1
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Thanasegaran S, Daimon E, Shibukawa Y, Yamazaki N, Okamoto N. Modelling Takenouchi-Kosaki syndrome using disease-specific iPSCs. Stem Cell Res 2023; 73:103221. [PMID: 37918315 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2023.103221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Takenouchi-Kosaki Syndrome (TKS) is a congenital multi-organ disorder caused by the de novo missense mutation c.191A > G p. Tyr64Cys (Y64C) in the CDC42 gene. We previously elucidated the functional abnormalities and thrombopoietic effects of Y64C using HEK293 and MEG01 cells. In the present study, we used iPSCs derived from TKS patients to model the disease and successfully recapitulated macrothrombocytopenia, a prominent TKS phenotype. The megakaryopoietic differentiation potential of TKS-iPSCs and platelet production capacity were examined using an efficient platelet production method redesigned from existing protocols. The results obtained showed that TKS-iPSCs produced fewer hematopoietic progenitor cells, exhibited defective megakaryopoiesis, and released platelets with an abnormally low count and giant morphology. We herein report the first analysis of TKS-iPSC-derived megakaryocytes and platelets, and currently utilize this model to perform drug evaluations for TKS. Therefore, our simple yet effective differentiation method, which mimics the disease in a dish, is a feasible strategy for studying hematopoiesis and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suganya Thanasegaran
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Etsuko Daimon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Yukinao Shibukawa
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Natsuko Yamazaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Research Institute, Osaka Women's and Children's Hospital, 840 Murodo-cho, Izumi, Osaka 594-1101, Japan.
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2
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Song H, Li J, Peng C, Liu D, Mei Z, Yang Z, Tian X, Zhang X, Jing Q, Yan C, Han Y. The role of CREG1 in megakaryocyte maturation and thrombocytopoiesis. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:3614-3627. [PMID: 37496998 PMCID: PMC10367557 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.78660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal megakaryocyte maturation and platelet production lead to platelet-related diseases and impact the dynamic balance between hemostasis and bleeding. Cellular repressor of E1A-stimulated gene 1 (CREG1) is a glycoprotein that promotes tissue differentiation. However, its role in megakaryocytes remains unclear. In this study, we found that CREG1 protein is expressed in platelets and megakaryocytes and was decreased in the platelets of patients with thrombocytopenia. A cytosine arabinoside-induced thrombocytopenia mouse model was established, and the mRNA and protein expression levels of CREG1 were found to be reduced in megakaryocytes. We established megakaryocyte/platelet conditional knockout (Creg1pf4-cre) and transgenic mice (tg-Creg1). Compared to Creg1fl/fl mice, Creg1pf4-cre mice exhibited thrombocytopenia, which was mainly caused by inefficient bone marrow (BM) thrombocytopoiesis, but not by apoptosis of circulating platelets. Cultured Creg1pf4-cre-megakaryocytes exhibited impairment of the actin cytoskeleton, with less filamentous actin, significantly fewer proplatelets, and lower ploidy. CREG1 directly interacts with MEK1/2 and promotes MEK1/2 phosphorylation. Thus, our study uncovered the role of CREG1 in the regulation of megakaryocyte maturation and thrombopoiesis, and it provides a possible theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaiXu Song
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiayin Li
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chengfei Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhu Mei
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Zheming Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
- Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Quanmin Jing
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Chenghui Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Yaling Han
- National Key Laboratory of Frigid Zone Cardiovascular Disease, Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cardiology, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
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3
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Roullet S, Luc N, Rayes J, Solarz J, Disharoon D, Ditto A, Gahagan E, Pawlowski C, Sefiane T, Adam F, Casari C, Christophe OD, Bruckman M, Lenting PJ, Sen Gupta A, Denis CV. Efficacy of platelet-inspired hemostatic nanoparticles on bleeding in von Willebrand disease murine models. Blood 2023; 141:2891-2900. [PMID: 36928925 PMCID: PMC10315625 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022018956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of innovation in von Willebrand disease (VWD) originates from many factors including the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease but also from a lack of recognition of the impact of the bleeding symptoms experienced by patients with VWD. Recently, a few research initiatives aiming to move past replacement therapies using plasma-derived or recombinant von Willebrand factor (VWF) concentrates have started to emerge. Here, we report an original approach using synthetic platelet (SP) nanoparticles for the treatment of VWD type 2B (VWD-2B) and severe VWD (type 3 VWD). SP are liposomal nanoparticles decorated with peptides enabling them to concomitantly bind to collagen, VWF, and activated platelets. In vitro, using various microfluidic assays, we show the efficacy of SPs to improve thrombus formation in VWF-deficient condition (with human platelets) or using blood from mice with VWD-2B and deficient VWF (VWF-KO, ie, type 3 VWD). In vivo, using a tail-clip assay, SP treatment reduced blood loss by 35% in mice with VWD-2B and 68% in mice with VWF-KO. Additional studies using nanoparticles decorated with various combinations of peptides demonstrated that the collagen-binding peptide, although not sufficient by itself, was crucial for SP efficacy in VWD-2B; whereas all 3 peptides appeared necessary for mice with VWF-KO. Clot imaging by immunofluorescence and scanning electron microscopy revealed that SP treatment of mice with VWF-KO led to a strong clot, similar to those obtained in wild-type mice. Altogether, our results show that SP could represent an attractive therapeutic alternative for VWD, especially considering their long half-life and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Roullet
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unite Mixte de Recherche 1176 INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Norman Luc
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Julie Rayes
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jean Solarz
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unite Mixte de Recherche 1176 INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Dante Disharoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | | | | | | | - Thibaud Sefiane
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unite Mixte de Recherche 1176 INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Frédéric Adam
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unite Mixte de Recherche 1176 INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Caterina Casari
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unite Mixte de Recherche 1176 INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier D. Christophe
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unite Mixte de Recherche 1176 INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Peter J. Lenting
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unite Mixte de Recherche 1176 INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Anirban Sen Gupta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
| | - Cécile V. Denis
- Laboratory for Hemostasis, Inflammation & Thrombosis, Unite Mixte de Recherche 1176 INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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4
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Tilburg J, Becker IC, Italiano JE. Don't you forget about me(gakaryocytes). Blood 2022; 139:3245-3254. [PMID: 34582554 PMCID: PMC9164737 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020009302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets (small, anucleate cell fragments) derive from large precursor cells, megakaryocytes (MKs), that reside in the bone marrow. MKs emerge from hematopoietic stem cells in a complex differentiation process that involves cytoplasmic maturation, including the formation of the demarcation membrane system, and polyploidization. The main function of MKs is the generation of platelets, which predominantly occurs through the release of long, microtubule-rich proplatelets into vessel sinusoids. However, the idea of a 1-dimensional role of MKs as platelet precursors is currently being questioned because of advances in high-resolution microscopy and single-cell omics. On the one hand, recent findings suggest that proplatelet formation from bone marrow-derived MKs is not the only mechanism of platelet production, but that it may also occur through budding of the plasma membrane and in distant organs such as lung or liver. On the other hand, novel evidence suggests that MKs not only maintain physiological platelet levels but further contribute to bone marrow homeostasis through the release of extracellular vesicles or cytokines, such as transforming growth factor β1 or platelet factor 4. The notion of multitasking MKs was reinforced in recent studies by using single-cell RNA sequencing approaches on MKs derived from adult and fetal bone marrow and lungs, leading to the identification of different MK subsets that appeared to exhibit immunomodulatory or secretory roles. In the following article, novel insights into the mechanisms leading to proplatelet formation in vitro and in vivo will be reviewed and the hypothesis of MKs as immunoregulatory cells will be critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Tilburg
- Vascular Biology Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA
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5
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Casari C, Favier R, Legendre P, Kauskot A, Adam F, Picard V, Lenting PJ, Denis CV, Proulle V. A thrombopoietin receptor agonist to rescue an unusual platelet transfusion-induced reaction in a p.V1316M-associated von Willebrand disease type 2B patient. Ther Adv Hematol 2022; 13:20406207221076812. [PMID: 35186246 PMCID: PMC8855378 DOI: 10.1177/20406207221076812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the first case of splenic injury in a patient with
p.V1316M-associated von Willebrand disease type 2B (VWD2B) with chronic
thrombocytopenia, successfully treated with nonoperative management including
von Willebrand factor (VWF) replacement therapy, and platelet transfusions
relayed by a thrombopoietin receptor agonist (TPO-RA, Eltrombopag). Eltrombopag
was initially introduced to rescue an unusual post-platelet-transfusion reaction
exacerbating the thrombocytopenia. In-depth analysis of the dramatic platelet
count drop and VWF measurements timeline ruled out an allo-immune reaction and
supported an alternative hypothesis of a sudden platelet clearance as a
consequence of stress-induced release of abnormal VWF. One year later, a second
life-threatening bleeding episode required urgent surgery successfully managed
with VWF replacement therapy and platelet transfusions. Eltrombopag was further
introduced in the post-surgery period to allow bleeding-free and
platelet-transfusion-free successful recovery. Treatment decisions are
particularly challenging in patients with VWD2B, and this case highlights how
such decisions can benefit from understanding the molecular origin of platelet
count fluctuations observed in these patients. Here, we successfully used a new
therapeutic approach combining VWF-replacement therapy and initial
platelet-transfusion relayed by TPO-RA to optimize patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Casari
- INSERM_UMR S 1176, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Remi Favier
- Service Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Trousseau, APHP, CRPP, Paris, France
| | - Paulette Legendre
- INSERM_UMR S 1176, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Alexandre Kauskot
- INSERM_UMR S 1176, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Frederic Adam
- INSERM_UMR S 1176, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Veronique Picard
- Service Hématologie Biologique, Hôpital Bicêtre, APHP, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter J. Lenting
- INSERM_UMR S 1176, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Cecile V. Denis
- INSERM_UMR S 1176, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Valerie Proulle
- Service Hématologie Biologique et Unité Fonctionnelle d’Hémostase Clinique, Hôpital Cochin, APHP Centre–Université de Paris, 27 rue du Faubourg Saint Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
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6
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Ribba AS, Fraboulet S, Sadoul K, Lafanechère L. The Role of LIM Kinases during Development: A Lens to Get a Glimpse of Their Implication in Pathologies. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030403. [PMID: 35159213 PMCID: PMC8834001 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of cell populations within animal tissues is essential for the morphogenesis of organs during development. Cells recognize three-dimensional positions with respect to the whole organism and regulate their cell shape, motility, migration, polarization, growth, differentiation, gene expression and cell death according to extracellular signals. Remodeling of the actin filaments is essential to achieve these cell morphological changes. Cofilin is an important binding protein for these filaments; it increases their elasticity in terms of flexion and torsion and also severs them. The activity of cofilin is spatiotemporally inhibited via phosphorylation by the LIM domain kinases 1 and 2 (LIMK1 and LIMK2). Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the phospho-regulation of cofilin has evolved as a mechanism controlling the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton during complex multicellular processes, such as those that occur during embryogenesis. In this context, the main objective of this review is to provide an update of the respective role of each of the LIM kinases during embryonic development.
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7
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Rossi E, Kauskot A, Saller F, Frezza E, Poirault-Chassac S, Lokajczyk A, Bourdoncle P, Saubaméa B, Gaussem P, Pericacho M, Bobe R, Bachelot-Loza C, Pasquali S, Bernabeu C, Smadja DM. Endoglin Is an Endothelial Housekeeper against Inflammation: Insight in ECFC-Related Permeability through LIMK/Cofilin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168837. [PMID: 34445542 PMCID: PMC8396367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoglin (Eng) is an endothelial cell (EC) transmembrane glycoprotein involved in adhesion and angiogenesis. Eng mutations result in vessel abnormalities as observed in hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia of type 1. The role of Eng was investigated in endothelial functions and permeability under inflammatory conditions, focusing on the actin dynamic signaling pathway. Endothelial Colony-Forming Cells (ECFC) from human cord blood and mouse lung/aortic EC (MLEC, MAEC) from Eng+/+ and Eng+/- mice were used. ECFC silenced for Eng with Eng-siRNA and ctr-siRNA were used to test tubulogenesis and permeability +/- TNFα and +/- LIM kinase inhibitors (LIMKi). In silico modeling of TNFα-Eng interactions was carried out from PDB IDs 5HZW and 5HZV. Calcium ions (Ca2+) flux was studied by Oregon Green 488 in epifluorescence microscopy. Levels of cofilin phosphorylation and tubulin post-translational modifications were evaluated by Western blot. F-actin and actin-tubulin distribution/co-localization were evaluated in cells by confocal microscopy. Eng silencing in ECFCs resulted in a decrease of cell sprouting by 50 ± 15% (p < 0.05) and an increase in pseudo-tube width (41 ± 4.5%; p < 0.001) compared to control. Upon TNFα stimulation, ECFC Eng-siRNA displayed a significant higher permeability compared to ctr-siRNA (p < 0.01), which is associated to a higher Ca2+ mobilization (p < 0.01). Computational analysis suggested that Eng mitigated TNFα activity. F-actin polymerization was significantly increased in ECFC Eng-siRNA, MAEC+/-, and MLEC+/- compared to controls (p < 0.001, p < 0.01, and p < 0.01, respectively) as well as actin/tubulin distribution (p < 0.01). Furthermore, the inactive form of cofilin (P-cofilin at Ser3) was significantly decreased by 36.7 ± 4.8% in ECFC Eng-siRNA compared to ctr-siRNA (p < 0.001). Interestingly, LIMKi reproduced the absence of Eng on TNFα-induced ECFC-increased permeability. Our data suggest that Eng plays a critical role in the homeostasis regulation of endothelial cells under inflammatory conditions (TNFα), and loss of Eng influences ECFC-related permeability through the LIMK/cofilin/actin rearrangement-signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rossi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.F.); (S.P.-C.); (A.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.); (C.B.-L.); (S.P.); (D.M.S.)
- IThEM, Inserm UMR-S 1140, F-75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| | - Alexandre Kauskot
- HITh, UMR-S 1176, INSERM—Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (A.K.); (F.S.); (R.B.)
| | - François Saller
- HITh, UMR-S 1176, INSERM—Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (A.K.); (F.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Elisa Frezza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.F.); (S.P.-C.); (A.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.); (C.B.-L.); (S.P.); (D.M.S.)
- CiTCoM, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sonia Poirault-Chassac
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.F.); (S.P.-C.); (A.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.); (C.B.-L.); (S.P.); (D.M.S.)
- IThEM, Inserm UMR-S 1140, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Anna Lokajczyk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.F.); (S.P.-C.); (A.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.); (C.B.-L.); (S.P.); (D.M.S.)
- IThEM, Inserm UMR-S 1140, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bourdoncle
- Plate-Forme IMAG’IC Institut Cochin Inserm U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, F-75006 Paris, France;
| | - Bruno Saubaméa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.F.); (S.P.-C.); (A.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.); (C.B.-L.); (S.P.); (D.M.S.)
- UMR-S 1144, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Pascale Gaussem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.F.); (S.P.-C.); (A.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.); (C.B.-L.); (S.P.); (D.M.S.)
- IThEM, Inserm UMR-S 1140, F-75006 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hematology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Miguel Pericacho
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Universidad de Salamanca, 37008 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Regis Bobe
- HITh, UMR-S 1176, INSERM—Faculty of Medicine, University Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; (A.K.); (F.S.); (R.B.)
| | - Christilla Bachelot-Loza
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.F.); (S.P.-C.); (A.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.); (C.B.-L.); (S.P.); (D.M.S.)
- IThEM, Inserm UMR-S 1140, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Samuela Pasquali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.F.); (S.P.-C.); (A.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.); (C.B.-L.); (S.P.); (D.M.S.)
- CiTCoM, CNRS, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Carmelo Bernabeu
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
- Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David M. Smadja
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Paris, F-75006 Paris, France; (E.F.); (S.P.-C.); (A.L.); (B.S.); (P.G.); (C.B.-L.); (S.P.); (D.M.S.)
- IThEM, Inserm UMR-S 1140, F-75006 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Hematology Department, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, F-75015 Paris, France
- Biosurgical Research Lab (Carpentier Foundation), F-75000 Paris, France
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8
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Actin/microtubule crosstalk during platelet biogenesis in mice is critically regulated by Twinfilin1 and Cofilin1. Blood Adv 2021; 4:2124-2134. [PMID: 32407474 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rearrangements of the microtubule (MT) and actin cytoskeleton are pivotal for platelet biogenesis. Hence, defects in actin- or MT-regulatory proteins are associated with platelet disorders in humans and mice. Previous studies in mice revealed that loss of the actin-depolymerizing factor homology (ADF-H) protein Cofilin1 (Cof1) in megakaryocytes (MKs) results in a moderate macrothrombocytopenia but normal MK numbers, whereas deficiency in another ADF-H protein, Twinfilin1 (Twf1), does not affect platelet production or function. However, recent studies in yeast have indicated a critical synergism between Twf1 and Cof1 in the regulation of actin dynamics. We therefore investigated platelet biogenesis and function in mice lacking both Twf1 and Cof1 in the MK lineage. In contrast to single deficiency in either protein, Twf1/Cof1 double deficiency (DKO) resulted in a severe macrothrombocytopenia and dramatically increased MK numbers in bone marrow and spleen. DKO MKs exhibited defective proplatelet formation in vitro and in vivo as well as impaired spreading and altered assembly of podosome-like structures on collagen and fibrinogen in vitro. These defects were associated with aberrant F-actin accumulation and, remarkably, the formation of hyperstable MT, which appears to be caused by dysregulation of the actin- and MT-binding proteins mDia1 and adenomatous polyposis coli. Surprisingly, the mild functional defects described for Cof1-deficient platelets were only slightly aggravated in DKO platelets suggesting that both proteins are largely dispensable for platelet function in the peripheral blood. In summary, these findings reveal critical redundant functions of Cof1 and Twf1 in ensuring balanced actin/microtubule crosstalk during thrombopoiesis in mice and possibly humans.
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9
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Heib T, Hermanns HM, Manukjan G, Englert M, Kusch C, Becker IC, Gerber A, Wackerbarth LM, Burkard P, Dandekar T, Balkenhol J, Jahn D, Beck S, Meub M, Dütting S, Stigloher C, Sauer M, Cherpokova D, Schulze H, Brakebusch C, Nieswandt B, Nagy Z, Pleines I. RhoA/Cdc42 signaling drives cytoplasmic maturation but not endomitosis in megakaryocytes. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109102. [PMID: 33979620 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs), the precursors of blood platelets, are large, polyploid cells residing mainly in the bone marrow. We have previously shown that balanced signaling of the Rho GTPases RhoA and Cdc42 is critical for correct MK localization at bone marrow sinusoids in vivo. Using conditional RhoA/Cdc42 double-knockout (DKO) mice, we reveal here that RhoA/Cdc42 signaling is dispensable for the process of polyploidization in MKs but essential for cytoplasmic MK maturation. Proplatelet formation is virtually abrogated in the absence of RhoA/Cdc42 and leads to severe macrothrombocytopenia in DKO animals. The MK maturation defect is associated with downregulation of myosin light chain 2 (MLC2) and β1-tubulin, as well as an upregulation of LIM kinase 1 and cofilin-1 at both the mRNA and protein level and can be linked to impaired MKL1/SRF signaling. Our findings demonstrate that MK endomitosis and cytoplasmic maturation are separately regulated processes, and the latter is critically controlled by RhoA/Cdc42.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Heib
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Heike M Hermanns
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hepatology Research Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Georgi Manukjan
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Englert
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Charly Kusch
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Carlotta Becker
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annika Gerber
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lou Martha Wackerbarth
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Philipp Burkard
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dandekar
- Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Balkenhol
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hepatology Research Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Department of Bioinformatics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Jahn
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Hepatology Research Laboratory, University Hospital Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Beck
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mara Meub
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dütting
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christian Stigloher
- Imaging Core Facility, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Sauer
- Department of Biotechnology and Biophysics, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Deya Cherpokova
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald Schulze
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Zoltan Nagy
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Irina Pleines
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.
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10
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Vainchenker W, Arkoun B, Basso-Valentina F, Lordier L, Debili N, Raslova H. Role of Rho-GTPases in megakaryopoiesis. Small GTPases 2021; 12:399-415. [PMID: 33570449 PMCID: PMC8583283 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2021.1885134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Megakaryocytes (MKs) are the bone marrow (BM) cells that generate blood platelets by a process that requires: i) polyploidization responsible for the increased MK size and ii) cytoplasmic organization leading to extension of long pseudopods, called proplatelets, through the endothelial barrier to allow platelet release into blood. Low level of localized RHOA activation prevents actomyosin accumulation at the cleavage furrow and participates in MK polyploidization. In the platelet production, RHOA and CDC42 play opposite, but complementary roles. RHOA inhibits both proplatelet formation and MK exit from BM, whereas CDC42 drives the development of the demarcation membranes and MK migration in BM. Moreover, the RhoA or Cdc42 MK specific knock-out in mice and the genetic alterations in their down-stream effectors in human induce a thrombocytopenia demonstrating their key roles in platelet production. A better knowledge of Rho-GTPase signalling is thus necessary to develop therapies for diseases associated with platelet production defects. Abbreviations: AKT: Protein Kinase BARHGEF2: Rho/Rac Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor 2ARP2/3: Actin related protein 2/3BM: Bone marrowCDC42: Cell division control protein 42 homologCFU-MK: Colony-forming-unit megakaryocyteCIP4: Cdc42-interacting protein 4mDIA: DiaphanousDIAPH1; Protein diaphanous homolog 1ECT2: Epithelial Cell Transforming Sequence 2FLNA: Filamin AGAP: GTPase-activating proteins or GTPase-accelerating proteinsGDI: GDP Dissociation InhibitorGEF: Guanine nucleotide exchange factorHDAC: Histone deacetylaseLIMK: LIM KinaseMAL: Megakaryoblastic leukaemiaMARCKS: Myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrateMKL: Megakaryoblastic leukaemiaMLC: Myosin light chainMRTF: Myocardin Related Transcription FactorOTT: One-Twenty Two ProteinPACSIN2: Protein Kinase C And Casein Kinase Substrate In Neurons 2PAK: P21-Activated KinasePDK: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase kinasePI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-kinasePKC: Protein kinase CPTPRJ: Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type JRAC: Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1RBM15: RNA Binding Motif Protein 15RHO: Ras homologousROCK: Rho-associated protein kinaseSCAR: Suppressor of cAMP receptorSRF: Serum response factorSRC: SarcTAZ: Transcriptional coactivator with PDZ motifTUBB1: Tubulin β1VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factorWAS: Wiskott Aldrich syndromeWASP: Wiskott Aldrich syndrome proteinWAVE: WASP-family verprolin-homologous proteinWIP: WASP-interacting proteinYAP: Yes-associated protein
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Affiliation(s)
- William Vainchenker
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,GrEX, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Brahim Arkoun
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,GrEX, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Francesca Basso-Valentina
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Université Sorbonne Paris Cité/Université Paris Dideront, Paris, France
| | - Larissa Lordier
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Najet Debili
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Hana Raslova
- INSERM, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Equipe Labellisée LNCC, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris Saclay, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France.,Gustave Roussy, UMR 1287, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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11
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Quach ME, Li R. Structure-function of platelet glycoprotein Ib-IX. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:3131-3141. [PMID: 32735697 PMCID: PMC7854888 DOI: 10.1111/jth.15035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The glycoprotein (GP)Ib-IX receptor complex plays a critical role in platelet physiology and pathology. Its interaction with von Willebrand factor (VWF) on the subendothelial matrix instigates platelet arrest at the site of vascular injury and is vital to primary hemostasis. Its reception to other ligands and counter-receptors in the bloodstream also contribute to various processes of platelet biology that are still being discovered. While its basic composition and its link to congenital bleeding disorders were well documented and firmly established more than 25 years ago, recent years have witnessed critical advances in the organization, dynamics, activation, regulation, and functions of the GPIb-IX complex. This review summarizes important findings and identifies questions that remain about this unique platelet mechanoreceptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Edward Quach
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Renhao Li
- Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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12
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Freson K. Hyperactive GPIb-von Willebrand factor interaction as cause of thrombocytopenia: altered platelet formation versus clearance. Haematologica 2019; 104:1298-1299. [PMID: 31257206 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2019.219832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Freson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Pivotal role of PDK1 in megakaryocyte cytoskeletal dynamics and polarization during platelet biogenesis. Blood 2019; 134:1847-1858. [DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The investigators explore the role of PDK1 (phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1) in the cytoskeletal regulation of platelet production and furnish new insights into megakaryocyte maturation and proplatelet formation.
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14
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Dupont A, Soukaseum C, Cheptou M, Adam F, Nipoti T, Lourenco-Rodrigues MD, Legendre P, Proulle V, Rauch A, Kawecki C, Bryckaert M, Rosa JP, Paris C, Ternisien C, Boisseau P, Goudemand J, Borgel D, Lasne D, Maurice P, Lenting PJ, Denis CV, Susen S, Kauskot A. Relevance of platelet desialylation and thrombocytopenia in type 2B von Willebrand disease: preclinical and clinical evidence. Haematologica 2019; 104:2493-2500. [PMID: 30819911 PMCID: PMC6959185 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.206250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with type 2B von Willebrand disease (vWD) (caused by gain-of-function mutations in the gene coding for von Willebrand factor) display bleeding to a variable extent and, in some cases, thrombocytopenia. There are several underlying causes of thrombocytopenia in type 2B vWD. It was recently suggested that desialylation-mediated platelet clearance leads to thrombocytopenia in this disease. However, this hypothesis has not been tested in vivo. The relationship between platelet desialylation and the platelet count was probed in 36 patients with type 2B von Willebrand disease (p.R1306Q, p.R1341Q, and p.V1316M mutations) and in a mouse model carrying the severe p.V1316M mutation (the 2B mouse). We observed abnormally high elevated levels of platelet desialylation in both patients with the p.V1316M mutation and the 2B mice. In vitro, we demonstrated that 2B p.V1316M/von Willebrand factor induced more desialylation of normal platelets than wild-type von Willebrand factor did. Furthermore, we found that N-glycans were desialylated and we identified αIIb and β3 as desialylation targets. Treatment of 2B mice with sialidase inhibitors (which correct platelet desialylation) was not associated with the recovery of a normal platelet count. Lastly, we demonstrated that a critical platelet desialylation threshold (not achieved in either 2B patients or 2B mice) was required to induce thrombocytopenia in vivo. In conclusion, in type 2B vWD, platelet desialylation has a minor role and is not sufficient to mediate thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabelle Dupont
- Université de Lille, UMR Inserm 1011, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EGID, F-59000 Lille.,Department of Hematology, CHU de Lille, F-59000 Lille
| | - Christelle Soukaseum
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
| | - Mathilde Cheptou
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
| | - Frédéric Adam
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
| | - Thomas Nipoti
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
| | | | - Paulette Legendre
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
| | - Valérie Proulle
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre.,AP-HP, Department of Biological Hematology, CHU Bicêtre, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, F-94270 Paris
| | - Antoine Rauch
- Université de Lille, UMR Inserm 1011, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EGID, F-59000 Lille.,Department of Hematology, CHU de Lille, F-59000 Lille
| | - Charlotte Kawecki
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
| | - Marijke Bryckaert
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
| | - Jean-Philippe Rosa
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
| | - Camille Paris
- Department of Hematology, CHU de Lille, F-59000 Lille
| | | | | | - Jenny Goudemand
- Université de Lille, UMR Inserm 1011, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EGID, F-59000 Lille.,Department of Hematology, CHU de Lille, F-59000 Lille
| | - Delphine Borgel
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre.,AP-HP, Department of Biological Hematology, Hôpital Necker, F-75015 Paris
| | - Dominique Lasne
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre.,AP-HP, Department of Biological Hematology, Hôpital Necker, F-75015 Paris
| | - Pascal Maurice
- UMR CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), Team 2 "Matrix aging and Vascular remodelling", Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne (URCA), UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, F-51000 Reims, France
| | - Peter J Lenting
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
| | - Cécile V Denis
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
| | - Sophie Susen
- Université de Lille, UMR Inserm 1011, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EGID, F-59000 Lille.,Department of Hematology, CHU de Lille, F-59000 Lille
| | - Alexandre Kauskot
- HITh, UMR_S 1176, INSERM Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, F-94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre
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15
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Bury L, Malara A, Momi S, Petito E, Balduini A, Gresele P. Mechanisms of thrombocytopenia in platelet-type von Willebrand disease. Haematologica 2019; 104:1473-1481. [PMID: 30655369 PMCID: PMC6601082 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2018.200378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-type von Willebrand disease is an inherited platelet disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia with large platelets caused by gain-of-function variants in GP1BA leading to enhanced GPIbα-von Willebrand factor (vWF) interaction. GPIbα and vWF play a role in megakaryocytopoiesis, thus we aimed to investigate megakaryocyte differentiation and proplatelet-formation in platelet-type von Willebrand disease using megakaryocytes from a patient carrying the Met239Val variant and from mice carrying the Gly233Val variant. Platelet-type von Willebrand disease megakaryocytes bound vWF at an early differentiation stage and generated proplatelets with a decreased number of enlarged tips compared to control megakaryocytes. Moreover, they formed proplatelets upon contact with collagen, differently from normal megakaryocytes. Similarly, collagen triggered megakaryocytes showed defective activation of the RhoA-MLC2 axis, which prevents proplatelet formation, and increased phosphorylation of Lyn, which acts as a negative regulator of GPVI signaling, thus preventing ectopic proplatelet-formation on collagen. Consistently, human and murine bone marrow contained an increased number of extravascular platelets compared to controls. In addition, platelet survival of mutant mice was shortened compared to control mice, and the administration of desmopressin, raising circulating vWF, caused a marked drop in platelet count. Taken together, these results show for the first time that thrombocytopenia in platelet-type von Willebrand disease is due to the combination of different pathogenic mechanisms, i.e. the formation of a reduced number of platelets by megakaryocytes, the ectopic release of platelets in the bone marrow, and the increased clearance of platelet/vWF complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Bury
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia
| | - Alessandro Malara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia.,Biotechnology Research Laboratories, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Stefania Momi
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia
| | - Eleonora Petito
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia
| | - Alessandra Balduini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia.,Biotechnology Research Laboratories, IRCCS San Matteo Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Gresele
- Department of Medicine, Section of Internal and Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Perugia
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16
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Pleines I, Cherpokova D, Bender M. Rho GTPases and their downstream effectors in megakaryocyte biology. Platelets 2018; 30:9-16. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2018.1478071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Irina Pleines
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Deya Cherpokova
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Markus Bender
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine I, University Hospital and Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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17
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Prunier C, Prudent R, Kapur R, Sadoul K, Lafanechère L. LIM kinases: cofilin and beyond. Oncotarget 2018; 8:41749-41763. [PMID: 28445157 PMCID: PMC5522193 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
LIM kinases are common downstream effectors of several signalization pathways and function as a signaling node that controls cytoskeleton dynamics through the phosphorylation of the cofilin family proteins. These last 10 years, several reports indicate that the functions of LIM kinases are more extended than initially described and, specifically, that LIM kinases also control microtubule dynamics, independently of their regulation of actin microfilament. In this review we analyze the data supporting these conclusions and the possible mechanisms that could be involved in the control of microtubules by LIM kinases. The demonstration that LIM kinases also control microtubule dynamics has pointed to new therapeutic opportunities. Consistently, several new LIM kinase inhibitors have been recently developed. We provide a comprehensive comparison of these inhibitors, of their chemical structure, their specificity, their cellular effects as well as their effects in animal models of various diseases including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Prunier
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Reuben Kapur
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Karin Sadoul
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Lafanechère
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, INSERM, CNRS UMR, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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18
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Bergmeier W, Antoniak S, Conway EM, Denis CV, George LA, Isermann B, Key NS, Krishnaswamy S, Lam WA, Lillicrap D, Liu J, Looney MR, López JA, Maas C, Peyvandi F, Ruf W, Sood AK, Versteeg HH, Wolberg AS, Wong PC, Wood JP, Weiler H. Advances in Clinical and Basic Science of Coagulation: Illustrated abstracts of the 9th Chapel Hill Symposium on Hemostasis. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2018; 2:407-428. [PMID: 30046746 PMCID: PMC6046595 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This 9th Symposium on Hemostasis is an international scientific meeting held biannually in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The meeting is in large measure the result of the close friendship between the late Dr. Harold R. Roberts of UNC Chapel Hill and Dr. Ulla Hedner of Novo Nordisk. When Novo Nordisk was developing the hemophilia therapy that would become NovoSeven, they sponsored a series of meetings to understand the basic biology and clinical applications of factor VIIa. The first meeting in Chapel Hill was held April 4-6, 2002 with Dr. Roberts as the organizer. Over the years, the conference emphasis has expanded from discussions of factor VIIa and tissue factor to additional topics in hemostasis and thrombosis. This year's meeting includes presentations by internationally renowned speakers that discuss the state-of-the-art on an array of important topics, including von Willebrand factor, engineering advances, coagulation and disease, tissue factor biology, therapeutic advances, and basic clotting factor biology. Included in this review article are illustrated abstracts provided by our speakers, which highlight the main conclusions of each invited talk. This will be the first meeting without Dr. Roberts in attendance, yet his commitment to excellent science and his focus on turning science to patient care are pervasively reflected in the presentations by our speakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Bergmeier
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | | | | | - Lindsey A George
- University of Pennsylvania Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA USA
| | | | - Nigel S Key
- Department of Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Sriram Krishnaswamy
- University of Pennsylvania Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Philadelphia PA USA
| | - Wilbur A Lam
- Department of Pediatrics and the Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA USA
| | | | - Jian Liu
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Mark R Looney
- University of California San Francisco San Francisco CA USA
| | - José A López
- School of Medicine Puget Sound Blood Center Research Institute University of Washington Seattle WA USA
| | - Coen Maas
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology University Medical Center Utrecht Utrecht the Netherlands
| | | | - Wolfram Ruf
- The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla CA USA
| | - Anil K Sood
- University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Houston TX USA
| | | | - Alisa S Wolberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of North Carolina Chapel Hill NC USA
| | - Pancras C Wong
- Transfusion Medicine Hematology Bristol-Meyers Squibb Pennington NJ USA
| | - Jeremy P Wood
- Gill Heart and Vascular Institute University of Kentucky Lexington KY USA
| | - Hartmut Weiler
- Blood Research Institute Blood Center of Wisconsin Milwaukee WI USA
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19
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Adam F, Kauskot A, Kurowska M, Goudin N, Munoz I, Bordet JC, Huang JD, Bryckaert M, Fischer A, Borgel D, de Saint Basile G, Christophe OD, Ménasché G. Kinesin-1 Is a New Actor Involved in Platelet Secretion and Thrombus Stability. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018. [PMID: 29519941 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.310373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelet secretion is crucial for many physiological platelet responses. Even though several regulators of the fusion machinery for secretory granule exocytosis have been identified in platelets, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully characterized. APPROACH AND RESULTS By studying a mouse model (cKO [conditional knockout]Kif5b) lacking Kif5b (kinesin-1 heavy chain) in its megakaryocytes and platelets, we evidenced unstable hemostasis characterized by an increase of blood loss associated to a marked tendency to rebleed in a tail-clip assay and thrombus instability in an in vivo thrombosis model. This instability was confirmed in vitro in a whole-blood perfusion assay under blood flow conditions. Aggregations induced by thrombin and collagen were also impaired in cKOKif5b platelets. Furthermore, P-selectin exposure, PF4 (platelet factor 4) secretion, and ATP release after thrombin stimulation were impaired in cKOKif5b platelets, highlighting the role of kinesin-1 in α-granule and dense granule secretion. Importantly, exogenous ADP rescued normal thrombin induced-aggregation in cKOKif5b platelets, which indicates that impaired aggregation was because of defective release of ADP and dense granules. Last, we demonstrated that kinesin-1 interacts with the molecular machinery comprising the granule-associated Rab27 (Ras-related protein Rab-27) protein and the Slp4 (synaptotagmin-like protein 4/SYTL4) adaptor protein. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that a kinesin-1-dependent process plays a role for platelet function by acting into the mechanism underlying α-granule and dense granule secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Adam
- From the INSERM, UMR_S 1176, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (F.A., A.K., M.B., D.B., O.D.C.)
| | - Alexandre Kauskot
- From the INSERM, UMR_S 1176, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (F.A., A.K., M.B., D.B., O.D.C.)
| | - Mathieu Kurowska
- INSERM, UMR_S 1163, Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Homeostasis of the Immune System, Paris, France (M.K., I.M., A.F., G.d.S.B., G.M.).,Imagine Institute (M.K., I.M., A.F., G.d.S.B., G.M.)
| | - Nicolas Goudin
- Cell Imaging Facility, Imagine Institute (N.G.), Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Isabelle Munoz
- INSERM, UMR_S 1163, Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Homeostasis of the Immune System, Paris, France (M.K., I.M., A.F., G.d.S.B., G.M.).,Imagine Institute (M.K., I.M., A.F., G.d.S.B., G.M.)
| | - Jean-Claude Bordet
- Laboratoire d'Hémostase, Centre de Biologie Est, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France (J.-C.B.).,Laboratoire de Recherche sur l'Hémophilie, UCBL1, Lyon, France (J.-C.B.)
| | - Jian-Dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, China (J.-D.H.)
| | - Marijke Bryckaert
- From the INSERM, UMR_S 1176, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (F.A., A.K., M.B., D.B., O.D.C.)
| | - Alain Fischer
- INSERM, UMR_S 1163, Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Homeostasis of the Immune System, Paris, France (M.K., I.M., A.F., G.d.S.B., G.M.).,Imagine Institute (M.K., I.M., A.F., G.d.S.B., G.M.).,Department of Immunology and Pediatric Hematology (A.F.)
| | - Delphine Borgel
- From the INSERM, UMR_S 1176, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (F.A., A.K., M.B., D.B., O.D.C.).,Biological Hematology Service (D.B.), Necker Children's Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, France; and Collège de France, Paris (A.F.)
| | - Geneviève de Saint Basile
- INSERM, UMR_S 1163, Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Homeostasis of the Immune System, Paris, France (M.K., I.M., A.F., G.d.S.B., G.M.).,Imagine Institute (M.K., I.M., A.F., G.d.S.B., G.M.)
| | - Olivier D Christophe
- From the INSERM, UMR_S 1176, Paris-Sud University, Université Paris-Saclay, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France (F.A., A.K., M.B., D.B., O.D.C.)
| | - Gaël Ménasché
- INSERM, UMR_S 1163, Laboratory of Normal and Pathological Homeostasis of the Immune System, Paris, France (M.K., I.M., A.F., G.d.S.B., G.M.).,Imagine Institute (M.K., I.M., A.F., G.d.S.B., G.M.)
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Nbeal2 interacts with Dock7, Sec16a, and Vac14. Blood 2017; 131:1000-1011. [PMID: 29187380 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-08-800359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in NBEAL2, the gene encoding the scaffolding protein Nbeal2, are causal of gray platelet syndrome (GPS), a rare recessive bleeding disorder characterized by platelets lacking α-granules and progressive marrow fibrosis. We present here the interactome of Nbeal2 with additional validation by reverse immunoprecipitation of Dock7, Sec16a, and Vac14 as interactors of Nbeal2. We show that GPS-causing mutations in its BEACH domain have profound and possible effects on the interaction with Dock7 and Vac14, respectively. Proximity ligation assays show that these 2 proteins are physically proximal to Nbeal2 in human megakaryocytes. In addition, we demonstrate that Nbeal2 is primarily localized in the cytoplasm and Dock7 on the membrane of or in α-granules. Interestingly, platelets from GPS cases and Nbeal2-/- mice are almost devoid of Dock7, resulting in a profound dysregulation of its signaling pathway, leading to defective actin polymerization, platelet activation, and shape change. This study shows for the first time proteins interacting with Nbeal2 and points to the dysregulation of the canonical signaling pathway of Dock7 as a possible cause of the aberrant formation of platelets in GPS cases and Nbeal2-deficient mice.
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21
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Dütting S, Gaits-Iacovoni F, Stegner D, Popp M, Antkowiak A, van Eeuwijk JMM, Nurden P, Stritt S, Heib T, Aurbach K, Angay O, Cherpokova D, Heinz N, Baig AA, Gorelashvili MG, Gerner F, Heinze KG, Ware J, Krohne G, Ruggeri ZM, Nurden AT, Schulze H, Modlich U, Pleines I, Brakebusch C, Nieswandt B. A Cdc42/RhoA regulatory circuit downstream of glycoprotein Ib guides transendothelial platelet biogenesis. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28643773 PMCID: PMC5481742 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood platelets are produced by large bone marrow (BM) precursor cells, megakaryocytes (MKs), which extend cytoplasmic protrusions (proplatelets) into BM sinusoids. The molecular cues that control MK polarization towards sinusoids and limit transendothelial crossing to proplatelets remain unknown. Here, we show that the small GTPases Cdc42 and RhoA act as a regulatory circuit downstream of the MK-specific mechanoreceptor GPIb to coordinate polarized transendothelial platelet biogenesis. Functional deficiency of either GPIb or Cdc42 impairs transendothelial proplatelet formation. In the absence of RhoA, increased Cdc42 activity and MK hyperpolarization triggers GPIb-dependent transmigration of entire MKs into BM sinusoids. These findings position Cdc42 (go-signal) and RhoA (stop-signal) at the centre of a molecular checkpoint downstream of GPIb that controls transendothelial platelet biogenesis. Our results may open new avenues for the treatment of platelet production disorders and help to explain the thrombocytopenia in patients with Bernard-Soulier syndrome, a bleeding disorder caused by defects in GPIb-IX-V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dütting
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frederique Gaits-Iacovoni
- INSERM UMR1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires-I2MC, UMR1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - David Stegner
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Popp
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Adrien Antkowiak
- INSERM UMR1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires-I2MC, UMR1048, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhès, BP 84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Judith M M van Eeuwijk
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paquita Nurden
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Plateforme Technologique d'Innovation Biomédicale, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Avenue du Haut Lévêque, 33604 Pessac, France
| | - Simon Stritt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Heib
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katja Aurbach
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Oguzhan Angay
- Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Deya Cherpokova
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Niels Heinz
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt/Main and the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Ayesha A Baig
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian G Gorelashvili
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Gerner
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Katrin G Heinze
- Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jerry Ware
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, Arkansass 72205, USA
| | - Georg Krohne
- Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Zaverio M Ruggeri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N Torrey Pines Rd, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Alan T Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Plateforme Technologique d'Innovation Biomédicale, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Avenue du Haut Lévêque, 33604 Pessac, France
| | - Harald Schulze
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ute Modlich
- Research Group for Gene Modification in Stem Cells, LOEWE Center for Cell and Gene Therapy Frankfurt/Main and the Paul-Ehrlich-Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 51-59, 63225 Langen, Germany
| | - Irina Pleines
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Cord Brakebusch
- BRIC, Biomedical Institute, University of Copenhagen, Nørregade 10, 1165 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Institute of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital and University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany.,Rudolf Virchow Center, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Str. 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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