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In-depth proteomics analysis of sentinel lymph nodes from individuals with endometrial cancer. CELL REPORTS MEDICINE 2021; 2:100318. [PMID: 34195683 PMCID: PMC8233695 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2021.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is one of the most common gynecological cancers worldwide. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) status could be a major prognostic factor in evaluation of EC, but several prospective studies need to be performed. Here we report an in-depth proteomics analysis showing significant variations in the SLN protein landscape in EC. We show that SLNs are correlated to each tumor grade, which strengthens evidence of SLN involvement in EC. A few proteins are overexpressed specifically at each EC tumor grade and in the corresponding SLN. These proteins, which are significantly variable in both locations, should be considered potential markers of overall survival. Five major proteins for EC and SLN (PRSS3, PTX3, ASS1, ALDH2, and ANXA1) were identified in large-scale proteomics and validated by immunohistochemistry. This study improves stratification and diagnosis of individuals with EC as a result of proteomics profiling of SLNs.
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Das B, Pal B, Bhuyan R, Li H, Sarma A, Gayan S, Talukdar J, Sandhya S, Bhuyan S, Gogoi G, Gouw AM, Baishya D, Gotlib JR, Kataki AC, Felsher DW. MYC Regulates the HIF2α Stemness Pathway via Nanog and Sox2 to Maintain Self-Renewal in Cancer Stem Cells versus Non-Stem Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2019; 79:4015-4025. [PMID: 31266772 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSC) maintain both undifferentiated self-renewing CSCs and differentiated, non-self-renewing non-CSCs through cellular division. However, molecular mechanisms that maintain self-renewal in CSCs versus non-CSCs are not yet clear. Here, we report that in a transgenic mouse model of MYC-induced T-cell leukemia, MYC, maintains self-renewal in Sca1+ CSCs versus Sca-1- non-CSCs. MYC preferentially bound to the promoter and activated hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF2α) in Sca-1+ cells only. Furthermore, the reprogramming factors, Nanog and Sox2, facilitated MYC regulation of HIF2α in Sca-1+ versus Sca-1- cells. Reduced expression of HIF2α inhibited the self-renewal of Sca-1+ cells; this effect was blocked through suppression of ROS by N-acetyl cysteine or the knockdown of p53, Nanog, or Sox2. Similar results were seen in ABCG2+ CSCs versus ABCG2- non-CSCs from primary human T-cell lymphoma. Thus, MYC maintains self-renewal exclusively in CSCs by selectively binding to the promoter and activating the HIF2α stemness pathway. Identification of this stemness pathway as a unique CSC determinant may have significant therapeutic implications. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that the HIF2α stemness pathway maintains leukemic stem cells downstream of MYC in human and mouse T-cell leukemias. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/16/4015/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikul Das
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. .,Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bidisha Pal
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rashmi Bhuyan
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Hong Li
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Anupam Sarma
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Dr. B. Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sukanya Gayan
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Experimental Therapeutics, Thoreau Laboratory for Global Health, M2D2, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Joyeeta Talukdar
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Sorra Sandhya
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Seema Bhuyan
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Gayatri Gogoi
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts.,Department of Pathology, Assam Medical College, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Arvin M Gouw
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Debabrat Baishya
- Department of Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, KaviKrishna Laboratory, Guwahati Biotech Park, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Bioengineering and Technology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Jason R Gotlib
- Division of Hematology, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, California
| | - Amal C Kataki
- Dr. B. Borooah Cancer Institute, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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Talukdar S, Das SK, Pradhan AK, Emdad L, Shen XN, Windle JJ, Sarkar D, Fisher PB. Novel function of MDA-9/Syntenin (SDCBP) as a regulator of survival and stemness in glioma stem cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:54102-54119. [PMID: 27472461 PMCID: PMC5342330 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is an aggressive cancer with current therapies only marginally impacting on patient survival. Glioma stem cells (GSCs), a subpopulation of highly tumorigenic cells, are considered major contributors to glioma progression and play seminal roles in therapy resistance, immune evasion and increased invasion. Despite clinical relevance, effective/selective therapeutic targeting strategies for GSCs do not exist, potentially due to the lack of a definitive understanding of key regulators of GSCs. Consequently, there is a pressing need to identify therapeutic targets and novel options to effectively target this therapy-resistant cell population. The precise roles of GSCs in governing GBM development, progression and prognosis are under intense scrutiny, but key upstream regulatory genes remain speculative. MDA-9/Syntenin (SDCBP), a scaffold protein, regulates tumor pathogenesis in multiple cancers. Highly aggressive cancers like GBM express elevated levels of MDA-9 and contain increased populations of GSCs. We now uncover a unique function of MDA-9 as a facilitator and determinant of glioma stemness and survival. Mechanistically, MDA-9 regulates multiple stemness genes (Nanog, Oct4 and Sox2) through activation of STAT3. MDA-9 controls survival of GSCs by activating the NOTCH1 pathway through phospho-Src and DLL1. Once activated, cleaved NOTCH1 regulates C-Myc expression through RBPJK, thereby facilitating GSC growth and proliferation. Knockdown of MDA-9 affects the NOTCH1/C-Myc and p-STAT3/Nanog pathways causing a loss of stemness and initiation of apoptosis in GSCs. Our data uncover a previously unidentified relationship between MDA-9 and GSCs, reinforcing relevance of this gene as a potential therapeutic target in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmistha Talukdar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Swadesh K Das
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Anjan K Pradhan
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Luni Emdad
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Xue-Ning Shen
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jolene J Windle
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Devanand Sarkar
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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Chang Y, Zhao Y, Zhan H, Wei X, Liu T, Zheng B. Bufalin inhibits the differentiation and proliferation of human osteosarcoma cell line hMG63-derived cancer stem cells. Tumour Biol 2013; 35:1075-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1143-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Expression patterns of USP22 and potential targets BMI-1, PTEN, p-AKT in non-small-cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2012; 77:593-9. [PMID: 22717106 DOI: 10.1016/j.lungcan.2012.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent researches document that an oncogenic role of USP22 activation may contribute to progression and predict the prognosis. We have reported that USP22 mediates cell survival and proliferation by promoting the expression of BMI-1 and upregulation of activated AKT pathway in colon cancer cells. However, little is known about its mechanisms in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here the authors investigated the significance of activation of USP22 and potential targets BMI-1, PTEN and phospho-AKT (p-AKT) in NSCLC. METHODS Expression levels of USP22, BMI-1, PTEN and p-AKT in samples from 114 patients with NSCLC were evaluated immunohistochemically using the tissue microarray method. Clinical significance was analyzed by multivariate Cox regression analysis, Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test. RESULTS Immunohistochemically, USP22, BMI-1, p-AKT and PTEN were positive in 66.66%, 78.07%, 71.92% and 43.85% of NSCLC samples, respectively. Statistical correlation analysis showed USP22 to be significantly correlated with BMI-1 (r=0.315, P=0.001), p-AKT (r=0.271, P=0.003), and PTEN (r=-0.384, P<0.0001). NSCLCs with positive expression of USP22, BMI-1, p-AKT, and negative expression of PTEN were significantly correlated to tumor size (P=0.0240), differentiation (P=0.0457), pT classification (P=0.0077), pN classification (P=0.0064), and AJCC stage (P=0.0363) and poor overall survival (P<0.001). Multivariate Cox proportional hazards model analysis showed that the combined 4 markers was the independent prognostic indicator of overall survival (P<0.001; HR, 5.974; 95% CI, 3.307-10.791). CONCLUSIONS The simultaneous targeting of USP22, and its downstream signal transduction molecules seem highly informative in stratification of the cancer into subgroups with distinct likelihood of therapy failure, which contribute to make decision process regarding the individualized therapy selection and optimization.
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Raghavan N, Nie AY, McMillian M, Amaratunga D. A Linear Prediction Rule Based on Ensemble Classifiers for Non-Genotoxic Carcinogenicity. Stat Biopharm Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1198/sbr.2011.10049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Xu H, Liu YL, Yang YM, Dong XS. Knock-down of ubiquitin-specific protease 22 by micro-RNA interference inhibits colorectal cancer growth. Int J Colorectal Dis 2012; 27:21-30. [PMID: 21773699 DOI: 10.1007/s00384-011-1275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Increasing experimental evidences suggest that ubiquitin-specific protease 22 (USP22), a cancer stem cell marker, plays a crucial role in pathological processes of epithelial malignancies and other solid tumors, which makes it a potential target for cancer therapy. The aim of this study was to study the roles of USP22 in human colorectal cancer cell line HCT116 by suppressing USP22 expression with micro-interfering RNA (miRNA). METHODS With the knock-down of USP22, the changes of cellular proliferation, cell cycle, cell apoptosis, and major vault protein (MVP) expression were investigated. Furthermore, a tumor xenograft model in nude mice was injected with USP22 miRNA silencing vector and the immunohistochemical staining was performed to evaluate the USP22 expression in the tumor. RESULTS The knock-down of USP22 protein expression by miRNA resulted in the inhibition of cellular proliferation, the accumulation of cells in the G1 phase, the reduction of apoptosis, and the down-regulation of MVP expression. Furthermore, with orthotopic mice as a model, tumor growth was suppressed when USP22 miRNA silencing vector was injected. Immunohistochemical analyses of tumor sections revealed that USP22 expression in animals decreased when USP22 expression was inhibited by miRNA. CONCLUSION These results support the hypothesis that USP22 plays a crucial role in tumor formation and growth by regulating cell proliferation with USP22-dependent signaling pathway. Furthermore, USP22 acts as a major transcriptional factor to regulate MVP drug resistant gene. Taken together, targeting USP22 may offer additional possibilities in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Department of Oncosurgery, The Affiliated 4th Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 37 Yiyuan Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001, People's Republic of China
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Elliott AM, Elliott KAH, Kammesheidt A. High resolution array-CGH characterization of human stem cells using a stem cell focused microarray. Mol Biotechnol 2011; 46:234-42. [PMID: 20524159 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9294-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ESCs, iPSCs) that are cultured for an extended period of time are susceptible to genomic instability. Chromosomal aberrations decrease the reliability and reproducibility of experiments and could deem the cells unusable for therapeutic purposes. The genetic stability of human ESCs and iPSCs is commonly monitored by karyotype analysis. However, this low-resolution technique can only identify large aneuploidies. A reliable, high-resolution technique to detect genomic aberrations at a cost comparable to karyotyping is needed to better characterize stem cell lines. We have designed a stem cell focused array-comparative genomic hybridization microarray that covers the entire genome at high resolution with increased probe coverage in over 60 stem cell associated genes and more than 195 cancer related genes. Several iPSC lines were analyzed using the focused microarray and compared with either karyotyping or a standard Agilent 44K microarray. In addition to the abnormalities detected by these platforms, the custom microarray identified several small duplications spanning stem cell and/or cancer related genes. Scientists using a stem cell focused microarray to characterize their stem cells will be aware of the structural variants present in their cells and be more confident in their experimental results.
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9
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Andersen ME, Clewell HJ, Bermudez E, Dodd DE, Willson GA, Campbell JL, Thomas RS. Formaldehyde: Integrating Dosimetry, Cytotoxicity, and Genomics to Understand Dose-Dependent Transitions for an Endogenous Compound. Toxicol Sci 2010; 118:716-31. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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10
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Tiozzo C, De Langhe S, Yu M, Londhe VA, Carraro G, Li M, Li C, Xing Y, Anderson S, Borok Z, Bellusci S, Minoo P. Deletion of Pten expands lung epithelial progenitor pools and confers resistance to airway injury. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:701-12. [PMID: 19574443 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200901-0100oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Pten is a tumor-suppressor gene involved in stem cell homeostasis and tumorigenesis. In mouse, Pten expression is ubiquitous and begins as early as 7 days of gestation. Pten(-/-) mouse embryos die early during gestation indicating a critical role for Pten in embryonic development. OBJECTIVES To test the role of Pten in lung development and injury. METHODS We conditionally deleted Pten throughout the lung epithelium by crossing Pten(flox/flox) with Nkx2.1-cre driver mice. The resulting Pten(Nkx2.1-cre) mutants were analyzed for lung defects and response to injury. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Pten(Nkx2.1-cre) embryonic lungs showed airway epithelial hyperplasia with no branching abnormalities. In adult mice, Pten(Nkx2.1-cre) lungs exhibit increased progenitor cell pools composed of basal cells in the trachea, CGRP/CC10 double-positive neuroendocrine cells in the bronchi, and CC10/SPC double-positive cells at the bronchioalveolar duct junctions. Pten deletion affected differentiation of various lung epithelial cell lineages, with a decreased number of terminally differentiated cells. Over time, Pten(Nxk2.1-cre) epithelial cells residing in the bronchioalveolar duct junctions underwent proliferation and formed uniform masses, supporting the concept that the cells residing in this distal niche may also be the source of procarcinogenic stem cells. Finally, increased progenitor cells in all the lung compartments conferred an overall selective advantage to naphthalene injury compared with wild-type control mice. CONCLUSIONS Pten has a pivotal role in lung stem cell homeostasis, cell differentiation, and consequently resistance to lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Tiozzo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Women's and Children's Hospital, USC Keck School of Medicine
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2008 Meeting of the National Lung Cancer Partnership: A Summary of Meeting Highlights. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4:666-8. [DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e31819d19d8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Ginestier C, Hur MH, Charafe-Jauffret E, Monville F, Dutcher J, Brown M, Jacquemier J, Viens P, Kleer CG, Liu S, Schott A, Hayes D, Birnbaum D, Wicha MS, Dontu G. ALDH1 is a marker of normal and malignant human mammary stem cells and a predictor of poor clinical outcome. Cell Stem Cell 2008; 1:555-67. [PMID: 18371393 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2007.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2939] [Impact Index Per Article: 183.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 07/08/2007] [Accepted: 08/23/2007] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Application of stem cell biology to breast cancer research has been limited by the lack of simple methods for identification and isolation of normal and malignant stem cells. Utilizing in vitro and in vivo experimental systems, we show that normal and cancer human mammary epithelial cells with increased aldehyde dehydrogenase activity (ALDH) have stem/progenitor properties. These cells contain the subpopulation of normal breast epithelium with the broadest lineage differentiation potential and greatest growth capacity in a xenotransplant model. In breast carcinomas, high ALDH activity identifies the tumorigenic cell fraction, capable of self-renewal and of generating tumors that recapitulate the heterogeneity of the parental tumor. In a series of 577 breast carcinomas, expression of ALDH1 detected by immunostaining correlated with poor prognosis. These findings offer an important new tool for the study of normal and malignant breast stem cells and facilitate the clinical application of stem cell concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Ginestier
- Department of Internal Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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de Haas T, Hasselt N, Troost D, Caron H, Popovic M, Zadravec-Zaletel L, Grajkowska W, Perek M, Osterheld MC, Ellison D, Baas F, Versteeg R, Kool M. Molecular risk stratification of medulloblastoma patients based on immunohistochemical analysis of MYC, LDHB, and CCNB1 expression. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14:4154-60. [PMID: 18593994 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-4159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Medulloblastoma is the most common malignant embryonal brain tumor in children. The current clinical risk stratification to select treatment modalities is not optimal because it does not identify the standard-risk patients with resistant disease or the unknown number of high-risk patients who might be overtreated with current protocols. The aim of this study is to improve the risk stratification of medulloblastoma patients by using the expression of multiple prognostic markers in combination with current clinical parameters. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Candidate prognostic markers were selected from literature or from medulloblastoma expression data. Selected genes were immunohistochemically analyzed for their prognostic value using medulloblastoma tissue arrays containing 124 well-characterized patient samples. RESULTS Protein expression analyses showed that the combined expression of three genes was able to predict survival in medulloblastoma patients. Low MYC expression identified medulloblastoma patients with a very good outcome. In contrast, concomitant expression of LDHB and CCNB1 characterized patients with a very poor outcome. Multivariate analyses showed that both expression of MYC and the LDHB/CCNB1 gene signature were strong prognostic markers independent of the clinical parameters metastasis and residual disease. Combined analysis of clinical and molecular markers enabled greater resolution of disease risk than clinical factors alone. CONCLUSIONS A molecular risk stratification model for medulloblastoma patients is proposed based on the signature of MYC, LDHB, and CCNB1 expression. Combined with clinical variables, the model may provide a more accurate basis for targeting therapy in children with this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha de Haas
- Department of Human Genetics, Neuropathology, and Neurogenetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Xiao Y, Ye Y, Yearsley K, Jones S, Barsky SH. The lymphovascular embolus of inflammatory breast cancer expresses a stem cell-like phenotype. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:561-74. [PMID: 18599608 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.071214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory breast carcinoma (IBC) is a particularly lethal form of breast cancer characterized by exaggerated lymphovascular invasion, which is a phenotype recapitulated in our human xenograft MARY-X. MARY-X generated spheroids in vitro that resemble the embryonal blastocyst. Because of the resemblance of the spheroids to the embryonal blastocyst and their resistance to traditional chemotherapy/radiotherapy, we hypothesized that the spheroids expressed a stem cell-like phenotype. MARY-X spheroids expressed embryonal stem cell markers including stellar, rex-1, nestin, H19, and potent transcriptional factors, oct-4, nanog, and sox-2, which are associated with stem cell self-renewal and developmental potential. Most importantly, MARY-X spheroids expressed a cancer stem cell profile characterized by CD44(+)/CD24(-/low), ALDH1, and most uniquely, CD133. A significant percentage of single cells of MARY-X exhibited distinct proliferative and morphogenic potencies in vitro. As few as 100 cells derived from single-cell clonogenic expansion were tumorigenic with recapitulation of the IBC phenotype. Prototype stem cell signaling pathways such as notch3 were active in MARY-X. The stem cell phenotype exhibited by MARY-X also was exhibited by the lymphovascular emboli of human IBC cases independent of their molecular subtype. This stem cell-like phenotype may contribute to the aggressive nature of IBC but also may lend itself to selective targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xiao
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 129 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210-1218, USA
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Tanaka S, Arii S, Yasen M, Mogushi K, Su NT, Zhao C, Imoto I, Eishi Y, Inazawa J, Miki Y, Tanaka H. Aurora kinase B is a predictive factor for the aggressive recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma after curative hepatectomy. Br J Surg 2008; 95:611-9. [PMID: 18311747 DOI: 10.1002/bjs.6011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patterns of cancer recurrence hold the key to prognosis after curative resection. This retrospective study aimed to identify a predictor and therapeutic candidate for aggressive recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS Primary HCC tissues from 107 patients who had curative resection were analysed. Genome-wide gene expression profiles were investigated using a microarray technique, and clustering analysis was carried out based on the first diagnosis of recurrence according to the Milan criteria. Immunohistochemical expression and array-based comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) were also assessed. RESULTS Microarray analysis revealed overexpression of Aurora kinase B, a chromosome passenger protein kinase, as the most significant predictor of the aggressive recurrence of HCC. Aurora kinase B protein expression was significantly associated with aggressive recurrence (P < 0.001) and prognosis (P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis identified Aurora kinase B as the only independent predictor of aggressive recurrence of HCC (P = 0.031). Array-CGH analysis showed that genomic instability was closely related to Aurora kinase B expression (P = 0.011). CONCLUSION Aurora kinase B is an effective predictor of aggressive HCC recurrence, in relation to the genomic instability. It might be worth considering as a molecular target for the adjuvant therapy of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tanaka
- Information Centre for Medical Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
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16
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Arnes JB, Collett K, Akslen LA. Independent prognostic value of the basal-like phenotype of breast cancer and associations with EGFR and candidate stem cell marker BMI-1. Histopathology 2008; 52:370-80. [PMID: 18269588 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To study the relationship between basal-like breast cancers, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and candidate stem cell markers (BMI-1, EZH2, Oct-4) in a population-based setting. METHODS AND RESULTS Immunohistochemistry was evaluated in a series of 190 breast cancers. Basal-like phenotype (BLP) 1-5 was found in 4.3-14.3% of cases. EGFR was expressed in 9% of cases and associated with cytokeratin (CK) 5 and P-cadherin positivity, but not with survival; 28% of CK5+ cases were EGFR+. On multivariate analysis, basal-like differentiation and lymph node status were independent prognostic factors of comparable strength. BMI-1 positivity (42.6%) was associated with absence of basal-like features, oestrogen receptor positivity and low Ki67, but not related to survival. BMI was not associated with EZH2 expression, and these markers tended to show opposite associations with other variables, suggesting different roles in breast cancer. Oct-4 expression was not detected in this series. CONCLUSIONS Basal-like features and lymph node status were strong and independent prognostic factors in this population-based series of breast cancer. Neither EGFR nor BMI-1 had significant prognostic impact, whereas EZH2 expression was associated with decreased survival. BMI-1 was inversely related to basal-like factors, and a stem cell phenotype of the basal-like subgroup could not be verified by this marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Arnes
- The Gade Institute, Section for Pathology, University of Bergen, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Cooper CS, Campbell C, Jhavar S. Mechanisms of Disease: biomarkers and molecular targets from microarray gene expression studies in prostate cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 4:677-87. [DOI: 10.1038/ncpuro0946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Abstract
The identification, purification and characterization of cancer stem cells (CSCs) holds tremendous promise for improving the treatment of cancer. Mounting evidence is demonstrating that only certain tumour cells (i.e. the CSCs) can give rise to tumours when injected and that these purified cell populations generate heterogeneous tumours. While the cell of origin is still not determined definitively, specific molecular markers for populations containing these CSCs have been found for leukaemia, brain cancer and breast cancer, among others. Systems approaches, particularly molecular profiling, have proven to be of great utility for cancer diagnosis and characterization. These approaches also hold significant promise for identifying distinctive properties of the CSCs, and progress is already being made.
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Lauss M, Kriegner A, Vierlinger K, Visne I, Yildiz A, Dilaveroglu E, Noehammer C. Consensus genes of the literature to predict breast cancer recurrence. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2007; 110:235-44. [PMID: 17899371 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-007-9716-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/24/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive efforts have been undertaken to discover genes relevant for breast cancer prognosis. Yet, in current opinion, with little overlap in findings. We aimed to reanalyze molecular prediction of breast cancer recurrence. METHODS From 44 published gene lists relevant for breast cancer prognosis, we extracted 374 genes, which, besides other quality criteria, are recorded at least twice. From eight published microarray datasets, a single dataset of 1,067 breast cancer patients was created, using transformation to 'probability of expression' scale. For recurrence analysis, the Cox proportional hazards model was applied. RESULTS The 374 genes, termed '374 Gene Set', are highly enriched in cell cycle genes. The '374 Gene Set' is significantly associated with breast cancer recurrence (p = 2 x 10(-12), log-rank test) in the meta set of 1,067 patients, showing an estimated Hazard Ratio of recurrence for the 'poor' prognosis group compared to the 'good' prognosis group of 2.03 (95% confidence interval, 1.66-2.48). Notably, the '374 Gene Set' is significantly associated with recurrence in untreated patients. In multivariate analysis, including the standard histopathological parameters, only tumor size and the '374 Gene Set' remain independent predictors of recurrence. External validation further confirmed the prognostic relevance of the gene set (253 patients, p = 0.001, log-rank test). CONCLUSIONS The '374 Gene Set' comprises a molecular basis of metastatic breast cancer progression. Starting from this gene set it might be possible to construct a clinically relevant classifier, which then again needs to be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Lauss
- Austrian Research Centers GmbH, Molecular Diagnostics, Seibersdorf, Austria.
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20
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Abstract
MOTIVATION A central problem in genomic research is the identification of genes and pathways involved in diseases and other biological processes. The genes identified or the univariate test statistics are often linked to known biological pathways through gene set enrichment analysis in order to identify the pathways involved. However, most of the procedures for identifying differentially expressed (DE) genes do not utilize the known pathway information in the phase of identifying such genes. In this article, we develop a Markov random field (MRF)-based method for identifying genes and subnetworks that are related to diseases. Such a procedure models the dependency of the DE patterns of genes on the networks using a local discrete MRF model. RESULTS Simulation studies indicated that the method is quite effective in identifying genes and subnetworks that are related to disease and has higher sensitivity and lower false discovery rates than the commonly used procedures that do not use the pathway structure information. Applications to two breast cancer microarray gene expression datasets identified several subnetworks on several of the KEGG transcriptional pathways that are related to breast cancer recurrence or survival due to breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS The proposed MRF-based model efficiently utilizes the known pathway structures in identifying the DE genes and the subnetworks that might be related to phenotype. As more biological networks are identified and documented in databases, the proposed method should find more applications in identifying the subnetworks that are related to diseases and other biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wei
- Genomics and Computational Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Moharita AL, Taborga M, Corcoran KE, Bryan M, Patel PS, Rameshwar P. SDF-1α regulation in breast cancer cells contacting bone marrow stroma is critical for normal hematopoiesis. Blood 2006; 108:3245-52. [PMID: 16857992 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-01-017459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Breast cancer cells (BCCs) show preference for the bone marrow (BM). An animal model showed 2 populations of BCCs in the BM with regard to their cycling states. An in vitro model of early BC entry into BM showed normal hematopoiesis. Here, we show a critical role for BCC-derived SDF-1α in hematopoietic regulation. The studies used a coculture of BM stroma and BCCs (cell lines and stage II BCCs). Northern blots and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed gradual decreases in SDF-1α production in BCCs as they contact BM stroma, indicating partial microenvironmental effects caused by stroma on the BCCs. SDF-1 knock-down BCCs and increased exogenous SDF-1α prevented contact inhibition between BCCs and BM stroma. Contact inhibition was restored with low SDF-1α levels. Long-term culture-initiating assays with CD34+/CD38–/Lin– showed normal hematopoiesis provided that SDF-1α levels were reduced in BCCs. Gap junctions (connexin-43 [CX-43]) were formed between BCCs and BM stroma, with concomitant interaction between CD34+/CD38–/Lin– and BM stroma but not with the neighboring BCCs. In summary, SDF-1α levels are reduced in BCCs that contact BM stroma. The low levels of SDF-1α in BCCs regulate interactions between BM stroma and hematopoietic progenitors, consequently facilitating normal hematopoiesis.
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Abstract
Microarrays were designed to monitor the expression of many genes in parallel, providing substantially more information than Northern blots or reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysing one or few genes at a time. The large sequencing projects provided the content for detailed expression studies under a variety of stimuli and conditions. The human genome project identified around 30 000 human genes. Estimated number of protein products is, however, 10-30 times higher, mainly due to the alternative splicing and post-translational modifications. The identification of gene functions requires both genomic and proteomic approaches, including protein microarrays, and numerous current microarray projects focus on deciphering gene expression patterns under a variety of conditions. Establishing the key genes and gene products for particular conditions opens the way for diagnostic applications using multiparameter, high-throughput assays. This format can also accommodate existing blood screening assays, potentially providing a single testing platform. This review considers the progress in diagnostic microarrays in a wider context of in vitro diagnostics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Petrik
- Scottish National Blood Transfusion Service and Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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Canevari S, Gariboldi M, Reid JF, Bongarzone I, Pierotti MA. Molecular predictors of response and outcome in ovarian cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2006; 60:19-37. [PMID: 16829123 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2005] [Revised: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 03/30/2006] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A major problem in clinical management of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the largely unpredictable response to first-line treatment and the occurrence of relapse after complete initial response, associated with broad cross-resistance to even structurally dissimilar drugs. During tumor development and progression, multiple genic alterations take place that might contribute specifically to the treatment response and eventually impact on disease outcome. One area of intense research is the identification of molecular markers to accurately assess the prognosis of EOC patients and to define innovative therapeutic strategies. A large survey of recent published data indicates the need to revisit traditional molecular markers with respect to their contribution to the assessment of overall survival in selected populations. Furthermore, recent technological developments that enable simultaneous measurement of many parameters ("omic" approaches) hold the promise of identifying new molecular prognostic and predictive markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Canevari
- Unit of Molecular Therapies, Department of Experimental Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, 20133-Milan, Italy.
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Abstract
Large-scale genomic studies promise to advance our understanding of the biology of human cancers and to improve their diagnosis, prognostication, and treatment. The analysis and interpretation of genomics studies have faced challenges. The retrospective and observational design of many studies has rendered them susceptible to confounding and bias. Technological variations and advances have impacted on reproducibility. Statistical hurdles in relating a large number of variables to a small number of observations have added further constraints. This review considers the promise and challenge associated with the large-scale clinically oriented genomic analysis of human cancer and attempts to emphasize potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Tinker
- Ian Potter Centre for Cancer Genomics and Predictive Medicine, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, St. Andrew's Place, East Melbourne 3002, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
Although the concept that cancers arise from "stem cells" or "germ cells" was first proposed about 150 years ago, it is only recently that advances in stem cell biology have given new impetus to the "cancer stem cell hypothesis." Two important related concepts of this hypothesis are that (a) tumors originate in either tissue stem cells or their immediate progeny through dysregulation of the normally tightly regulated process of self-renewal. As a result of this, (b) tumors contain a cellular subcomponent that retains key stem cell properties. These properties include self-renewal, which drives tumorigenesis, and differentiation albeit aberrant that contributes to cellular heterogeneity. Recent experimental evidence in a variety of tumors has lent strong support to the cancer stem cell hypothesis that represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of carcinogenesis and tumor cell biology. This hypothesis has fundamental implications for cancer risk assessment, early detection, prognostication, and prevention. Furthermore, the current development of cancer therapeutics based on tumor regression may have produced agents that kill differentiated tumor cells while sparing the rare cancer stem cell population. The development of more effective cancer therapies may thus require targeting this important cell population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max S Wicha
- University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0942, USA.
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