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Persistent Hypochloremia Is Associated with Adverse Prognosis in Patients Repeatedly Hospitalized for Heart Failure. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12041257. [PMID: 36835793 PMCID: PMC9962161 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12041257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypochloremia reflects neuro-hormonal activation in patients with heart failure (HF). However, the prognostic impact of persistent hypochloremia in those patients remains unclear. METHODS We collected the data of patients who were hospitalized for HF at least twice between 2010 and 2021 (n = 348). Dialysis patients (n = 26) were excluded. The patients were divided into four groups based on the absence/presence of hypochloremia (<98 mmol/L) at discharge from their first and second hospitalizations: Group A (patients without hypochloremia at their first and second hospitalizations, n = 243); Group B (those with hypochloremia at their first hospitalization and without hypochloremia at their second hospitalization, n = 29); Group C (those without hypochloremia at their first hospitalization and with hypochloremia at their second hospitalization, n = 34); and Group D (those with hypochloremia at their first and second hospitalizations, n = 16). RESULTS a Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality were the highest in Group D compared to the other groups. A multivariable Cox proportional hazard analysis revealed that persistent hypochloremia was independently associated with both all-cause death (hazard ratio 3.490, p < 0.001) and cardiac death (hazard ratio 3.919, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS In patients with HF, prolonged hypochloremia over two hospitalizations is associated with an adverse prognosis.
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ter Maaten J, Damman K. Chloride, what else? Eur J Heart Fail 2018; 20:1444-1446. [DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.1302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J.M. ter Maaten
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - K. Damman
- University of Groningen, Department of Cardiology; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
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Testani JM, Hanberg JS, Arroyo JP, Brisco MA, ter Maaten JM, Wilson FP, Bellumkonda L, Jacoby D, Tang WW, Parikh CR. Hypochloraemia is strongly and independently associated with mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2016; 18:660-8. [PMID: 26763893 PMCID: PMC5471359 DOI: 10.1002/ejhf.477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Hyponatraemia is strongly associated with adverse outcomes in heart failure. However, accumulating evidence suggests that chloride may play an important role in renal salt sensing and regulation of neurohormonal and sodium-conserving pathways. Our objective was to determine the prognostic importance of hypochloraemia in patients with heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients in the BEST trial with baseline serum chloride values were evaluated (n = 2699). Hypochloraemia was defined as a serum chloride ≤96 mmol/L and hyponatraemia as serum sodium ≤135 mmol/L. Hypochloraemia was present in 13.0% and hyponatraemia in 13.7% of the population. Chloride and sodium were only modestly correlated (r = 0.53), resulting in only 48.7% of hypochloraemic patients having concurrent hyponatraemia. Both hyponatraemia and hypochloraemia identified a population with greater disease severity; however, renal function tended to be worse and loop diuretic doses higher with hypochloraemia. In univariate analysis, lower serum sodium or serum chloride as continuous parameters were each strongly associated with mortality (P < 0.001). However, when both parameters were included in the same model, serum chloride remained strongly associated with mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.3 per standard deviation decrease, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.18-1.42, P < 0.001], whereas sodium was not (HR 0.97 per standard deviation decrease, 95% CI 0.89-1.06, P = 0.52). CONCLUSION Serum chloride is strongly and independently associated with worsened survival in patients with chronic heart failure and accounted for the majority of the risk otherwise attributable to hyponatraemia. Given the critical role of chloride in a number of regulatory pathways central to heart failure pathophysiology, additional research is warranted in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey M. Testani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer S. Hanberg
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Juan Pablo Arroyo
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Meredith A. Brisco
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jozine M. ter Maaten
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - F. Perry Wilson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Lavanya Bellumkonda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel Jacoby
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - W.H. Wilson Tang
- Section of Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplantation, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chirag R. Parikh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program of Applied Translational Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Renal acid-base regulation: new insights from animal models. Pflugers Arch 2014; 467:1623-41. [PMID: 25515081 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1669-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Because majority of biological processes are dependent on pH, maintaining systemic acid-base balance is critical. The kidney contributes to systemic acid-base regulation, by reabsorbing HCO3 (-) (both filtered by glomeruli and generated within a nephron) and acidifying urine. Abnormalities in those processes will eventually lead to a disruption in systemic acid-base balance and provoke metabolic acid-base disorders. Research over the past 30 years advanced our understanding on cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for those processes. In particular, a variety of transgenic animal models, where target genes are deleted either globally or conditionally, provided significant insights into how specific transporters are contributing to the renal acid-base regulation. Here, we broadly overview the mechanisms of renal ion transport participating to acid-base regulation, with emphasis on data obtained from transgenic mice models.
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Tresguerres M, Levin LR, Buck J. Intracellular cAMP signaling by soluble adenylyl cyclase. Kidney Int 2011; 79:1277-88. [PMID: 21490586 DOI: 10.1038/ki.2011.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is a recently identified source of the ubiquitous second messenger cyclic adenosine 3',5' monophosphate (cAMP). sAC is distinct from the more widely studied source of cAMP, the transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmACs); its activity is uniquely regulated by bicarbonate anions, and it is distributed throughout the cytoplasm and in cellular organelles. Due to its unique localization and regulation, sAC has various functions in a variety of physiological systems that are distinct from tmACs. In this review, we detail the known functions of sAC, and we reassess commonly held views of cAMP signaling inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Puschett JB, Winaver J. Effects of Diuretics on Renal Function. Compr Physiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp080250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rodriguez JV, Torres AM, Elias MM. Effect of glutathione depletion on urinary acidification in the rat. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE AND METABOLIC BIOLOGY 1991; 45:310-8. [PMID: 2049184 DOI: 10.1016/0885-4505(91)90035-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) depletion by diethyl maleate (DEM) administration and its rapid repletion were associated with the development of a moderate acidosis in the rat. The acidosis observed after DEM treatment could be a consequence of an impairment of lactate metabolism. GSH-depleted rats also showed an increased urine pH and a higher bicarbonate fractional excretion compared with control rats. Renal bicarbonate excretion was magnified when blood bicarbonate levels were normalized by means of a bicarbonate infusion in GSH-depleted rats; however, the amount of bicarbonate excreted in the urine was a very small fraction (less than 5%) of the calculated filtered load. GSH-depleted rats failed to elevate the relation urine minus blood (U-B) pCO2 as compared with control rats when they were subjected to a high bicarbonate load to the distal portions of the nephron. All these data were consistent with a distal renal tubular acidosis due to GSH depletion which could participate in the maintenance of the systemic acidosis, although it is unlikely that it is the primary cause of the acidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Rodriguez
- Fac. Ciencias Bioquimicas y Farmaceuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Instituto de Fisiologia Experimental (CONICET), Argentina
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