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Zhang ZJ, Wu YR, Chien Y, Chen Y, Chiou SH, Chen SJ, Syu JP, Kuo WC. Quantification of microvascular change of retinal degeneration in Royal College of Surgeons rats using high-resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography angiography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2023; 28:106001. [PMID: 37841506 PMCID: PMC10570624 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.28.10.106001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Significance For research on retinitis pigmentosa in humans, the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat is commonly used as the primary animal model since the disease process is similar. Therefore, it is necessary to understand how the disease develops and determine whether the treatment is effective. Aim In this study, structural and microvascular change of retinal degeneration in RCS rats was assessed non-invasively on specific dates over 3.5 months. Approach Using a high-resolution spectral domain (SD) optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), the retinal degeneration in RCS rats, from day 14 until day 126, was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed. Results Aside from the thinning of the retina thickness starting from 2 weeks of age, blood vessels in the deep layer of the retina also began to degenerate at about 4 weeks of age. Hole structures appeared at the inner nuclear layer and the inner plexiform layer by the age of 10 weeks. Observations of abnormal angiogenesis in the choroid began by 12 weeks of age. Conclusions We conducted a longitudinal study of retina degeneration structure and vascular changes in an RCS rat model using a supercontinuum laser based high-resolution SD-OCTA. Combined with OCTA, OCT leads to a better understanding of photoreceptor pathology as retinal degeneration by identifying tissue and vessel loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Jie Zhang
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Institute of Biophotonics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Ren Wu
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Department of Medical Research, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh Chien
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Department of Medical Research, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yang Chen
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Institute of Biophotonics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Department of Medical Research, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Institute of Pharmacology, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Jen Chen
- Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Department of Ophthalmology, Taiwan
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, School of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Pu Syu
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Institute of Biophotonics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuan Kuo
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Institute of Biophotonics, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mu Y, Wei D, Yao L, Xu X, Li S, Cao R, Chen T, Zhang Z. Choroidal circulation disturbance is an initial factor in outer retinal degeneration in rats under simulated weightlessness. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1198862. [PMID: 37546536 PMCID: PMC10397408 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1198862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Microgravity contributes to ocular injury yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. This study aims to elucidate the mechanism behind choroidal circulation disorder and outer retinal degeneration in rats with simulated weightlessness. Methods: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to evaluate choroidal circulation and retinal morphological alterations in rats with weightlessness simulation. Electroretinogram and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the ultrastructure and function of the choroid and outer retina. Furthermore, histological and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining was used to monitor retinal morphology. Western blotting was performed to analyze the expressions of blood-retinal outer barrier function-related proteins (Cx43, ZO-1, and occludin). Results: The choroidal thickening was observed from the fourth week of simulated weightlessness (p < 0.05), and choroidal capillary density started to decline by the fifth week (p < 0.05). Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the choroidal vessels were open and operating well by the fourth week. However, most of the mitochondria within the vascular endothelium underwent mild swelling, and by the fifth week, the choroidal vessels had various degrees of erythrocyte aggregation, mitochondrial swelling, and apoptosis. Additionally, ERG demonstrated a decline in retinal function beginning in the fifth week (p < 0.05). TUNEL staining revealed a significantly higher apoptotic index in the outer nuclear layer of the retina (p < 0.05). At the sixth week weeks of simulated weightlessness, OCTA and hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining of retinal sections revealed that the outer nuclear layer of the retina started to become thin (p < 0.05). Results from western blotting revealed that Cx43, ZO-1, and occludin exhibited decreased expression (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Based on our findings in a rat model of simulated weightlessness, choroidal circulation disturbance induced by choroidal congestion is the initial cause of outer retinal degeneration. Blood-retinal barrier disruption is significant in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Mu
- Aerospace Clinical Medical Center, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Aviation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dongyu Wei
- Aerospace Clinical Medical Center, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lilingxuan Yao
- The Third Regiment, School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xinyue Xu
- Aerospace Clinical Medical Center, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Shaoheng Li
- Aerospace Clinical Medical Center, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Ruidan Cao
- Aerospace Clinical Medical Center, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Aviation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Aerospace Clinical Medical Center, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Aviation Medicine, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Zuoming Zhang
- Aerospace Clinical Medical Center, School of Aerospace Medicine, Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
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HTRA1 Regulates Subclinical Inflammation and Activates Proangiogenic Response in the Retina and Choroid. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231810206. [PMID: 36142120 PMCID: PMC9499640 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231810206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-temperature requirement A1 (HtrA1) has been identified as a disease-susceptibility gene for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) including polypoidal choroidal neovasculopathy (PCV). We characterized the underlying phenotypic changes of transgenic (Tg) mice expressing ubiquitous CAG promoter (CAG-HtrA1 Tg). In vivo imaging modalities and histopathology were performed to investigate the possible neovascularization, drusen formation, and infiltration of macrophages. Subretinal white material deposition and scattered white-yellowish retinal foci were detected on CFP [(Tg—33% (20/60) and wild-type (WT)—7% (1/15), p < 0.05]. In 40% (4/10) of the CAG-HtrA1 Tg retina, ICGA showed punctate hyperfluorescent spots. There was no leakage on FFA and OCTA failed to confirm vascular flow signals from the subretinal materials. Increased macrophages and RPE cell migrations were noted from histopathological sections. Monocyte subpopulations were increased in peripheral blood in the CAG-HtrA1 Tg mice (p < 0.05). Laser induced CNV in the CAG-HtrA1 Tg mice and showed increased leakage from CNV compared to WT mice (p < 0.05). Finally, choroidal explants of the old CAG-HtrA1 Tg mice demonstrated an increased area of sprouting (p < 0.05). Signs of subclinical inflammation was observed in CAG-HtrA1 Tg mice. Such subclinical inflammation may have resulted in increased RPE cell activation and angiogenic potential.
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Hadady H, Karamali F, Ejeian F, Soroushzadeh S, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Potential neuroprotective effect of stem cells from apical papilla derived extracellular vesicles enriched by lab-on-chip approach during retinal degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:350. [PMID: 35672609 PMCID: PMC11071776 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Retinal degeneration (RD) is recognized as a frequent cause of visual impairments, including inherited (Retinitis pigmentosa) and degenerative (age-related macular) eye diseases. Dental stem cells (DSCs) have recently demonstrated a promising neuroprotection potential for ocular diseases through a paracrine manner carried out by extracellular vesicles (EVs). However, effective isolation of EVs is still challenging, and isolation methods determine the composition of enriched EVs and the subsequent biological and functional effects. In the present study, we assessed two enrichment methods (micro-electromechanical systems and ultrafiltration) to isolate the EVs from stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP). The size distribution of the corresponding isolates exhibited the capability of each method to enrich different subsets of EVs, which significantly impacts their biological and functional effects. We confirmed the neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory capacity of the SCAP-EVs in vitro. Further experiments revealed the possible therapeutic effects of subretinal injection of SCAP-EVs in the Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rat model. We found that EVs enriched by the micro-electromechanical-based device (MEMS-EVs) preserved visual function, reduced retinal cell apoptosis, and prevented thinning of the outer nuclear layer (ONL). Interestingly, the effect of MEMS-EVs was extended to the retinal ganglion cell/retinal nerve fiber layer (GCL/RNFL). This study supports the use of the microfluidics approach to enrich valuable subsets of EVs, together with the choice of SCAP as a source to derive EVs for cell-free therapy of RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Hadady
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Karamali
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Ejeian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Sareh Soroushzadeh
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
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Outer Macular Microvascular Supply in Retinitis Pigmentosa Examined using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. J Ophthalmol 2022; 2021:5575851. [PMID: 34970452 PMCID: PMC8714321 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5575851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine the vessel density of the superior (SCP) and deep retinal capillary plexuses (DCP) in patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 25 eyes of 25 healthy volunteers and 30 eyes of 17 patients with RP were evaluated in this study. The integrity of the ellipsoid zone in the macular fovea was evaluated as an intact or defect using a spectral-domain OCT. Commercial spectral domain coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to scan the macular region of approximately 3 × 3 mm2. The vessel density in the SCP and DCP were calculated after appropriate layer segmentation and removal of projection artifacts. The central retinal thickness (CRT) was measured with automated software. The vessel densities in the SCP and DCP were compared between different groups using SPSS. Results A total of 25 eyes of 25 healthy subjects and 30 eyes of 17 patients with RP were evaluated in the study. There was no significant difference in ages between the two groups (F = 0.065 and P=0.937). There was a significant difference in SCP and DCP between the patients with RP and healthy individuals (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001). The DCP was significantly reduced in the parafovea region between the macular intact and defect groups (P < 0.05), except in the fovea and nasal regions. After linear regression, the DCP/SCP ratio in the whole, fovea, and parafovea regions was closely related to the DCP vessel density (P < 0.05), and CRT in the fovea and parafovea was not related to the whole DCP (P=0.186 and P=0.539). Conclusion The vessel density decreased in patients with RP, especially in the DCP of the parafovea region. A greater loss of capillaries in the DCP was found when the macular region was involved. The DCP/SCP ratio may be an important indicator of RP.
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Greferath U, Huynh M, Jobling AI, Vessey KA, Venables G, Surrao D, O'Neill HC, Limnios IJ, Fletcher EL. Dorsal-Ventral Differences in Retinal Structure in the Pigmented Royal College of Surgeons Model of Retinal Degeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:553708. [PMID: 33536874 PMCID: PMC7848141 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.553708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is a family of inherited retinal degenerations associated with gradual loss of photoreceptors, that ultimately leads to irreversible vision loss. The Royal College of Surgeon's (RCS) rat carries a recessive mutation affecting mer proto-oncogene tyrosine kinase (merTK), that models autosomal recessive disease. The aim of this study was to understand the glial, microglial, and photoreceptor changes that occur in different retinal locations with advancing disease. Pigmented RCS rats (RCS-p+/LAV) and age-matched isogenic control rdy (RCS-rdy +p+/LAV) rats aged postnatal day 18 to 6 months were evaluated for in vivo retinal structure and function using optical coherence tomography and electroretinography. Retinal tissues were assessed using high resolution immunohistochemistry to evaluate changes in photoreceptors, glia and microglia in the dorsal, and ventral retina. Photoreceptor dysfunction and death occurred from 1 month of age. There was a striking difference in loss of photoreceptors between the dorsal and ventral retina, with a greater number of photoreceptors surviving in the dorsal retina, despite being adjacent a layer of photoreceptor debris within the subretinal space. Loss of photoreceptors in the ventral retina was associated with fragmentation of the outer limiting membrane, extension of glial processes into the subretinal space that was accompanied by possible adhesion and migration of mononuclear phagocytes in the subretinal space. Overall, these findings highlight that breakdown of the outer limiting membrane could play an important role in exacerbating photoreceptor loss in the ventral retina. Our results also highlight the value of using the RCS rat to model sectorial retinitis pigmentosa, a disease known to predominantly effect the inferior retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Una Greferath
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Mario Huynh
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew Ian Jobling
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Kirstan Anne Vessey
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Gene Venables
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Denver Surrao
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Helen Christine O'Neill
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Ioannis J Limnios
- Clem Jones Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - Erica Lucy Fletcher
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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