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Perez-Leighton C, Kerr B, Scherer PE, Baudrand R, Cortés V. The interplay between leptin, glucocorticoids, and GLP1 regulates food intake and feeding behaviour. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:653-674. [PMID: 38072002 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2024]
Abstract
Nutritional, endocrine, and neurological signals converge in multiple brain centres to control feeding behaviour and food intake as part of the allostatic regulation of energy balance. Among the several neuroendocrine systems involved, the leptin, glucocorticoid, and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) systems have been extensively researched. Leptin is at the top hierarchical level since its complete absence is sufficient to trigger severe hyperphagia. Glucocorticoids are key regulators of the energy balance adaptation to stress and their sustained excess leads to excessive adiposity and metabolic perturbations. GLP1 participates in metabolic adaptation to food intake, regulating insulin secretion and satiety by parallel central and peripheral signalling systems. Herein, we review the brain and peripheral targets of these three hormone systems that integrate to regulate food intake, feeding behaviour, and metabolic homeostasis. We examine the functional relationships between leptin, glucocorticoids, and GLP1 at the central and peripheral levels, including the cross-regulation of their circulating levels and their cooperative or antagonistic actions at different brain centres. The pathophysiological roles of these neuroendocrine systems in dysregulated intake are explored in the two extremes of body adiposity - obesity and lipodystrophy - and eating behaviour disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Perez-Leighton
- Departmento de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
| | - Bredford Kerr
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina-CEBICEM, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Carmen Sylva 2444, Providencia, Santiago, Chile
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - René Baudrand
- Departmento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
- Centro Translacional de Endocrinología (CETREN), Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
| | - Víctor Cortés
- Departmento de Nutrición, Diabetes y Metabolismo, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, 830024, Chile
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Solinas M, Lardeux V, Leblanc PM, Longueville JE, Thiriet N, Vandaele Y, Panlilio LV, Jaafari N. Delay of punishment highlights differential vulnerability to developing addiction-like behavior toward sweet food. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:155. [PMID: 38509086 PMCID: PMC10954751 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02863-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Resistance to punishment is commonly used to measure the difficulty in refraining from rewarding activities when negative consequences ensue, which is a hallmark of addictive behavior. We recently developed a progressive shock strength (PSS) procedure in which individual rats can titrate the amount of punishment that they are willing to tolerate to obtain food rewards. Here, we investigated the effects of a range of delays (0-12 s) on resistance to punishment measured by PSS break points. As expected from delay discounting principles, we found that delayed shock was less effective as a punisher, as revealed by higher PSS breakpoints. However, this discounting effect was not equally distributed in the population of rats, and the introduction of a delay highlighted the existence of two populations: rats that were sensitive to immediate punishment were also sensitive to delayed shock, whereas rats that were resistant to immediate punishment showed strong temporal discounting of delayed punishment. Importantly, shock-sensitive rats suppressed responding even in subsequent non-punishment sessions, and they differed from shock-resistant rats in anxiety-like behavior, but not in sensitivity to pain. These results show that manipulation of temporal contingencies of punishment in the PSS procedure provides a valuable tool to identify individuals with a double vulnerability to addiction: low sensitivity to aversion and excessive discounting of negative future consequences. Conversely, the shock-sensitive population may provide a model of humans who are vulnerable to opportunity loss due to excessive anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Solinas
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France.
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Henri-Laborit, Poitiers, France.
| | - Virginie Lardeux
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Leblanc
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Henri-Laborit, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Longueville
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Thiriet
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Youna Vandaele
- Université de Poitiers, INSERM, U1084, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Leigh V Panlilio
- Real-world Assessment, Prediction, and Treatment Unit, Translational Addiction Medicine Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nematollah Jaafari
- Unité de Recherche Clinique Intersectorielle en Psychiatrie, Centre Hospitalier Henri-Laborit, Poitiers, France
- Université de Poitiers, CNRS, UMR 7295, Centre de Recherche sur la Cognition et l'apprentissage, Poitiers, France
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Brown RM, James MH. Binge eating, overeating and food addiction: Approaches for examining food overconsumption in laboratory rodents. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 123:110717. [PMID: 36623582 PMCID: PMC10162020 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Overeating ranges in severity from casual overindulgence to an overwhelming drive to consume certain foods. At its most extreme, overeating can manifest as clinical diagnoses such as binge eating disorder or bulimia nervosa, yet subclinical forms of overeating such as emotional eating or uncontrolled eating can still have a profoundly negative impact on health and wellbeing. Although rodent models cannot possibly capture the full spectrum of disordered overeating, studies in laboratory rodents have substantially progressed our understanding of the neurobiology of overconsumption. These experimental approaches range from simple food-exposure protocols that promote binge-like eating and the development of obesity, to more complex operant procedures designed to examine distinct 'addiction-like' endophenotypes for food. This review provides an overview of these experimental approaches, with the view to providing a comprehensive resource for preclinical investigators seeking to utilize behavioural models for studying the neural systems involved in food overconsumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn M Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Morgan H James
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, NJ, USA; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, NJ, USA.
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García-Blanco A, Ramírez-López Á, Navarrete F, García-Gutiérrez MS, Manzanares J, Martín-García E, Maldonado R. Role of CB2 cannabinoid receptor in the development of food addiction in male mice. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106034. [PMID: 36775043 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system plays an important role in multiple behavioral responses due to its wide distribution in the central nervous system. The cannabinoid CB1 receptor was associated to the loss of behavioral control over food intake occurring during food addiction. The cannabinoid CB2 receptor (CB2R) is expressed in brain areas canonically associated with addictive-like behavior and was linked to drug-addictive properties. In this study, we evaluated for the first time the specific role of the CB2R in food addiction by using a well-validated operant mouse model of long-term training to obtain highly palatable food. We have compared in this model the behavioral responses of wild-type mice, mutant mice constitutively lacking CB2R, and transgenic mice overexpressing CB2R. The lack of CB2R constitutes a protective factor for the development of food addiction and the impulsive and depressive-like behavior associated. In contrast, the overexpression of CB2R induces a vulnerable phenotype toward food addiction after long-term exposure to highly palatable chocolate pellets. Relevant transcriptomic changes were associated to resilience and vulnerability to food addiction depending on the genotype, which provides a mechanistic explanation for these behavioral changes. Therefore, CB2R may constitute a potential therapeutic target for the loss of eating control and the comorbid emotional effects associated to food addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García-Blanco
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Á Ramírez-López
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Navarrete
- Neurosciences Institute, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante 03550, Spain; Research Network in Primary Care of Addictions, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid 28029, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - M S García-Gutiérrez
- Neurosciences Institute, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante 03550, Spain; Research Network in Primary Care of Addictions, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid 28029, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - J Manzanares
- Neurosciences Institute, University Miguel Hernández-CSIC, Avda de Ramón y Cajal s/n, San Juan de Alicante, Alicante 03550, Spain; Research Network in Primary Care of Addictions, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, Madrid 28029, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante (ISABIAL), Alicante, Spain
| | - E Martín-García
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - R Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.
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Hidalgo Vira N, Oyarce K, Valladares Vega M, Goldfield GS, Guzmán-Gutiérrez E, Obregón AM. No association of the dopamine D2 receptor genetic bilocus score (rs1800497/rs1799732) on food addiction and food reinforcement in Chilean adults. Front Behav Neurosci 2023; 17:1067384. [PMID: 37064299 PMCID: PMC10102336 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1067384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Different systems regulate food intake. In the reward system, dopamine (DA) is the main neurotransmitter, and a variety of genetic variants (rs1799732 and rs1800497) are associated with addiction. Addiction is a highly polygenic disease, where each allelic variant adds a small amount of vulnerability. Polymorphisms rs1799732 and rs1800497 are associated with eating behavior and hedonic hunger, but links to food addiction remain unclear.Aim: To evaluate the association between the bilocus profile (rs1799732-rs1800497) of the dopaminergic pathway with food reinforcement and food addiction in Chilean adults.Methods: A cross-sectional study recruited a convenience sample of 97 obese, 25 overweight, and 99 normal-weight adults (18–35 years). Anthropometric measurements were performed by standard procedures and eating behavior was assessed using the: Food Reinforcement Value Questionnaire (FRVQ) and Yale Food Addiction scale (YFAS). The DRD2 genotypes were determined by TaqMan assays (rs1800497 and rs1799732). A bilocus composite score was calculated.Results: In the normal weight group, individuals who were heterozygous for the rs1977932 variant (G/del) showed higher body weight (p-value 0.01) and abdominal circumference (p-value 0.01) compared to those who were homozygous (G/G). When analyzing rs1800497, a significant difference in BMI was observed for the normal weight group (p-value 0.02) where heterozygous showed higher BMI. In the obese group, homozygous A1/A1 showed higher BMI in comparison to A1/A2 and A2/A2 (p-value 0.03). Also, a significant difference in food reinforcement was observed in the rs1800497, where homozygous for the variant (A1A1) show less reinforcement (p-value 0.01).In relation to the bilocus score in the total sample, 11% showed “very low dopaminergic signaling”, 24.4% were “under”, 49.7% showed “intermediate signaling”, 12.7% showed “high” and 1.4% showed “very high”. No significant genotypic differences were observed in food reinforcement and food addiction by bilocus score.Conclusions: The results indicate that the genetic variants rs1799732 and rs1800497 (Taq1A) were associated with anthropometric measurements but not with food addiction or food reinforcement in Chilean university students. These results suggest that other genotypes, such as rs4680 and rs6277, which affect DA signaling capacity through a multilocus composite score, should be studied. Level V: Evidence obtained from a cross-sectional descriptive study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hidalgo Vira
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Karina Oyarce
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Macarena Valladares Vega
- Escuela de Terapia Ocupacional, Facultad de Salud y Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de las Ámericas, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gary S. Goldfield
- Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Enrique Guzmán-Gutiérrez
- Pregnancy Diseases Laboratory, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ana M. Obregón
- Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Ciencias para el Cuidado de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
- *Correspondence: Ana M. Obregón
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Cajiao-Manrique MDM, Maldonado R, Martín-García E. A male mouse model of WIN 55,212-2 self-administration to study cannabinoid addiction. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1143365. [PMID: 37050910 PMCID: PMC10083303 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1143365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
We have established for the first time a mouse model of cannabinoid addiction using WIN 55,212-2 intravenous self-administration (0.0125 mg/kg/infusion) in C57Bl/6J mice. This model allows to evaluate the addiction criteria by grouping them into 1) persistence of response during a period of non-availability of the drug, 2) motivation for WIN 55,212-2 with a progressive ratio, and 3) compulsivity when the reward is associated with a punishment such as an electric foot-shock, in agreement with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition (DSM-5). This model also allows to measure two parameters that have been related with the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria of craving, resistance to extinction and reinstatement, and two phenotypic traits suggested as predisposing factors, impulsivity and sensitivity to reward. We found that 35.6% of mice developed the criteria of cannabinoid addiction, allowing to differentiate between resilient and vulnerable mice. Therefore, we have established a novel and reliable model to study the neurobiological correlates underlying the resilience or vulnerability to develop cannabinoid addiction. This model included the chemogenetic inhibition of neuronal activity in the medial prefrontal cortex to the nucleus accumbens pathway to assess the neurobiological substrate of cannabinoid addiction. This model will shed light on the neurobiological substrate underlying cannabinoid addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- María del Mar Cajiao-Manrique
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Martín-García
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Psicobiologia i Metodologia de les Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
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