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Radulovic J, Lee R, Ortony A. State-Dependent Memory: Neurobiological Advances and Prospects for Translation to Dissociative Amnesia. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:259. [PMID: 30429781 PMCID: PMC6220081 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In susceptible individuals, overwhelming traumatic stress often results in severe abnormalities of memory processing, manifested either as the uncontrollable emergence of memories (flashbacks) or as an inability to remember events (dissociative amnesia, DA) that are usually, but not necessarily, related to the stressful experience. These memory abnormalities are often the source of debilitating psychopathologies such as anxiety, depression and social dysfunction. The question of why memory for some traumatic experiences is compromised while other comparably traumatic experiences are remembered perfectly well, both within and across individuals, has puzzled clinicians for decades. In this article, we present clinical, cognitive, and neurobiological perspectives on memory research relevant to DA. In particular, we examine the role of state dependent memory (wherein memories are difficult to recall unless the conditions at encoding and recall are similar), and discuss how advances in the neurobiology of state-dependent memory (SDM) gleaned from animal studies might be translated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Radulovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Royce Lee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Andrew Ortony
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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Hyatt CS, Sleep CE, Lamkin J, Maples-Keller JL, Sedikides C, Campbell WK, Miller JD. Narcissism and self-esteem: A nomological network analysis. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201088. [PMID: 30067800 PMCID: PMC6070240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Similarity between narcissism and self-esteem seems intuitive, as both capture positive perceptions of the self. In the current undertaking, we provide a broad comparison of the nomological networks of grandiose narcissism and explicit self-esteem. Pooling data from 11 existing samples (N = 4711), we compared the relations of narcissism and self-esteem to developmental experiences, individual differences, interpersonal functioning, and psychopathology. Both constructs are positively related to agentic traits and assertive interpersonal approaches, but differ in relation to agreeableness/communion. Self-esteem emerged as a wholly adaptive construct negatively associated with internalizing psychopathology and generally unrelated to externalizing behaviors. Unlike self-esteem, narcissism was related to callousness, grandiosity, entitlement, and demeaning attitudes towards others that likely partially explain narcissism's links to maladaptive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chelsea E. Sleep
- University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Joanna Lamkin
- Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Veterans Affairs South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | | | - Constantine Sedikides
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
- Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Joshua D. Miller
- University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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Kilian S, Burns JK, Seedat S, Asmal L, Chiliza B, Du Plessis S, Olivier MR, Kidd M, Emsley R. Factors Moderating the Relationship Between Childhood Trauma and Premorbid Adjustment in First-Episode Schizophrenia. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170178. [PMID: 28107388 PMCID: PMC5249082 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood trauma is a recognised risk factor for schizophrenia. It has been proposed that childhood trauma interferes with normal neurodevelopment, thereby establishing a biological vulnerability to schizophrenia. Poor premorbid adjustment is frequently a precursor to schizophrenia, and may be a manifestation of neurodevelopmental compromise. We investigated the relationship between childhood trauma and premorbid adjustment in 77 patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorders. We also investigated possible mediating roles for other selected risk factors in the relationship. We found several significant correlations between different trauma types and both social and academic premorbid adjustment from childhood to late adolescence. There were no significant moderating effects for family history of schizophrenia or family history of psychiatric disorder. History of obstetric complications, substance abuse and poor motor coordination weakened some of the associations between childhood trauma and premorbid adjustment, while poor sequencing of motor acts strengthened the association. Our results confirm previous studies indicating an association between childhood trauma and premorbid adjustment. Results indicate a general rather than specific association, apparent with different types of trauma, and affecting both social and academic components of premorbid adjustment across childhood, early and late adolescence. Further, our results suggest a complex interplay of various risk factors, supporting the notion of different pathways to psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Kilian
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - J. K. Burns
- Department of Psychiatry, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Institute for Health Research, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - S. Seedat
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - L. Asmal
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - B. Chiliza
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S. Du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M. R. Olivier
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M. Kidd
- Centre for Statistical Consultation, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R. Emsley
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Poerio GL, Kellett S, Totterdell P. Tracking Potentiating States of Dissociation: An Intensive Clinical Case Study of Sleep, Daydreaming, Mood, and Depersonalization/Derealization. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1231. [PMID: 27582722 PMCID: PMC4987537 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined in real time the role of sleep and daydreaming as potentiating states for subsequent dissociation in depersonalization/derealization disorder (DDD). Research and theory suggests that dissociation may be exacerbated and maintained by a labile sleep-wake cycle in which "dream-like" mentation intrudes into waking life and fuels dissociative symptoms. We explore and extend this idea by examining the state of daydreaming in dissociation. Daydreaming is a state of consciousness between dreaming and waking cognition that involves stimulus-independent and task-unrelated mentation. We report the results of a unique intensive N = 1 study with an individual meeting diagnostic criteria for DDD. Using experience-sampling methodology, the participant rated (six times daily for 40 days) current daydreaming, mood, and dissociative symptoms. At the start of each day sleep quality and duration was also rated. Daydreaming was reported on 45% of occasions and significantly predicted greater dissociation, in particular when daydreams were repetitive and negative (but not fanciful) in content. These relationships were mediated by feelings of depression and anxiety. Sleep quality but not duration was a negative predictor of daily dissociation and also negatively predicted depression but not anxiety. Findings offer initial evidence that the occurrence and content of daydreams may act as potentiating states for heightened, in the moment, dissociation. The treatment implications of targeting sleep and daydreaming for dissociative disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia L. Poerio
- Department of Psychology, University of YorkYork, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of SheffieldSheffield, UK
| | - Stephen Kellett
- Centre for Psychological Services Research, University of Sheffield and Sheffield Health and Social Care NHS Foundation TrustSheffield, UK
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Rausch S, Herzog J, Thome J, Ludäscher P, Müller-Engelmann M, Steil R, Priebe K, Fydrich T, Kleindienst N. Women with exposure to childhood interpersonal violence without psychiatric diagnoses show no signs of impairment in general functioning, quality of life and sexuality. Borderline Personal Disord Emot Dysregul 2016; 3:13. [PMID: 27761262 PMCID: PMC5055655 DOI: 10.1186/s40479-016-0048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood interpersonal violence is a major risk factor for developing Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), other axis-I disorders or Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). Individuals with a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and childhood physical abuse (CPA) who meet the criteria of any axis-I disorder usually also exhibit general psychopathologic symptoms and impairments in quality of life and sexuality. The present study investigates whether women with a history of potentially traumatic CSA/CPA without any axis-I disorder or BPD show subthreshold symptoms of PTSD-specific and general psychopathology and impairments in global functioning, quality of life, and sexuality. METHODS Data were obtained from N = 92 female participants: n = 31 participants with a history of potentially traumatic CSA/CPA (defined as fulfilling PTSD criterion A) without any axis-I disorder or BPD; n = 31 participants with PTSD related to CSA/CPA; and n = 30 healthy controls without any traumatic experiences. All three groups were matched for age and education. Those with a history of CSA/CPA with and without PTSD were further matched with regard to severity of physical and sexual abuse. RESULTS While women with a history of potentially traumatic CSA/CPA without axis-I disorder or BPD clearly differed from the PTSD-group in the collected measures, they did not differ from healthy controls (e.g., GAF:87, BSI:0.3, BDI-II:4.5). They showed neither PTSD-specific nor general subthreshold symptoms nor any measurable restrictions in quality of life or sexual satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Women with a history of potentially traumatic childhood interpersonal violence without axis-I disorder or BPD show a high level of functioning and a low level of pathological impairment that are comparable to the level of healthy controls. Further studies are needed to identify what helped these women survive these potentially traumatic experiences without developing any mental disorders. TRIAL REGISTRATION German Clinical Trials Registration ID: DRKS00006095. Registered 21 May 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Rausch
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Herzog
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Janine Thome
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Petra Ludäscher
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Meike Müller-Engelmann
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Intervention, Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Varrentrappstr. 40-42, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Regina Steil
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Intervention, Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Varrentrappstr. 40-42, 60486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kathlen Priebe
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Unter den, Linden 6, 10999 Berlin Germany
| | - Thomas Fydrich
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universitaet zu Berlin, Unter den, Linden 6, 10999 Berlin Germany
| | - Nikolaus Kleindienst
- Institute of Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
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Hunt E, Bornovalova MA, Kimonis ER, Lilienfeld SO, Poythress NG. Psychopathy factor interactions and co-occurring psychopathology: Does measurement approach matter? Psychol Assess 2015; 27:583-95. [PMID: 25580612 DOI: 10.1037/pas0000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The 2 dimensions of psychopathy as operationalized by various measurement tools show differential associations with psychopathology; however, evidence suggests that the statistical interaction of Factor 1 (F1) and Factor 2 (F2) may be important in understanding associations with psychopathology. Findings regarding the interactive effects of F1 and F2 are mixed, as both potentiating and protective effects have emerged. Moreover, approaches to measuring F1 (e.g., clinical interview vs. self-report) are based on different conceptualizations of F1, which may influence the interactive effects. The current study aims to (a) elucidate the influence of F1 and F2 on psychopathology by using both variable-centered and person-centered approaches and (b) determine whether the measurement of F1 influences the interactive effects of F1 and F2 by comparing the strength of interactive effects across F1 measures in a sample of over 1,500 offenders. Across analytic methods, there were very few cases in which F1 statistically influenced the association between F2 and psychopathology, such that F1 failed to evidence either potentiating or protective effects on F2. Furthermore, the conceptualization of F1 across psychopathy measures did not impact the interactive effects of F1 and F2. These findings suggest that F2 is probably driving the relations between psychopathy and other forms of psychopathology and that F1 may play less of a role in interacting with F2 than previously believed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eva R Kimonis
- Mental Health Law and Policy Department, University of South Florida
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BOYSAN M. Dissociative Experiences are Associated with Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in a Non-clinical Sample: A Latent Profile Analysis. Noro Psikiyatr Ars 2014; 51:253-262. [PMID: 28360635 PMCID: PMC5353132 DOI: 10.4274/npa.y6884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There has been a burgeoning literature considering the significant associations between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and dissociative experiences. In this study, the relationsips between dissociative symtomotology and dimensions of obsessive-compulsive symptoms were examined in homogeneous sub-groups obtained with latent class algorithm in an undergraduate Turkish sample. METHOD Latent profile analysis, a recently developed classification method based on latent class analysis, was applied to the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) item-response data from 2976 undergraduates. Differences in severity of obsessive-compulsive symptoms, anxiety and depression across groups were evaluated by running multinomial logistic regression analyses. Associations between latent class probabilities and psychological variables in terms of obsessive-compulsive sub-types, anxiety, and depression were assessed by computing Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficients. RESULTS The findings of the latent profile analysis supported further evidence for discontinuity model of dissociative experiences. The analysis empirically justified the distinction among three sub-groups based on the DES items. A marked proportion of the sample (42%) was assigned to the high dissociative class. In the further analyses, all sub-types of obsessive-compulsive symptoms significantly differed across latent classes. Regarding the relationships between obsessive-compulsive symptoms and dissociative symptomatology, low dissociation appeared to be a buffering factor dealing with obsessive-compulsive symptoms; whereas high dissociation appeared to be significantly associated with high levels of obsessive-compulsive symptoms. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the concept of dissociation can be best understood in a typological approach that dissociative symptomatology not only exacerbates obsessive-compulsive symptoms but also serves as an adaptive coping mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat BOYSAN
- Yüzüncü Yıl University Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, Van, Turkey
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Hall JR, Drislane LE, Patrick CJ, Morano M, Lilienfeld SO, Poythress NG. Development and validation of Triarchic construct scales from the psychopathic personality inventory. Psychol Assess 2014; 26:447-461. [PMID: 24447280 PMCID: PMC4147944 DOI: 10.1037/a0035665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The Triarchic model of psychopathy describes this complex condition in terms of distinct phenotypic components of boldness, meanness, and disinhibition. Brief self-report scales designed specifically to index these psychopathy facets have thus far demonstrated promising construct validity. The present study sought to develop and validate scales for assessing facets of the Triarchic model using items from a well-validated existing measure of psychopathy-the Psychopathic Personality Inventory (PPI). A consensus-rating approach was used to identify PPI items relevant to each Triarchic facet, and the convergent and discriminant validity of the resulting PPI-based Triarchic scales were evaluated in relation to multiple criterion variables (i.e., other psychopathy inventories, antisocial personality disorder features, personality traits, psychosocial functioning) in offender and nonoffender samples. The PPI-based Triarchic scales showed good internal consistency and related to criterion variables in ways consistent with predictions based on the Triarchic model. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for conceptualization and assessment of psychopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Hall
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida
| | | | | | - Mario Morano
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida
| | | | - Norman G Poythress
- Department of Mental Health Law & Policy, Florida Mental Health Institute, University of South Florida
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Bremner JD. Cognitive processes in dissociation: comment on Giesbrecht et al. (2008). Psychol Bull 2010; 136:1-6; discussion 7-11. [PMID: 20063920 DOI: 10.1037/a0018021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In their recent review "Cognitive Processes in Dissociation: An Analysis of Core Theoretical Assumptions," published in Psychological Bulletin, Giesbrecht, Lynn, Lilienfeld, and Merckelbach have challenged the widely accepted trauma theory of dissociation, which holds that dissociative symptoms are caused by traumatic stress. In doing so, the authors have outlined a series of links between various constructs--such as fantasy proneness, cognitive failures, absorption, suggestibility, altered information-processing, dissociation, and amnesia--claiming that these linkages lead to the false conclusion that trauma causes dissociation. A review of the literature, however, shows that these are not necessarily related constructs. Careful examination of their arguments reveals no basis for the conclusion that there is no association between trauma and dissociation. The current comment offers a critical review and rebuttal of Giesbrecht et al.'s argument that there is no relationship between trauma and dissociation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Douglas Bremner
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30306, USA.
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10
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Abstract
Approaches to trance and possession in anthropology have tended to use outmoded models drawn from psychodynamic theory or treated such dissociative phenomena as purely discursive processes of attributing action and experience to agencies other than the self. Within psychology and psychiatry, understanding of dissociative disorders has been hindered by polemical "either/or" arguments: either dissociative disorders are real, spontaneous alterations in brain states that reflect basic neurobiological phenomena, or they are imaginary, socially constructed role performances dictated by interpersonal expectations, power dynamics and cultural scripts. In this paper, we outline an approach to dissociative phenomena, including trance, possession and spiritual and healing practices, that integrates the neuropsychological notions of underlying mechanism with sociocultural processes of the narrative construction and social presentation of the self. This integrative model, grounded in a cultural neuroscience, can advance ethnographic studies of dissociation and inform clinical approaches to dissociation through careful consideration of the impact of social context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Seligman
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
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Hulette AC, Fisher PA, Kim HK, Ganger W, Landsverk JL. Dissociation in foster preschoolers: a replication and assessment study. J Trauma Dissociation 2008; 9:173-90. [PMID: 19042773 PMCID: PMC5321167 DOI: 10.1080/15299730802045914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study replicated the Child Behavior Checklist factor structure of traumatic sequelae in maltreated children that was established by A. C. Hulette and colleagues (in press; see also A. Cholankeril et al., 2007). The factors represent dissociation and posttraumatic stress disorder symptomatology. The present study also examined the extent to which these 2 factor scores varied depending on specific maltreatment experiences. Results indicated that children who experienced both physical and sexual abuse in addition to neglect had significantly higher levels of dissociation than children who experienced (a) sexual abuse alone or with neglect, (b) physical abuse alone or with neglect, or (c) only neglect. The current study provides evidence that children who experience multiple forms of maltreatment are more likely to be dissociative, perhaps due to a greater need for a coping mechanism to manage the distress of that maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annmarie C Hulette
- Psychology Department, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403-1227, USA.
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Abstract
Forty boys and their parents completed measures of dissociation, state anxiety, and perceptions of parental behaviors. Mothers completed a behavior problems checklist about their sons. The results indicated a correspondence between fathers' and sons' dissociation scores. In addition, links were found between parental dissociation, parental inconsistency and rejection, and child dissociation. The findings are discussed in the context of several recently proposed models of the etiology of child dissociative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Mann
- Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 27599
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