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Johnson EC, Kapoor M, Hatoum AS, Zhou H, Polimanti R, Wendt FR, Walters RK, Lai D, Kember RL, Hartz S, Meyers JL, Peterson RE, Ripke S, Bigdeli TB, Fanous AH, Pato CN, Pato MT, Goate AM, Kranzler HR, O'Donovan MC, Walters JTR, Gelernter J, Edenberg HJ, Agrawal A. Investigation of convergent and divergent genetic influences underlying schizophrenia and alcohol use disorder. Psychol Med 2023; 53:1196-1204. [PMID: 34231451 PMCID: PMC8738774 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172100266x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder (AUD) and schizophrenia (SCZ) frequently co-occur, and large-scale genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified significant genetic correlations between these disorders. METHODS We used the largest published GWAS for AUD (total cases = 77 822) and SCZ (total cases = 46 827) to identify genetic variants that influence both disorders (with either the same or opposite direction of effect) and those that are disorder specific. RESULTS We identified 55 independent genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms with the same direction of effect on AUD and SCZ, 8 with robust effects in opposite directions, and 98 with disorder-specific effects. We also found evidence for 12 genes whose pleiotropic associations with AUD and SCZ are consistent with mediation via gene expression in the prefrontal cortex. The genetic covariance between AUD and SCZ was concentrated in genomic regions functional in brain tissues (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide further evidence that SCZ shares meaningful genetic overlap with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma C Johnson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Manav Kapoor
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander S Hatoum
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Renato Polimanti
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Frank R Wendt
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Raymond K Walters
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Dongbing Lai
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rachel L Kember
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- VISN 4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah Hartz
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jacquelyn L Meyers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Henri Begleiter Neurodynamics Laboratory, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Roseann E Peterson
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tim B Bigdeli
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Ayman H Fanous
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Carlos N Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michele T Pato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Alison M Goate
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- VISN 4 MIRECC, Crescenz VAMC, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael C O'Donovan
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - James T R Walters
- Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Human Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Howard J Edenberg
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Arpana Agrawal
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
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Knowles EEM, Mathias SR, Pearlson GD, Barrett J, Mollon J, Denbow D, Aberzik K, Zatony M, Glahn DC. Clinical correlates of subsyndromal depression in African American individuals with psychosis: The relationship with positive symptoms and comorbid substance dependence. Schizophr Res 2019; 206:333-346. [PMID: 30482645 PMCID: PMC6486464 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with psychosis exhibit subsyndromal depressive symptoms during the course of illness and yet the clinical correlates of these symptoms remain under-investigated. We aimed to investigate the clinical correlates of subsyndromal depression in psychosis including the extent to which they mediate commonly observed comorbid substance dependence. We developed a model of depression in a non-clinical sample recruited via Amazon's Mechanical Turk (N = 266), and confirmed that model in a locally recruited African-American clinical sample comprising psychotic and non-psychotic individuals (N = 256). Using scores from this model we tested: the strength of relationships between depressive symptomatology and positive, negative and disorganized symptoms in a range of psychotic disorders; whether depressive symptoms were higher in individuals with affective psychoses versus schizophrenia; and if depressive symptomatology mediated the relationship between psychosis and substance dependence. Subsyndromal depressive symptomatology was significantly higher in individuals with psychosis than without psychosis, but did not significantly differ between affective and non-affective psychotic groups. Depressive symptomatology was significantly related to positive (but not negative or disorganized) psychotic symptoms, and mediated the relationship between psychosis and substance dependence. The present study underlines the importance of assessing subsyndromal depression in patients with psychosis, and generates a number of testable predictions for future work. In particular, the examination of the relationships between comorbid psychopathology, namely depression and substance abuse, may improve insight into the neurobiology of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma E. M. Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Samuel. R. Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Godfrey D. Pearlson
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Jennifer Barrett
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Josephine Mollon
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dominique Denbow
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Katrina Aberzik
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - Molly Zatony
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA
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Genetic correlation between smoking behaviors and schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2018; 194:86-90. [PMID: 28285025 PMCID: PMC5811408 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence is highly comorbid with schizophrenia, and the etiology of the comorbidity is unknown. To determine whether there is a genetic correlation of smoking behavior with schizophrenia, genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis results from five smoking phenotypes (ever/never smoker (N=74,035), age of onset of smoking (N=28,647), cigarettes smoked per day (CPD, N=38,860), nicotine dependence (N=10,666), and current/former smoker (N=40,562)) were compared to GWAS meta-analysis results from schizophrenia (N=79,845) using linkage disequilibrium (LD) score regression. First, the SNP heritability (h2g) of each of the smoking phenotypes was computed using LD score regression (ever/never smoker h2g=0.08, age of onset of smoking h2g=0.06, CPD h2g=0.06, nicotine dependence h2g=0.15, current/former smoker h2g=0.07, p<0.001 for all phenotypes). The SNP heritability for nicotine dependence was statistically higher than the SNP heritability for the other smoking phenotypes (p<0.0005 for all two-way comparisons). Next, a statistically significant (p<0.05) genetic correlation was observed between schizophrenia and three of the five smoking phenotypes (nicotine dependence rg=0.14, CPD rg=0.12, and ever/never smoking rg=0.10). These results suggest that there is a component of common genetic variation that is shared between smoking behaviors and schizophrenia.
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Hartz SM, Pato CN, Medeiros H, Cavazos-Rehg P, Sobell JL, Knowles JA, Bierut LJ, Pato MT. Comorbidity of severe psychotic disorders with measures of substance use. JAMA Psychiatry 2014; 71:248-54. [PMID: 24382686 PMCID: PMC4060740 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.3726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Although early mortality in severe psychiatric illness is linked to smoking and alcohol, to our knowledge, no studies have comprehensively characterized substance use behavior in severe psychotic illness. In particular, recent assessments of substance use in individuals with mental illness are based on population surveys that do not include individuals with severe psychotic illness. OBJECTIVE To compare substance use in individuals with severe psychotic illness with substance use in the general population. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS We assessed comorbidity between substance use and severe psychotic disorders in the Genomic Psychiatry Cohort. The Genomic Psychiatry Cohort is a clinically assessed, multiethnic sample consisting of 9142 individuals with the diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder with psychotic features, or schizoaffective disorder, and 10,195 population control individuals. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Smoking (smoked >100 cigarettes in a lifetime), heavy alcohol use (>4 drinks/day), heavy marijuana use (>21 times of marijuana use/year), and recreational drug use. RESULTS Relative to the general population, individuals with severe psychotic disorders have increased risks for smoking (odds ratio, 4.6; 95% CI, 4.3-4.9), heavy alcohol use (odds ratio, 4.0; 95% CI, 3.6-4.4), heavy marijuana use (odds ratio, 3.5; 95% CI, 3.2-3.7), and recreational drug use (odds ratio, 4.6; 95% CI, 4.3-5.0). All races/ethnicities (African American, Asian, European American, and Hispanic) and both sexes have greatly elevated risks for smoking and alcohol, marijuana, and drug use. Of specific concern, recent public health efforts that have successfully decreased smoking among individuals younger than age 30 years appear to have been ineffective among individuals with severe psychotic illness (interaction effect between age and severe mental illness on smoking initiation, P = 4.5 × 105). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In the largest assessment of substance use among individuals with severe psychotic illness to date, we found the odds of smoking and alcohol and other substance use to be dramatically higher than recent estimates of substance use in mild mental illness.
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Zhornitsky S, Stip E, Pampoulova T, Rizkallah E, Lipp O, Bentaleb LA, Chiasson JP, Potvin S. Extrapyramidal symptoms in substance abusers with and without schizophrenia and in nonabusing patients with schizophrenia. Mov Disord 2011; 25:2188-94. [PMID: 20669315 DOI: 10.1002/mds.23227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) such as parkinsonism, dystonia, dyskinesia, and akathisia are conditions of impaired motor function, which are associated with chronic antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia. In addition, EPS is often exacerbated by psychoactive substance (PAS) abuse, which is frequently observed in this population. Few studies, however, have investigated the contribution of PAS abuse on EPS in PAS-abusers without comorbid psychosis. This study compared the occurrence of EPS in outpatient schizophrenia patients with (DD group; n= 36) and without PAS abuse (SCZ group; n = 41) as well as in nonschizophrenia PAS abusers undergoing detoxification [substance use disorder (SUD) group; n = 38]. Psychiatric symptoms were measured using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Calgary Depression Scale for schizophrenia. Extrapyramidal symptoms were evaluated with the Extrapyramidal Symptoms Rating Scale and the Barnes Akathisia Scale. SUD diagnoses were complemented with urine drug screenings. We found that DD patients exhibited significantly more parkinsonism than SCZ patients. Our subanalyses revealed that cocaine and alcohol abuse/dependence was responsible for the increase in parkinsonism in DD patients. Additionally, we found that SUD individuals exhibited significantly more akathisia than SCZ patients. In these latter individuals, subanalyses revealed that alcohol and cannabis abuse/dependence was responsible for the increase in akathisia. Our results suggest that PAS abuse is a contributor to EPS in individuals with and without schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Zhornitsky
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Fernand-Seguin Research Centre, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
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Abstract
Substance abuse is highly prevalent in schizophrenia and associated with numerous negative consequences. While studies have regularly reported more severe depressive symptoms in addicted schizophrenia patients relative to non-abusing patients, some studies have not corroborated this finding. The current meta-analysis was performed to quantify the relative severity of depressive symptoms in dual-diagnosis schizophrenia. A search of the literature using computerized engines was undertaken. Studies were retained in the analysis if (i) they assessed depressive symptoms using validated scales specific to depression (e.g. Hamilton Depression Rating Scale); and (ii) groups of schizophrenia patients were divided according to substance use disorders (alcohol, amphetamines, cannabis, cocaine, hallucinogens, heroin and/or phencyclidine). According to the inclusion criteria, 20 studies were available for mathematical analysis. A small, positive and significant effect size estimate (n =3283; 1680 dual diagnosis; 1603 single diagnosis; adjusted Hedges's g =0.292; p =0.003) was obtained, within a random-effect model, suggesting that some dual-diagnosis patients experience more severe depressive symptoms than single-diagnosis patients. This significant difference was found only for studies using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale but not for other depression scales. The results of the present meta-analysis suggest that addicted schizophrenia patients experience more severe depressive symptoms compared to non-abusing patients, but that the difference is smaller than commonly assumed. The meta-analysis also shows that the significance of results is related to the scale used to measure depressive symptoms. These results have methodological implications for future studies of depressive symptoms in dual-diagnosis patients, and potential implications for the prevention and treatment of depressive symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Potvin
- Fernand-Seguin Research Centre, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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Littrell KH, Petty RG, Hilligoss NM, Peabody CD, Johnson CG. Olanzapine treatment for patients with schizophrenia and substance abuse. J Subst Abuse Treat 2001; 21:217-21. [PMID: 11777671 DOI: 10.1016/s0740-5472(01)00205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of olanzapine in patients with schizophrenia and comorbid substance abuse disorders. Thirty patients who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder as well as criteria for substance abuse or substance dependence, were treated in a 12-month prospective, open-label trial of olanzapine. Patients were evaluated with multiple efficacy and safety measures at baseline and then monthly thereafter. Statistically significant improvement was noted in psychopathology, levels of hope, and safety measures. Seventy percent (n = 21) of the patients achieved early full substance abuse remission at the end of the study period, while 30% (n = 9) achieved early partial substance abuse remission. Our results indicate that olanzapine treatment improved psychopathology, increased hopefulness, and reduced antipsychotic-associated side effects. The benefits observed with olanzapine treatment may contribute to the patients' substance abuse remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Littrell
- The Promedica Research Center, 3561 Habersham at Northlake, Suite J-200, Tucker, GA 30084, USA.
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Abstract
Epidemiologic studies in the general population and those based on the clinical assessment of schizophrenic populations have revealed a high degree of overlap between schizophrenia and addictive disorders. The abuse of psychoactive substances (including alcohol) throughout life is so frequent (50%) that the possibility of a specific link inevitably arises. Various hypotheses have been suggested to explain the high co-morbidity between schizophrenia and addiction: 1) The social-environmental hypothesis has been developed but studies have provided poor evidence to validate it. 2) The possible shared biological vulnerability between schizophrenia and addictions led researchers to explore common genetic determinants and study the involvement of the dopaminergic and opioid systems in the aetiology of both schizophrenia and the abuse of and dependence on psychoactive drugs. 3) Finally, the theory of self-medication suggests that schizophrenics may be attempting to counter the deficit linked to their disorders by using the substances they take or their dependency-type behaviour to cope with their emotional problems. The clinical profile of schizophrenic addicts does seem to display some distinctive features, such as the high level of depressive co-morbidity, very high nicotine and alcohol dependence, with a very poor prognosis. These patients are difficult to manage; the possibility of pharmacologic interactions between the substances they are taking and neuroleptic medication calls for prudence, and their compliance is also poor. Addictive disorders in schizophrenics are currently a topic of active research intended to lead to identifying specific treatments. The early identification of addictive disorders in schizophrenics should make it possible to limit their development and improve the prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Batel
- Unit¿e de Traitement Ambulatoire des Malades Alcooliques, H¿opital Beaujon, 100, Boulevard du G¿en¿eral Leclerc, 92110 Clichy, France
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Krystal JH, D'Souza DC, Madonick S, Petrakis IL. Toward a rational pharmacotherapy of comorbid substance abuse in schizophrenic patients. Schizophr Res 1999; 35 Suppl:S35-49. [PMID: 10190224 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-9964(98)00162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of substance abuse is elevated among schizophrenic patients. When free of illicit substances and sober, substance-abusing schizophrenic patients may have a better prognosis than other frequently hospitalized schizophrenic patients. However, the cost of substance abuse is great in terms of rehospitalization, homelessness, risk of other medical illness, disruption of social and vocational function, exacerbation of symptoms, suicide, and increased health care expenses. Important recent developments in medications for reducing substance abuse in nonschizophrenic populations make it timely to consider factors that might contribute to substance abuse among schizophrenic patients. This review will focus on substances most frequently abused by schizophrenic patients: nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and psychostimulants. It concentrates on two conceptual foci: "self-medication hypotheses" and "comorbid addiction vulnerability hypotheses". The relationship between these hypotheses and possible pharmacotherapeutic approaches for substance-abusing schizophrenic patients will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Krystal
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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