrane. Immunohistochemical analysis for RAGE, AGER1, R2, and R3 showed diffuse, light staining of RPE cells and strong choriocapillaris staining in areas of normal Bruch's membrane. In areas of basal deposits, the RPE had more intense staining for RAGE and AGER1 compared to regions of normal Bruch's membrane. These results suggest that AGE receptors could influence the formation of basal deposits during aging and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamada
- Michael Panitch Macular Degeneration Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kazuko Ishibashi
- Michael Panitch Macular Degeneration Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kazuki Ishibashi
- Michael Panitch Macular Degeneration Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Imran A Bhutto
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jane Tian
- Michael Panitch Macular Degeneration Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gerard A. Lutty
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - James T. Handa
- Michael Panitch Macular Degeneration Research Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutes, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Corresponding author. 3-109 Jefferson Street Building, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA. (J.T. Handa)
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