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Tu Y, Fang Y, Li G, Xiong F, Gao F. Glymphatic System Dysfunction Underlying Schizophrenia Is Associated With Cognitive Impairment. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae039. [PMID: 38581275 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Despite the well-documented structural and functional brain changes in schizophrenia, the potential role of glymphatic dysfunction remains largely unexplored. This study investigates the glymphatic system's function in schizophrenia, utilizing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to analyze water diffusion along the perivascular space (ALPS), and examines its correlation with clinical symptoms. STUDY DESIGN A cohort consisting of 43 people with schizophrenia and 108 healthy controls was examined. We quantified water diffusion metrics along the x-, y-, and z-axis in both projection and association fibers to derive the DTI-ALPS index, a proxy for glymphatic activity. The differences in the ALPS index between groups were analyzed using a 2-way ANCOVA controlling for age and sex, while partial correlations assessed the association between the ALPS index and clinical variables. STUDY RESULTS People with schizophrenia showed a significantly reduced DTI-ALPS index across the whole brain and within both hemispheres (F = 9.001, P = .011; F = 10.024, P = .011; F = 5.927, P = .044; false discovery rate corrected), indicating potential glymphatic dysfunction in schizophrenia. The group by cognitive performance interaction effects on the ALPS index were not observed. Moreover, a lower ALPS index was associated with poorer cognitive performance on specific neuropsychological tests in people with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION Our study highlights a lower ALPS index in schizophrenia, correlated with more pronounced cognitive impairments. This suggests that glymphatic dysfunction may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, offering new insights into its underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Sungical intensive CaneUnit, Xinhua Hospital A filiated to Shamghai jiaotong University school of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Xiong
- Department of Radiology. General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Geriatric Anesthesia and Perioperative Brain Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Anesthesia, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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2
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Adámek P, Grygarová D, Jajcay L, Bakštein E, Fürstová P, Juríčková V, Jonáš J, Langová V, Neskoroďana I, Kesner L, Horáček J. The Gaze of Schizophrenia Patients Captured by Bottom-up Saliency. SCHIZOPHRENIA (HEIDELBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 10:21. [PMID: 38378724 PMCID: PMC10879495 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-024-00438-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCHZ) notably impacts various human perceptual modalities, including vision. Prior research has identified marked abnormalities in perceptual organization in SCHZ, predominantly attributed to deficits in bottom-up processing. Our study introduces a novel paradigm to differentiate the roles of top-down and bottom-up processes in visual perception in SCHZ. We analysed eye-tracking fixation ground truth maps from 28 SCHZ patients and 25 healthy controls (HC), comparing these with two mathematical models of visual saliency: one bottom-up, based on the physical attributes of images, and the other top-down, incorporating machine learning. While the bottom-up (GBVS) model revealed no significant overall differences between groups (beta = 0.01, p = 0.281, with a marginal increase in SCHZ patients), it did show enhanced performance by SCHZ patients with highly salient images. Conversely, the top-down (EML-Net) model indicated no general group difference (beta = -0.03, p = 0.206, lower in SCHZ patients) but highlighted significantly reduced performance in SCHZ patients for images depicting social interactions (beta = -0.06, p < 0.001). Over time, the disparity between the groups diminished for both models. The previously reported bottom-up bias in SCHZ patients was apparent only during the initial stages of visual exploration and corresponded with progressively shorter fixation durations in this group. Our research proposes an innovative approach to understanding early visual information processing in SCHZ patients, shedding light on the interplay between bottom-up perception and top-down cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Adámek
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Dominika Grygarová
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Jajcay
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eduard Bakštein
- Early Episodes of SMI Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Department of Cybernetics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Fürstová
- Early Episodes of SMI Research Center, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Juríčková
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Jonáš
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Humanities, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Langová
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Iryna Neskoroďana
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Kesner
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Department of Art History, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Horáček
- Center for Advanced Studies of Brain and Consciousness, National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
- Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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3
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Chiu EC, Lee SC. Validity of the Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-Fourth Edition in People With Schizophrenia. Am J Occup Ther 2023; 77:7705205140. [PMID: 37831809 DOI: 10.5014/ajot.2023.050158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The Test of Visual Perceptual Skills-Fourth Edition (TVPS-4), which utilizes seven subscales, comprehensively assesses visual perception. OBJECTIVE To examine the ecological, convergent, and discriminative validities of the TVPS-4 in the assessment of people with schizophrenia. DESIGN Prospective and observational study. SETTING Community rehabilitation facilities. PARTICIPANTS Eighty people with schizophrenia. OUTCOMES AND MEASURES To examine ecological validity, we estimated correlations (Pearson's r) between the TVPS-4 scores (i.e., overall scale and subscales) and the Activities of Daily Living Rating Scale-III (ADLRS-III). To examine convergent validity, we computed the correlations (r) between the TVPS-4 scores and two cognitive measures. An analysis of variance was applied to compare the TVPS-4 scores in groups with different disease severities to examine discriminative validity. RESULTS Moderate to strong correlations were found between TVPS-4 scores and ADLRS-III scores (rs = .33-.61) and between TVPS-4 scores and two cognitive measures (rs = .44-.70). TVPS-4 scores could discriminate among the three groups with different severities of psychiatric illnesses (p < .05), except for two subscales (Visual Memory and Spatial Relationships). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The TVPS-4 has sufficient ecological validity, good convergent validity, and acceptable discriminative validity in assessing people with schizophrenia. The Spatial Relationships subscale, which displays a strong correlation with the ADLRS-III, can reveal the status of daily living in people with schizophrenia. Two subscales showing inadequate discriminative validity should be used cautiously to discriminate people with different severities of schizophrenia. What This Article Adds: The TVPS-4 showed three sound validities (ecological, convergent, and discriminative) for assessing visual perception in people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Chi Chiu
- En-Chi Chiu, PhD, is Associate Professor, Department of Long-Term Care, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan;
| | - Shu-Chun Lee
- Shu-Chun Lee, MS, is Occupational Therapist, Department of Occupational Therapy, Taipei City Psychiatric Center, Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, and Lecturer, Department of Recreation and Sports Management, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
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4
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Fakheir Y, Khalil R. The effects of abnormal visual experience on neurodevelopmental disorders. Dev Psychobiol 2023; 65:e22408. [PMID: 37607893 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Normal visual development is supported by intrinsic neurobiological mechanisms and by appropriate stimulation from the environment, both of which facilitate the maturation of visual functions. However, an offset of this balance can give rise to visual disorders. Therefore, understanding the factors that support normal vision during development and in the mature brain is important, as vision guides movement, enables social interaction, and allows children to recognize and understand their environment. In this paper, we review fundamental mechanisms that support the maturation of visual functions and discuss and draw links between the perceptual and neurobiological impairments in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia. We aim to explore how this is evident in the case of ASD, and how perceptual and neurobiological deficits further degrade social ability. Furthermore, we describe the altered perceptual experience of those with schizophrenia and evaluate theories of the underlying neural deficits that alter perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Fakheir
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
| | - Reem Khalil
- Department of Biology, Chemistry, and Environmental Sciences, American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE
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5
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Zouraraki C, Kyriklaki A, Economou E, Giakoumaki SG. The moderating role of early traumatic experiences on the association of schizotypal traits with visual perception. Scand J Psychol 2023; 64:10-20. [PMID: 35833570 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The findings on the association of schizotypal traits with the perception of visual illusions are scarce and inconsistent and have not taken into consideration potential effects of childhood traumatic experiences, a risk factor for schizophrenia-spectrum conditions. Thus, the present study addressed the question of potential moderating effects of early traumatic experiences on the association between different aspects of schizotypal traits with the perception of the Müller-Lyer and Navon's Hierarchical Letters (NHL) illusions. The study revealed that (a) increased suspiciousness was associated with increased liability to the Müller-Lyer illusion, when the exposure to traumatic events was high, whereas the opposite pattern was true when the exposure to traumatic events was low; (b) negative schizotypy was associated with more accurate global perception, and high disorganized schizotypy was associated with superior accuracy when target letters were present during the NHL illusion, when early traumatic experiences were at lower levels; and (c) high negative, disorganized, and total schizotypy were associated with lower accuracy when target letters were present in the NHL paradigm, when early traumatic experiences were at higher levels. The findings of the study suggest that early traumatic events differentially moderate the relationship between various aspects of schizotypal traits and visual perceptual processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Zouraraki
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Crete, Greece.,University of Crete Research Center for the Humanities, The Social and Educational Sciences (UCRC), University of Crete, Rethymno, Crete, Greece
| | - Andriani Kyriklaki
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Elias Economou
- Laboratory of Experimental Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Crete, Greece
| | - Stella G Giakoumaki
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymno, Crete, Greece.,University of Crete Research Center for the Humanities, The Social and Educational Sciences (UCRC), University of Crete, Rethymno, Crete, Greece
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6
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Kody E, Diwadkar VA. Magnocellular and parvocellular contributions to brain network dysfunction during learning and memory: Implications for schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2022; 156:520-531. [PMID: 36351307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2022.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Memory deficits are core features of schizophrenia, and a central aim in biological psychiatry is to identify the etiology of these deficits. Scrutiny is naturally focused on the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the hippocampal cortices, given these structures' roles in memory and learning. The fronto-hippocampal framework is valuable but restrictive. Network-based underpinnings of learning and memory are substantially diverse and include interactions between hetero-modal and early sensory networks. Thus, a loss of fidelity in sensory information may impact memorial and cognitive processing in higher-order brain sub-networks, becoming a sensory source for learning and memory deficits. In this overview, we suggest that impairments in magno- and parvo-cellular visual pathways result in degraded inputs to core learning and memory networks. The ascending cascade of aberrant neural events significantly contributes to learning and memory deficits in schizophrenia. We outline the network bases of these effects, and suggest that any network perspectives of dysfunction in schizophrenia must assess the impact of impaired perceptual contributions. Finally, we speculate on how this framework enriches the space of biomarkers and expands intervention strategies to ameliorate this prototypical disconnection syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Kody
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA
| | - Vaibhav A Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA.
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7
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Sharpe V, Schoot L, Lewandowski KE, Ongur D, Türközer HB, Hasoglu T, Kuperberg GR. We both say tomato: Intact lexical alignment in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophr Res 2022; 243:138-146. [PMID: 35290874 PMCID: PMC9188992 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In people with schizophrenia and related disorders, impairments in communication and social functioning can negatively impact social interactions and quality of life. In the present study, we investigated the cognitive basis of a specific aspect of linguistic communication-lexical alignment-in people with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. We probed lexical alignment as participants played a collaborative picture-naming game with the experimenter, in which the two players alternated between naming a dual-name picture (e.g., rabbit/bunny) and listening to their partner name a picture. We found evidence of lexical alignment in all three groups, with no differences between the patient groups and the controls. We argue that these typical patterns of lexical alignment in patients were supported by preserved-and in some cases increased-bottom-up mechanisms, which balanced out impairments in top-down perspective-taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sharpe
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States of America.
| | - Lotte Schoot
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA
| | - Kathryn Eve Lewandowski
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Dost Ongur
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Halide Bilge Türközer
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center
| | - Tuna Hasoglu
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Gina R. Kuperberg
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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8
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Lech MA, Leśkiewicz M, Kamińska K, Rogóż Z, Lorenc-Koci E. Glutathione Deficiency during Early Postnatal Development Causes Schizophrenia-Like Symptoms and a Reduction in BDNF Levels in the Cortex and Hippocampus of Adult Sprague-Dawley Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126171. [PMID: 34201038 PMCID: PMC8229148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing body of evidence points to dysregulation of redox status in the brain as an important factor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione (GSH) synthesis inhibitor, and 1-[2-Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (GBR 12909), a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, given alone or in combination, to Sprague–Dawley pups during early postnatal development (p5–p16), on the time course of the onset of schizophrenia-like behaviors, and on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and its protein in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP) during adulthood. BSO administered alone decreased the levels of BDNF mRNA and its protein both in the PFC and HIP. Treatment with the combination of BSO + GBR 12909 also decreased BDNF mRNA and its protein in the PFC, but in the HIP, only the level of BDNF protein was decreased. Schizophrenia-like behaviors in rats were assessed at three time points of adolescence (p30, p42–p44, p60–p62) and in early adulthood (p90–p92) using the social interaction test, novel object recognition test, and open field test. Social and cognitive deficits first appeared in the middle adolescence stage and continued to occur into adulthood, both in rats treated with BSO alone or with the BSO + GBR 12909 combination. Behavior corresponding to positive symptoms in humans occurred in the middle adolescence period, only in rats treated with BSO + GBR 12909. Only in the latter group, amphetamine exacerbated the existing positive symptoms in adulthood. Our data show that rats receiving the BSO + GBR 12909 combination in the early postnatal life reproduced virtually all symptoms observed in patients with schizophrenia and, therefore, can be considered a valuable neurodevelopmental model of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Anna Lech
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (M.A.L.); (K.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (M.A.L.); (K.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Zofia Rogóż
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (M.A.L.); (K.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-126-623-272
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9
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van Leeuwen TM, Sauer A, Jurjut AM, Wibral M, Uhlhaas PJ, Singer W, Melloni L. Perceptual Gains and Losses in Synesthesia and Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2020; 47:722-730. [PMID: 33150444 PMCID: PMC8084450 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Individual differences in perception are widespread. Considering inter-individual variability, synesthetes experience stable additional sensations; schizophrenia patients suffer perceptual deficits in, eg, perceptual organization (alongside hallucinations and delusions). Is there a unifying principle explaining inter-individual variability in perception? There is good reason to believe perceptual experience results from inferential processes whereby sensory evidence is weighted by prior knowledge about the world. Perceptual variability may result from different precision weighting of sensory evidence and prior knowledge. We tested this hypothesis by comparing visibility thresholds in a perceptual hysteresis task across medicated schizophrenia patients (N = 20), synesthetes (N = 20), and controls (N = 26). Participants rated the subjective visibility of stimuli embedded in noise while we parametrically manipulated the availability of sensory evidence. Additionally, precise long-term priors in synesthetes were leveraged by presenting either synesthesia-inducing or neutral stimuli. Schizophrenia patients showed increased visibility thresholds, consistent with overreliance on sensory evidence. In contrast, synesthetes exhibited lowered thresholds exclusively for synesthesia-inducing stimuli suggesting high-precision long-term priors. Additionally, in both synesthetes and schizophrenia patients explicit, short-term priors-introduced during the hysteresis experiment-lowered thresholds but did not normalize perception. Our results imply that perceptual variability might result from differences in the precision afforded to prior beliefs and sensory evidence, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa M van Leeuwen
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Andreas Sauer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria Jurjut
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Wibral
- Magnetoencephalography Unit, Brain Imaging Center, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter J Uhlhaas
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolf Singer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lucia Melloni
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY,Department of Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Max-Planck-Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Department of Neuroscience, Grüneburgweg 14, 60322 Frankfurt am Main, Germany. tel: +49 (0)69-8300479-330, fax: +49 69 8300 479 399, e-mail:
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10
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Visual Cortical Alterations and their Association with Negative Symptoms in Antipsychotic-Naïve First Episode Psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288:112957. [PMID: 32325384 PMCID: PMC7333935 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Visual perceptual and processing deficits are common in schizophrenia and possibly point towards visual pathway alterations. However, no studies have examined visual cortical morphology in first-episode psychosis (FEP). In an antipsychotic-naïve FEP population, we investigated primary visual (V1), association area (V2), and motion perception (V5/MT) morphology compared to controls. We found reductions in the V1 and V2 areas, greater MT area and lower MT thickness in the FEP-schizophrenia group when compared to controls. Also, lower MT thickness was associated with worse negative symptoms. Our results shed light on this poorly studied area of visual cortex morphology in FEP.
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11
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Damiani S, Fusar-Poli L, Brondino N, Provenzani U, Baldwin H, Fusar-Poli P, Politi P. World/self ambivalence: A shared mechanism in different subsets of psychotic experiences? Linking symptoms with resting-state fMRI. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 299:111068. [PMID: 32208349 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The psychosis spectrum comprises heterogeneous disorders characterized by both world-related and self-related symptoms. How these symptoms may arise with similar features in spite of the different aetiologies is yet an unsolved question. In behavior narrative review, we compare three conditions characterized by psychotic experiences (schizophrenia, substance-use disorder and sensory-deprivation) searching for links between their phenomenological features and the mechanisms underlying their onset. Clinically, psychotic experiences are characterized by the reciprocal contamination of world- and self-related contents, termed 'world/self ambivalence'. Neuroimaging evidence suggests that the imbalance between stimuli-, self-, and attention-related functional networks (visual/auditory, default-mode, and salience network respectively) assumes central relevance in all the conditions considered. Phenomenology and neurobiology were thus interrelated in light of the reviewed literature, identifying two key neuronal mechanisms which may lead to world/self ambivalence. First, psychotic experiences are associated with the relative dominance of one network over the other (default-mode over auditory/visual networks, or vice-versa), prompting an excess of internal or external pressure to the experienced ambivalence between world and self. Second, an altered salience network resting-state functional connectivity could generate a dysregulation of the attentive fluctuations from self- to world-related activity, thus blurring the boundary between the environment and oneself, labelled the 'world/self boundary'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Damiani
- University of Pavia, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences. Via Bassi 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy..
| | - Laura Fusar-Poli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Psychiatry Unit, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123, Catania, Italy
| | - Natascia Brondino
- University of Pavia, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences. Via Bassi 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Umberto Provenzani
- University of Pavia, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences. Via Bassi 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Helen Baldwin
- Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Center, South London and Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Fusar-Poli
- University of Pavia, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences. Via Bassi 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy.; Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK; OASIS service, SLaM NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierluigi Politi
- University of Pavia, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences. Via Bassi 21, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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12
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Sehatpour P, Bassir Nia A, Adair D, Wang Z, DeBaun HM, Silipo G, Martinez A, Javitt DC. Multimodal Computational Modeling of Visual Object Recognition Deficits but Intact Repetition Priming in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:547189. [PMID: 33329086 PMCID: PMC7719812 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.547189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The term perceptual closure refers to the neural processes responsible for "filling-in" missing information in the visual image under highly adverse viewing conditions such as fog or camouflage. Here we used a closure task that required the participants to identify barely recognizable fragmented line-drawings of common objects. Patients with schizophrenia have been shown to perform poorly on this task. Following priming, controls and importantly patients can complete the line-drawings at greater levels of fragmentation behaviorally, suggesting an improvement in their ability to perform the task. Closure phenomena have been shown to involve a distributed network of cortical regions, notably the lateral occipital complex (LOC) of the ventral visual stream, dorsal visual stream (DS), hippocampal formation (HIPP) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). We have previously demonstrated the failure of closure processes in schizophrenia and shown that the dysregulation in the sensory information transmitted to the prefrontal cortex plays a critical role in this failure. Here, using a multimodal imaging approach in patients, combining event related electrophysiological recordings (ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we characterize the spatiotemporal dynamics of priming in perceptual closure. Using directed functional connectivity measures we demonstrate that priming modifies the network-level interactions between the nodes of closure processing in a manner that is functionally advantageous to patients resulting in the mitigation of their deficit in perceptual closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Sehatpour
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | | | - Devin Adair
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, City University of New York, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Zhishun Wang
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Heloise M DeBaun
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gail Silipo
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Antigona Martinez
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
| | - Daniel C Javitt
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States.,Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
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13
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Eblin JJ, Meyer GJ, Mihura JL, Viglione DJ, O'Gorman ET. Development and preliminary validation of a brief behavioral measure of psychotic propensity. Psychiatry Res 2018; 268:340-347. [PMID: 30098541 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Extensive research demonstrates that the dimensional assessment of psychotic manifestations is a primary strength of the Rorschach inkblot task, which provides an in vivo sample of problem-solving behavior and normative standards concerning the logic and coherence of thought processes and the typicality of perceptual representations. This article presents foundational research for the Thought and Perception Assessment System (TPAS), a Rorschach-based system designed to assess solely for disordered thinking and perceptual aberrations using either the standard 10-card set of inkblots or alternative 3-, 4-, and 5-card short forms. Using data from three patient samples (ns = 61, 93, and 133) and one nonpatient sample (n = 118), we document the equivalence of mean scores across the full and short-form card sets. We also document satisfactory interrater reliability and validity for the full and short forms, as well as strong part-whole reliability coefficients between the short forms and the full form. Consistent with psychometric theory and the principle of aggregation, each type of coefficient decreased as a function of decreasing the number of cards. We discuss implications and future applications in research and clinical assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Eblin
- Department of Psychology, Mail Stop 948, University of Toledo, 2801 Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Gregory J Meyer
- Department of Psychology, Mail Stop 948, University of Toledo, 2801 Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
| | - Joni L Mihura
- Department of Psychology, Mail Stop 948, University of Toledo, 2801 Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Donald J Viglione
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Alliant International University, California School of Professional Psychology, 10455 Pomerado Road, San Diego, CA 92131, USA
| | - Emily T O'Gorman
- Department of Psychology, Mail Stop 948, University of Toledo, 2801 Bancroft Street, Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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14
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Banaj N, Piras F, Piras F, Ciullo V, Iorio M, Battaglia C, Pantoli D, Ducci G, Spalletta G. Cognitive and psychopathology correlates of brain white/grey matter structure in severely psychotic schizophrenic inpatients. Schizophr Res Cogn 2018; 12:29-36. [PMID: 29527507 PMCID: PMC5842307 DOI: 10.1016/j.scog.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The brain structural correlates of cognitive and psychopathological symptoms within the active phase in severely psychotic schizophrenic inpatients have been rarely investigated. Twenty-eight inpatients with a DSM-5 diagnosis of Schizophrenia (SZ), admitted for acute psychotic decompensation, were assessed through a comprehensive neuropsychological and psychopathological battery. All patients underwent a high-resolution T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging investigation. Increased psychotic severity was related to reduced grey matter volumes in the medial portion of the right superior frontal cortex, the superior orbitofrontal cortex bilaterally and to white matter volume reduction in the medial portion of the left superior frontal area. Immediate verbal memory performance was related to left insula and inferior parietal cortex volume, while long-term visuo-spatial memory was related to grey matter volume of the right middle temporal cortex, and the right (lobule VII, CRUS1) and left (lobule VI) cerebellum. Moreover, psychotic severity correlated with cognitive inflexibility and negative symptom severity was related to visuo-spatial processing and reasoning disturbances. These findings indicate that a disruption of the cortical-subcortical-cerebellar circuit, and distorted memory function contribute to the development and maintenance of psychotic exacerbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerisa Banaj
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Piras
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Museo Storico della Fisica e Centro Studi e Ricerche “Enrico Fermi”, 00184 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Ciullo
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Mariangela Iorio
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Pantoli
- Department of Radiology, S. Filippo Neri Hospital, ASL, Roma, 1, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ducci
- Department of Mental Health, ASL, Roma 1, 00135 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianfranco Spalletta
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00179 Rome, Italy
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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15
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Response to Targeted Cognitive Training Correlates with Change in Thalamic Volume in a Randomized Trial for Early Schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:590-597. [PMID: 28895568 PMCID: PMC5770762 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Reduced thalamic volume is consistently observed in schizophrenia, and correlates with cognitive impairment. Targeted cognitive training (TCT) of auditory processing in schizophrenia drives improvements in cognition that are believed to result from functional neuroplasticity in prefrontal and auditory cortices. In this study, we sought to determine whether response to TCT is also associated with structural neuroplastic changes in thalamic volume in patients with early schizophrenia (ESZ). Additionally, we examined baseline clinical, cognitive, and neural characteristics predictive of a positive response to TCT. ESZ patients were randomly assigned to undergo either 40 h of TCT (N=22) or a computer games control condition (CG; N=22 s). Participants underwent MRI, clinical, and neurocognitive assessments before and after training (4-month interval). Freesurfer automated segmentation of the subcortical surface was carried out to measure thalamic volume at both time points. Left thalamic volume at baseline correlated with baseline global cognition, while a similar trend was observed in the right thalamus. The relationship between change in cognition and change in left thalamus volume differed between groups, with a significant positive correlation in the TCT group and a negative trend in the CG group. Lower baseline symptoms were related to improvements in cognition and left thalamic volume preservation following TCT. These findings suggest that the cognitive gains induced by TCT in ESZ are associated with structural neuroplasticity in the thalamus. Greater symptom severity at baseline reduced the likelihood of response to TCT both with respect to improved cognition and change in thalamic volume.
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16
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Harenski CL, Calhoun VD, Bustillo JR, Haas BW, Decety J, Harenski KA, Caldwell MF, Van Rybroek GJ, Koenigs M, Thornton DM, Kiehl KA. Functional connectivity during affective mentalizing in criminal offenders with psychotic disorders: Associations with clinical symptoms. Psychiatry Res 2018; 271:91-99. [PMID: 29146299 PMCID: PMC5741458 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are associated with neurobehavioral impairments in mental state attribution (mentalizing). These impairments are most severe in psychotic patients with elevated symptom levels, particularly negative and cognitive symptoms. There have been few studies of functional connectivity related to mentalizing in psychotic disorders and associations with symptoms. We conducted a functional MRI study of affective mentalizing in individuals with psychotic disorders and varying symptom levels (positive, negative, cognitive). Participants were drawn from an adjudicated inpatient forensic psychiatric population (criminal offenders). Functional MRI scans were acquired using a 32-channel ultra-fast multiband imaging sequence. Mentalizing task performance and functional connectivity were assessed in psychotic criminal offenders (n = 46) and nonpsychotic offenders (n = 41). Temporal coherent brain networks were estimated with group independent component analysis (ICA). Relative to nonpsychotic offenders, psychotic offenders showed impaired task performance and reduced activation in a component comprising the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, superior temporal gyrus, and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. Positive and cognitive symptoms were inversely correlated with component activity and task performance. The results are discussed with reference to potential mechanisms underlying impaired social cognition in psychotic disorders and across symptom types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla L Harenski
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Juan R Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | - Jean Decety
- Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Keith A Harenski
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | | | | | - Michael Koenigs
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Kent A Kiehl
- The Mind Research Network and Lovelace Biomedical and Environmental Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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17
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Nelson B, Sass LA. Towards integrating phenomenology and neurocognition: Possible neurocognitive correlates of basic self-disturbance in schizophrenia. CURRENT PROBLEMS OF PSYCHIATRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/cpp-2017-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Phenomenological research indicates that disturbance of the basic sense of self may be a core phenotypic marker of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Basic self-disturbance refers to disruption of the sense of ownership of experience and agency of action and is associated with a variety of anomalous subjective experiences. Little is known about the neurocognitive correlates of basic self-disturbance. In this paper, we review recent phenomenological and neurocognitive research and point to a convergence of these approaches around the concept of self-disturbance. Specifically, we propose that subjective anomalies associated with basic self-disturbance may be associated with: 1. source monitoring deficits, which may contribute particularly to disturbances of “ownership” and “mineness” (the phenomenological notion of presence) and 2. aberrant salience, and associated disturbances of memory, prediction, and attention processes, which may contribute to hyper-reflexivity, disturbed “grip” or “hold” on the perceptual and conceptual field, and disturbances of intuitive social understanding (“common sense”). These two streams of research are reviewed in turn before considering ways forward in integrative models, particularly regarding the role of early neurodevelopmental disturbances, primary versus secondary disturbances, and the state versus trait nature of such pathology. Empirical studies are required in a variety of populations in order to test the proposed associations between phenomenological and neurocognitive aspects of self-disturbance in schizophrenia. An integration of findings across the phenomenological and neurocognitive domains would represent a significant advance in the understanding of schizophrenia and possibly enhance early identification and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby Nelson
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health , Melbourne , Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health , University of Melbourne , Melbourne , Australia
| | - Louis A. Sass
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Graduate School of Applied and Professional Psychology , Rutgers University , Piscataway , New Jersey, United States of America
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18
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Sabharwal A, Kotov R, Szekely A, Leung HC, Barch DM, Mohanty A. Neural markers of emotional face perception across psychotic disorders and general population. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 126:663-678. [PMID: 28557508 PMCID: PMC5695570 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
There is considerable variation in negative and positive symptoms of psychosis, global functioning, and emotional face perception (EFP), not only in schizophrenia but also in other psychotic disorders and healthy individuals. However, EFP impairment and its association with worse symptoms and global functioning have been examined largely in the domain of schizophrenia. The present study adopted a dimensional approach to examine the association of behavioral and neural measures of EFP with symptoms of psychosis and global functioning across individuals with schizophrenia spectrum (SZ; N = 28) and other psychotic (OP; N = 29) disorders, and never-psychotic participants (NP; N = 21). Behavioral and functional MRI data were recorded as participants matched emotional expressions of faces and geometrical shapes. Lower accuracy and increased activity in early visual regions, hippocampus, and amygdala during emotion versus shape matching were associated with higher negative, but not positive, symptoms and lower global functioning, across all participants. This association remained even after controlling for group-related (SZ, OP, and NP) variance, dysphoria, and antipsychotic medication status, except in amygdala. Furthermore, negative symptoms mediated the relationship between behavioral and brain EFP measures and global functioning. This study provides some of the first evidence supporting the specific relationship of EFP measures with negative symptoms and global functioning across psychotic and never-psychotic samples, and transdiagnostically across different psychotic disorders. Present findings help bridge the gap between basic EFP-related neuroscience research and clinical research in psychosis, and highlight EFP as a potential symptom-specific marker that tracks global functioning. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roman Kotov
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University
| | - Akos Szekely
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University
| | | | - Deanna M. Barch
- Departments of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis
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19
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van de Ven V, Rotarska Jagiela A, Oertel-Knöchel V, Linden DEJ. Reduced intrinsic visual cortical connectivity is associated with impaired perceptual closure in schizophrenia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 15:45-52. [PMID: 28480163 PMCID: PMC5407639 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sensory perceptual processing deficits, such as impaired visual object identification and perceptual closure, have been reported in schizophrenia. These perceptual impairments may be associated with neural deficits in visual association areas, including lateral occipital cortex and inferior temporal areas. However, it remains unknown if such deficits can be found in the intrinsic architecture of the visual system. In the current study, we measured perceptual closure performance and resting-state functional connectivity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) in 16 schizophrenia patients and 16 matched healthy controls. We estimated intrinsic functional connectivity using self-organized grouping spatial ICA, which clusters component maps in the subject space according to spatial similarity. Patients performed worse than controls in the perceptual closure task. This impaired closure performance of patients was correlated with increased severity of psychotic symptoms. We also found that intrinsic connectivity of the visual processing system was diminished in patients compared to controls. Lower perceptual closure performance was correlated to lower visual cortical intrinsic connectivity overall. We suggest that schizophrenia is associated with impaired intrinsic connectivity of the visual system, and that it is a potential mechanism leading to impaired visual object perception. These findings contribute to increasing evidence for impairments of higher visual functions in schizophrenia. We found reduced visual resting-state network connectivity in schizophrenia. Reduced connectivity correlated with impaired perceptual closure performance Schizophrenia is associated with impaired intrinsic connectivity of the visual system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent van de Ven
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna Rotarska Jagiela
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60528, Germany
| | - Viola Oertel-Knöchel
- Laboratory of Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main 60528, Germany
| | - David E J Linden
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics & Genomics, Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
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20
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Gonzalez-Liencres C, Brown EC, Tas C, Breidenstein A, Brüne M. Alterations in event-related potential responses to empathy for pain in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2016; 241:14-21. [PMID: 27152905 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.04.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lack of empathy is a critical factor impacting on social functioning and quality of life in schizophrenia. There is, however, a paucity of research into the underlying neurophysiological correlates of empathy deficits in this disorder. Accordingly, we sought: (1) to identify whether dysfunctional empathic abilities in schizophrenia are related to alterations in early or late brain processes, and (2) to explore the potential relationship between brain activity and mood, self-reported empathy and symptom severity. Eighteen patients with schizophrenia and 21 healthy matched controls performed an empathy-for-pain paradigm where photographs of hands in neutral or painful situations were shown while we recorded their electroencephalography (EEG), and we examined mood, empathic concern for others and symptom severity. Significant group differences between patients and controls emerged in early (50-150ms after stimulus onset) and late (after 300ms) timeframes. Moreover, brain activity was related with unpleasantness ratings in all participants, with self-reported empathic concern only in controls and with negative mood and personal distress only in patients. Differences in social behavior in schizophrenia may be explained by early as well as late differences, affecting mostly the early frontocentral ERPs, i.e. those suggested to correspond to the emotional sharing component of empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Gonzalez-Liencres
- LWL University Hospital Bochum, Division of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, Ruhr-University, 44791 Bochum, NRW, Germany; International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Elliot C Brown
- LWL University Hospital Bochum, Division of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, Ruhr-University, 44791 Bochum, NRW, Germany; Maryland Psychiatric Research Centre, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21228, USA
| | - Cumhur Tas
- LWL University Hospital Bochum, Division of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, Ruhr-University, 44791 Bochum, NRW, Germany; Department of Psychology, Uskudar University, 34662 İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Anja Breidenstein
- Department of Psychology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Martin Brüne
- LWL University Hospital Bochum, Division of Cognitive Neuropsychiatry and Psychiatric Preventive Medicine, Ruhr-University, 44791 Bochum, NRW, Germany; International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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21
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Applying Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) Over the Dorsal Visual Pathway Induces Schizophrenia-like Disruption of Perceptual Closure. Brain Topogr 2016; 29:552-60. [PMID: 27021230 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-016-0487-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Perceptual closure ability is postulated to depend upon rapid transmission of magnocellular information to prefrontal cortex via the dorsal stream. In contrast, illusory contour processing requires only local interactions within primary and ventral stream visual regions, such as lateral occipital complex. Schizophrenia is associated with deficits in perceptual closure versus illusory contours processing that is hypothesized to reflect impaired magnocellular/dorsal stream. Perceptual closure and illusory contours performance was evaluated in separate groups of 12 healthy volunteers during no TMS, and during repetitive 10 Hz rTMS stimulation over dorsal stream or vertex (TMS-vertex). Perceptual closure and illusory contours were performed in 11 schizophrenia patients, no TMS was applied in these patients. TMS effects were evaluated with repeated measures ANOVA across treatments. rTMS significantly increased perceptual closure identification thresholds, with significant difference between TMS-dorsal stream and no TMS. TMS-dorsal stream also significantly reduced perceptual closure but not illusory contours accuracy. Schizophrenia patients showed increased perceptual closure identification thresholds relative to controls in the no TMS condition, but similar to controls in the TMS-dorsal stream condition. Conclusions of this study are that magnocellular/dorsal stream input is critical for perceptual closure but not illusory contours performance, supporting both trickledown theories of normal perceptual closure function, and magnocellular/dorsal stream theories of visual dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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López-Silva P. The unity of consciousness in pre-psychotic states. A phenomenological analysis / La unidad de la conciencia en estados pre-psicóticos. Un análisis fenomenológico. STUDIES IN PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/02109395.2015.1122434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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23
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Rodriguez M, Spaniel F, Konradova L, Sedlakova K, Dvorska K, Prajsova J, Kratochvilova Z, Levcik D, Vlcek K, Fajnerova I. Comparison of Visuospatial and Verbal Abilities in First Psychotic Episode of Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder: Impact on Global Functioning and Quality of Life. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:322. [PMID: 26733828 PMCID: PMC4683173 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Deficit in visuospatial functions can influence both simple and complex daily life activities. Despite the fact that visuospatial deficit was reported in schizophrenia, research on visuospatial functions as an independent entity is limited. Our study aims to elucidate the impact of visuospatial deficit in comparison with verbal deficit on global functioning and quality of life in the first psychotic episode of schizophrenia spectrum disorder (FES). The significance of clinical symptoms and antipsychotic medication was also studied. Methods: Thirty-six FES patients and a matched group of healthy controls (HC group) were assessed with a neuropsychological battery focused on visuospatial (VIS) and verbal (VERB) functions. Using multiple regression analysis, we evaluated the cumulative effect of VERB and VIS functions, psychiatric symptoms (PANSS) and antipsychotic medication on global functioning (GAF) and quality of life (WHOQOL-BREF) in the FES group. Results: The FES group demonstrated significant impairment both in VIS and VERB cognitive abilities compared to the HC group. Antipsychotic medication did not significantly affect either VIS or VERB functioning. PANSS was not related to cognitive functioning, apart from the Trail Making Test B. In the FES group, the GAF score was significantly affected by the severity of positive symptoms and VERB functioning, explaining together 60% of GAF variability. The severity of negative and positive symptoms affected only the Physical health domain of WHOQOL-BREF. The degree of VERB deficit was associated with both Physical and Psychological health. Although we did not find any relation between VIS functioning, GAF, and WHOQOL-BREF, a paradoxical finding emerged in the Environment quality domain, where a worse quality of the environment was associated with better VIS functioning. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the deficit in VIS functions is an integral part of cognitive deficit in schizophrenia spectrum disorders, rather than a side effect of symptomatology or antipsychotic medication. Moreover, VERB functioning was a better predictor of GAF and WHOQOL-BREF than VIS functioning. Given the findings of negative or missing effect of VIS deficit on WHOQOL-BREF and GAF, the accuracy of these measures in evaluating the impact of global cognitive deficit on everyday life in schizophrenia could be questioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mabel Rodriguez
- National IT System of Mental Health and Brain Monitoring, National Institute of Mental Health Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Spaniel
- National IT System of Mental Health and Brain Monitoring, National Institute of Mental HealthKlecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Konradova
- National IT System of Mental Health and Brain Monitoring, National Institute of Mental Health Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Sedlakova
- National IT System of Mental Health and Brain Monitoring, National Institute of Mental HealthKlecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Dvorska
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Prajsova
- National IT System of Mental Health and Brain Monitoring, National Institute of Mental Health Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kratochvilova
- National IT System of Mental Health and Brain Monitoring, National Institute of Mental Health Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - David Levcik
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Vlcek
- National IT System of Mental Health and Brain Monitoring, National Institute of Mental HealthKlecany, Czech Republic; Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czech Republic
| | - Iveta Fajnerova
- National IT System of Mental Health and Brain Monitoring, National Institute of Mental HealthKlecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in PraguePrague, Czech Republic; Department of Neurophysiology of Memory, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czech Republic
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Teufel C, Subramaniam N, Dobler V, Perez J, Finnemann J, Mehta PR, Goodyer IM, Fletcher PC. Shift toward prior knowledge confers a perceptual advantage in early psychosis and psychosis-prone healthy individuals. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:13401-6. [PMID: 26460044 PMCID: PMC4629373 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1503916112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric illnesses are associated with psychosis, i.e., hallucinations (perceptions in the absence of causative stimuli) and delusions (irrational, often bizarre beliefs). Current models of brain function view perception as a combination of two distinct sources of information: bottom-up sensory input and top-down influences from prior knowledge. This framework may explain hallucinations and delusions. Here, we characterized the balance between visual bottom-up and top-down processing in people with early psychosis (study 1) and in psychosis-prone, healthy individuals (study 2) to elucidate the mechanisms that might contribute to the emergence of psychotic experiences. Through a specialized mental-health service, we identified unmedicated individuals who experience early psychotic symptoms but fall below the threshold for a categorical diagnosis. We observed that, in early psychosis, there was a shift in information processing favoring prior knowledge over incoming sensory evidence. In the complementary study, we capitalized on subtle variations in perception and belief in the general population that exhibit graded similarity with psychotic experiences (schizotypy). We observed that the degree of psychosis proneness in healthy individuals, and, specifically, the presence of subtle perceptual alterations, is also associated with stronger reliance on prior knowledge. Although, in the current experimental studies, this shift conferred a performance benefit, under most natural viewing situations, it may provoke anomalous perceptual experiences. Overall, we show that early psychosis and psychosis proneness both entail a basic shift in visual information processing, favoring prior knowledge over incoming sensory evidence. The studies provide complementary insights to a mechanism by which psychotic symptoms may emerge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Teufel
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, United Kingdom; Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom;
| | - Naresh Subramaniam
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Veronika Dobler
- Developmental Psychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB21 5EE, United Kingdom
| | - Jesus Perez
- Developmental Psychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB21 5EE, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Finnemann
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Puja R Mehta
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Goodyer
- Developmental Psychiatry Section, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB21 5EE, United Kingdom
| | - Paul C Fletcher
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, United Kingdom; Cambridgeshire and Peterborough National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB21 5EE, United Kingdom
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25
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Peterman JS, Bekele E, Bian D, Sarkar N, Park S. Complexities of emotional responses to social and non-social affective stimuli in schizophrenia. Front Psychol 2015; 6:320. [PMID: 25859230 PMCID: PMC4373273 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adaptive emotional responses are important in interpersonal relationships. We investigated self-reported emotional experience, physiological reactivity, and micro-facial expressivity in relation to the social nature of stimuli in individuals with schizophrenia (SZ). METHOD Galvanic skin response (GSR) and facial electromyography (fEMG) were recorded in medicated outpatients with SZ and demographically matched healthy controls (CO) while they viewed social and non-social images from the International Affective Pictures System. Participants rated the valence and arousal, and selected a label for experienced emotions. Symptom severity in the SZ and psychometric schizotypy in CO were assessed. RESULTS The two groups did not differ in their labeling of the emotions evoked by the stimuli, but individuals with SZ were more positive in their valence ratings. Although self-reported arousal was similar in both groups, mean GSR was greater in SZ, suggesting differential awareness, or calibration of internal states. Both groups reported social images to be more arousing than non-social images but their physiological responses to non-social vs. social images were different. Self-reported arousal to neutral social images was correlated with positive symptoms in SZ. Negative symptoms in SZ and disorganized schizotypy in CO were associated with reduced mean fEMG. Greater corrugator mean fEMG activity for positive images in SZ indicates valence-incongruent facial expressions. CONCLUSION The patterns of emotional responses differed between the two groups. While both groups were in broad agreement in self-reported arousal and emotion labels, their mean GSR, and fEMG correlates of emotion diverged in relation to the social nature of the stimuli and clinical measures. Importantly, these results suggest disrupted self awareness of internal states in SZ and underscore the complexities of emotion processing in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S. Peterman
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, NashvilleTN, USA
| | - Esubalew Bekele
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, NashvilleTN, USA
| | - Dayi Bian
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, NashvilleTN, USA
| | - Nilanjan Sarkar
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, NashvilleTN, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN, USA
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, NashvilleTN, USA
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Wynn JK, Roach BJ, Lee J, Horan WP, Ford JM, Jimenez AM, Green MF. EEG findings of reduced neural synchronization during visual integration in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119849. [PMID: 25785939 PMCID: PMC4364708 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients exhibit well-documented visual processing deficits. One area of disruption is visual integration, the ability to form global objects from local elements. However, most studies of visual integration in schizophrenia have been conducted in the context of an active attention task, which may influence the findings. In this study we examined visual integration using electroencephalography (EEG) in a passive task to elucidate neural mechanisms associated with poor visual integration. Forty-six schizophrenia patients and 30 healthy controls had EEG recorded while passively viewing figures comprised of real, illusory, or no contours. We examined visual P100, N100, and P200 event-related potential (ERP) components, as well as neural synchronization in the gamma (30-60 Hz) band assessed by the EEG phase locking factor (PLF). The N100 was significantly larger to illusory vs. no contour, and illusory vs. real contour stimuli while the P200 was larger only to real vs. illusory stimuli; there were no significant interactions with group. Compared to controls, patients failed to show increased phase locking to illusory versus no contours between 40-60 Hz. Also, controls, but not patients, had larger PLF between 30-40 Hz when viewing real vs. illusory contours. Finally, the positive symptom factor of the BPRS was negatively correlated with PLF values between 40-60 Hz to illusory stimuli, and with PLF between 30-40 Hz to real contour stimuli. These results suggest that the pattern of results across visual processing conditions is similar in patients and controls. However, patients have deficits in neural synchronization in the gamma range during basic processing of illusory contours when attentional demand is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K. Wynn
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian J. Roach
- Veterans Affairs San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Junghee Lee
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - William P. Horan
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Judith M. Ford
- Veterans Affairs San Francisco Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Amy M. Jimenez
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Green
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
- Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
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Local and global limits on visual processing in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117951. [PMID: 25689281 PMCID: PMC4331538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been linked to impaired performance on a range of visual processing tasks (e.g. detection of coherent motion and contour detection). It has been proposed that this is due to a general inability to integrate visual information at a global level. To test this theory, we assessed the performance of people with schizophrenia on a battery of tasks designed to probe voluntary averaging in different visual domains. Twenty-three outpatients with schizophrenia (mean age: 40±8 years; 3 female) and 20 age-matched control participants (mean age 39±9 years; 3 female) performed a motion coherence task and three equivalent noise (averaging) tasks, the latter allowing independent quantification of local and global limits on visual processing of motion, orientation and size. All performance measures were indistinguishable between the two groups (ps>0.05, one-way ANCOVAs), with one exception: participants with schizophrenia pooled fewer estimates of local orientation than controls when estimating average orientation (p = 0.01, one-way ANCOVA). These data do not support the notion of a generalised visual integration deficit in schizophrenia. Instead, they suggest that distinct visual dimensions are differentially affected in schizophrenia, with a specific impairment in the integration of visual orientation information.
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Hoffman KL, Basurto E. Clozapine and glycinamide prevent MK-801-induced deficits in the novel object recognition (NOR) test in the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Behav Brain Res 2014; 271:203-11. [PMID: 24933188 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Studies in humans indicate that acute administration of sub-anesthetic doses of ketamine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, provokes schizophrenic-like symptoms in healthy volunteers, and exacerbates existing symptoms in individuals with schizophrenia. These and other findings suggest that NMDA receptor hypofunction might participate in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and have prompted the development of rodent pharmacological models for this disorder based on acute or subchronic treatment with NMDA receptor antagonists, as well as the development of novel pharmacotherapies based on increasing extrasynaptic glycine concentrations. In the present study, we tested whether acute hyperlocomotory behavior and/or deficits in the novel object recognition (NOR) task, induced in male rabbits by the acute subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of MK-801 (0.025 and 0.037 mg/kg s.c., respectively), were prevented by prior administration of the atypcial antipsychotic, clozapine (0.2mg/kg, s.c.), or the glycine pro-drug glycinamide (56 mg/kg, s.c.). We found that clozapine fully prevented the MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion, and both clozapine and glycinamide prevented MK-801-induced deficits in the NOR task. The present results show that MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion and deficits in the NOR task in the domestic rabbit demonstrate predictive validity as an alternative animal model for symptoms of schizophrenia. Moreover, these results indicate that glycinamide should be investigated in pre-clinical models of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder and anxiety disorders, where augmentation of extrasynaptic glycine concentrations may have therapeutic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt L Hoffman
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal (CIRA), Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala - CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, Mexico.
| | - Enrique Basurto
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal (CIRA), Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala - CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, Mexico
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29
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Sass LA. Self-disturbance and schizophrenia: structure, specificity, pathogenesis (Current issues, New directions). Schizophr Res 2014; 152:5-11. [PMID: 23773296 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper offers an overview and clarification of the ipseity-disturbance or self-disorder hypothesis regarding schizophrenia, with focus on some recent and recommended research and theoretical refinements. There is need to expand research and theorizing in several directions-in order to: 1, specify more precisely what is truly distinctive in the schizophrenia spectrum, 2, explore internal structure and explanatory potential of this purported disturbance of minimal- or core-self experience, 3, generate testable hypotheses concerning pathogenetic pathways and psychotherapeutic interventions. Comparative studies can make a crucial scientific contribution. Some recent, exploratory studies are described: published reports were examined for alterations of self-experience in conditions outside the schizophrenia spectrum-mania, psychotic depression, and depersonalization disorder-and in one unusual attitudinal stance: intense introspection (as refined in early 20th century psychological research). Remarkable similarities (e.g., alienation/reification of thoughts and bodily experiences, fading of self and world) as well as some important differences (e.g., absence, outside schizophrenia, of severe erosion of minimal self-experience or real confusion of self and other) in types of self-anomalies were found. These support but also refine the ipseity-disturbance model. Future research should treat self-experience as an independent variable, manipulating and measuring this dimension (in both schizophrenic and non-schizophrenic populations) to study its associations with anomalies of cognition, affect, expression, and neural functioning already identified in schizophrenia. The self-disorder model offers an integrative and dynamic view of schizophrenia congruent with recent trends in cognitive neuroscience and consistent with the heterogeneous, varying, and holistic nature of this enigmatic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Sass
- Dept. of Clinical Psychology - GSAPP, Rutgers University, 152 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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30
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What are the neurocognitive correlates of basic self-disturbance in schizophrenia? Integrating phenomenology and neurocognition: Part 2 (aberrant salience). Schizophr Res 2014; 152:20-7. [PMID: 23863772 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Phenomenological research indicates that disturbance of the basic sense of self may be a core phenotypic marker of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Basic self-disturbance refers to disruption of the sense of ownership of experience and agency of action and is associated with a variety of anomalous subjective experiences. Little is known about the neurocognitive underpinnings of basic self-disturbance. In these two theoretical papers (of which this is Part 2), we review some recent phenomenological and neurocognitive research and point to a convergence of these approaches around the concept of self-disturbance. Specifically, we propose that subjective anomalies associated with basic self-disturbance may be associated with: 1. source monitoring deficits, which may contribute particularly to disturbances of "ownership" and "mineness" (the phenomenological notion of presence or self-affection) and 2. aberrant salience, and associated disturbances of memory, prediction and attention processes, which may contribute to hyper-reflexivity, disturbed "grip" or "hold" on perceptual and conceptual fields, and disturbances of intuitive social understanding ("common sense"). In this paper (Part 2) we focus on aberrant salience. Part 1 (this issue) addressed source monitoring deficits. Empirical studies are required in a variety of populations in order to test these proposed associations between phenomenological and neurocognitive aspects of self-disturbance in schizophrenia. An integration of findings across the phenomenological and neurocognitive "levels" would represent a significant advance in the understanding of schizophrenia and possibly enhance early identification and intervention strategies.
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31
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Azadmehr H, Rupp A, Andermann M, Pavicic D, Herwig K, Weisbrod M, Resch F, Oelkers-Ax R. Object recognition deficit in early- and adult-onset schizophrenia regardless of age at disease onset. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214:452-8. [PMID: 24139958 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Perceptual closure is the ability of the brain to recognize a complete object based on fragmentary information and has been known to be impaired in schizophrenia. Here, the neural integrity of perceptual closure in schizophrenia with different disease onsets was evaluated by examining the generation of event-related potential (ERP) components (P₁₀₀, N₁₈₀, and N(cl)). ERPs were recorded from 40 patients (19 early-onset schizophrenia, "EOS" and 21 adult-onset schizophrenia, "AOS") and 40 age-matched healthy volunteers. Brain electric source analysis (BESA) was applied to localize the cerebral generators underlying perceptual closure. Patients showed an impaired generation of N(cl) and P₁₀₀ components. P₁₀₀ and N(cl) amplitudes were significantly reduced in both AOS and EOS (P<0.01). Moreover, N180 and N(cl) amplitudes were significantly increased with age in controls and patients (P<0.01). In the case of the N(cl), there was also a significant interaction (P<0.001) between age and group, indicating a greater age-dependent N(cl) increase in controls compared to patients. Visual information processing during perceptual closure is impaired in schizophrenia, regardless of age at disease onset. The combined influence of age and group on the amplitude of the N(cl) might support the idea of neurodevelopmental deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Azadmehr
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Hospital of Heidelberg, Blumenstr. 8, D-69115 Heidelberg, Germany
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Jung EL, Zadbood A, Lee SH, Tomarken AJ, Blake R. Individual differences in the perception of biological motion and fragmented figures are not correlated. Front Psychol 2013; 4:795. [PMID: 24198799 PMCID: PMC3812695 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We live in a cluttered, dynamic visual environment that poses a challenge for the visual system: for objects, including those that move about, to be perceived, information specifying those objects must be integrated over space and over time. Does a single, omnibus mechanism perform this grouping operation, or does grouping depend on separate processes specialized for different feature aspects of the object? To address this question, we tested a large group of healthy young adults on their abilities to perceive static fragmented figures embedded in noise and to perceive dynamic point-light biological motion figures embedded in dynamic noise. There were indeed substantial individual differences in performance on both tasks, but none of the statistical tests we applied to this data set uncovered a significant correlation between those performance measures. These results suggest that the two tasks, despite their superficial similarity, require different segmentation and grouping processes that are largely unrelated to one another. Whether those processes are embodied in distinct neural mechanisms remains an open question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice L Jung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University Seoul, South Korea ; Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
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33
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Martin JR. Experiences of activity and causality in schizophrenia: when predictive deficits lead to a retrospective over-binding. Conscious Cogn 2013; 22:1361-74. [PMID: 24095708 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In this paper I discuss an intriguing and relatively little studied symptomatic expression of schizophrenia known as experiences of activity in which patients form the delusion that they can control some external events by the sole means of their mind. I argue that experiences of activity result from patients being prone to aberrantly infer causal relations between unrelated events in a retrospective way owing to widespread predictive deficits. Moreover, I suggest that such deficits may, in addition, lead to an aberrant intentional binding effect i.e., the subjective compression of the temporal interval between an intentional action and its external effects (Haggard, Clark, & Kalogeras, 2002). In particular, it might be that patient's thoughts are bound to the external events they aimed to control producing, arguably, a temporal contiguity between these two components. Such temporal contiguity would reinforce or sustain the (causal) feeling that the patient mind is directly causally efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Rémy Martin
- Université Paris VI (UPMC), Institut d'Étude de la Cognition and Institut Jean-Nicod (ENS-EHESS-CNRS), Paris, France.
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Spencer JMY, Sekuler AB, Bennett PJ, Christensen BK. Contribution of coherent motion to the perception of biological motion among persons with Schizophrenia. Front Psychol 2013; 4:507. [PMID: 23964253 PMCID: PMC3741574 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
People with schizophrenia (SCZ) are impaired in several domains of visual processing, including the discrimination and detection of biological motion. However, the mechanisms underlying SCZ-related biological motion processing deficits are unknown. Moreover, whether these impairments are specific to biological motion or represent a more widespread visual motion processing deficit is unclear. In the current study, three experiments were conducted to investigate the contribution of global coherent motion processing to biological motion perception among patients with SCZ. In Experiments 1 and 2, participants with SCZ (n = 33) and healthy controls (n = 33) were asked to discriminate the direction of motion from upright and inverted point-light walkers in the presence and absence of a noise mask. Additionally, participants discriminated the direction of non-biological global coherent motion. In Experiment 3, participants discriminated the direction of motion from upright scrambled walkers (which contained only local motion information) and upright random position walkers (which contained only global form information). Consistent with previous research, results from Experiment 1 and 2 showed that people with SCZ exhibited deficits in the direction discrimination of point-light walkers; however, this impairment was accounted for by decreased performance in the coherent motion control task. Furthermore, results from Experiment 3 demonstrated similar performance in the discrimination of scrambled and random position point-light walkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine M. Y. Spencer
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Allison B. Sekuler
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Bennett
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bruce K. Christensen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster UniversityHamilton, ON, Canada
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Schwartz BL, Vaidya CJ, Shook D, Deutsch SI. Neural basis of implicit memory for socio-emotional information in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2013; 206:173-80. [PMID: 23123045 PMCID: PMC3586761 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2012.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with schizophrenia are impaired in processing social signals such as facial expressions of emotion. Perceiving facial expressions is a complex process that depends on a distributed neural network of regions involved in affective, cognitive, and visual processing. We examined repetition priming, a non-conscious form of perceptual learning, to explore the visual-perceptual processes associated with perceiving facial expression in people with schizophrenia. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was also employed to probe the sensitivity of face-responsive regions in the ventral pathway to the repetition of stimuli. Subjects viewed blocks of novel and repeated faces displaying fear expressions and neutral expressions and identified each face as male or female. Gender decisions were faster for repeated encoding relative to initial encoding of faces, indicating significant priming for facial expressions. Priming was normal in schizophrenia patients, but, as expected, recognition memory for the expressions was impaired. Neuroimaging findings showed that priming-related activation for patients was reduced in the left fusiform gyrus, relative to controls, regardless of facial expression. The findings suggest that schizophrenia patients have altered neural sensitivity in regions of the ventral visual processing stream that underlie early perceptual learning of objects and faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara L. Schwartz
- Mental Health Service (116A), Washington DC Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC 20007, USA,Corresponding author at: Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Mental Health Service (116A), 50 Irving Street, NW, Washington, DC 20422, USA. Tel.: +1 202 745 8000x7206; fax: +1 202 745 8169. (B.L. Schwartz)
| | - Chandan J. Vaidya
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1001, USA,Children’s Research Institute, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| | - Devon Shook
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057-1001, USA
| | - Stephen I. Deutsch
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23501, USA
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Robol V, Tibber MS, Anderson EJ, Bobin T, Carlin P, Shergill SS, Dakin SC. Reduced crowding and poor contour detection in schizophrenia are consistent with weak surround inhibition. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60951. [PMID: 23585865 PMCID: PMC3621669 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Detection of visual contours (strings of small oriented elements) is markedly poor in schizophrenia. This has previously been attributed to an inability to group local information across space into a global percept. Here, we show that this failure actually originates from a combination of poor encoding of local orientation and abnormal processing of visual context. METHODS We measured the ability of observers with schizophrenia to localise contours embedded in backgrounds of differently oriented elements (either randomly oriented, near-parallel or near-perpendicular to the contour). In addition, we measured patients' ability to process local orientation information (i.e., report the orientation of an individual element) for both isolated and crowded elements (i.e., presented with nearby distractors). RESULTS While patients are poor at detecting contours amongst randomly oriented elements, they are proportionally less disrupted (compared to unaffected controls) when contour and surrounding elements have similar orientations (near-parallel condition). In addition, patients are poor at reporting the orientation of an individual element but, again, are less prone to interference from nearby distractors, a phenomenon known as visual crowding. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that patients' poor performance at contour perception arises not as a consequence of an "integration deficit" but from a combination of reduced sensitivity to local orientation and abnormalities in contextual processing. We propose that this is a consequence of abnormal gain control, a phenomenon that has been implicated in orientation-selectivity as well as surround suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Robol
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
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Sass LA. Self-disturbance and schizophrenia: Structure, specificity, pathogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.3917/rep.016.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Martin JR, Pacherie E. Out of nowhere: thought insertion, ownership and context-integration. Conscious Cogn 2012; 22:111-22. [PMID: 23262256 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We argue that thought insertion primarily involves a disruption of the sense of ownership for thoughts and that the lack of a sense of agency is but a consequence of this disruption. We defend the hypothesis that this disruption of the sense of ownership stems from a failure in the online integration of the contextual information related to a thought, in particular contextual information concerning the different causal factors that may be implicated in their production. Loss of unity of consciousness, manifested by incoherent subjective experiences is a general phenomenal characteristic of schizophrenia. This loss of coherence has been hypothesized to reflect a generalized deficit of contextual information integration not conveyed by, but related to, a target event. This deficit is manifested across many cognitive domains. We argue that it is also manifested in the process of thinking itself, resulting in causally decontextualized thoughts that are experienced as inserted thoughts.
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Hoptman MJ, Zuo XN, D’Angelo D, Mauro CJ, Butler PD, Milham MP, Javitt DC. Decreased interhemispheric coordination in schizophrenia: a resting state fMRI study. Schizophr Res 2012; 141:1-7. [PMID: 22910401 PMCID: PMC3446206 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2012.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia has been increasingly conceptualized as a disorder of brain connectivity, in large part due to findings emerging from white matter and functional connectivity (FC) studies. This work has focused primarily on within-hemispheric connectivity, however some evidence has suggested abnormalities in callosal structure and interhemispheric interaction. Here we examined functional connectivity between homotopic points in the brain using a technique called voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC). We performed VMHC analyses on resting state fMRI data from 23 healthy controls and 25 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. We found highly significant reductions in VMHC in patients for a number of regions, particularly the occipital lobe, the thalamus, and the cerebellum. No regions of increased VMHC were detected in patients. VMHC in the postcentral gyrus extending into the precentral gyrus was correlated with PANSS Total scores. These results show substantial impairment of interhemispheric coordination in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Hoptman
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Xi-Nian Zuo
- Laboratory for Functional Connectome and Development, Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Debra D’Angelo
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
| | - Cristina J. Mauro
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY
| | - Pamela D. Butler
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Michael P. Milham
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY,Child Mind Institute, New York, NY
| | - Daniel C. Javitt
- Schizophrenia Research Division, Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY,Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Harrison A, Tchanturia K, Treasure J. Measuring state trait properties of detail processing and global integration ability in eating disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry 2011; 12:462-72. [PMID: 21554026 DOI: 10.3109/15622975.2010.551666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Women with eating disorders (EDs) are reported to have strengths in local or detailed information processing and difficulties with coherence or global processing/integration. METHODS This study aimed to replicate these findings and additionally explore a global integration task which has not previously been reported for an ED group, the Fragmented Pictures Task (FPT). Two hundred and twenty-two women (50 with anorexia nervosa (AN), 48 with bulimia nervosa (BN), 35 recovered from AN and 89 controls (HC)) completed the Rey-Osterrieth Complex Figure Task (RCFT) to measure global/local processing strategies, the Group Embedded Figures Task (GEFT) to measure local processing and the FPT to measure global integration. RESULTS Superior detail processing skills (GEFT) and a tendency to utilise detail processing strategies (RCFT) were associated with having AN, BN and being in recovery from AN. Global integration difficulties (FPT) were only observed in acute AN, whereas participants in the BN and recovered group performed similarly to HCs. CONCLUSIONS People currently ill with, and recovered from EDs are skilled at detail processing. The acute phase of AN is associated with difficulties in global integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Harrison
- Eating Disorders Research Unit, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Psychological Medicine and Psychiatry, 5th Floor, Bermondsey Wing, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK. amy.harrison@.kcl.ac.uk
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Krishnan RR, Kraus MS, Keefe RSE. Comprehensive model of how reality distortion and symptoms occur in schizophrenia: could impairment in learning-dependent predictive perception account for the manifestations of schizophrenia? Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011; 65:305-17. [PMID: 21447049 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2011.02203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Conventional wisdom has not laid out a clear and uniform profile of schizophrenia as a unitary entity. One of the key first steps in elucidating the neurobiology of this entity would be to characterize the essential and common elements in the group of entities called schizophrenia. Kraepelin in his introduction notes 'the conviction seems to be more and more gaining ground that dementia praecox on the whole represents, a well characterized form of disease, and that we are justified in regarding the majority of the clinical pictures which are brought together here as the expression of a single morbid process, though outwardly they often diverge very far from one another'. But what is that single morbid process? We suggest that just as the uniform defect in all types of cancer is impaired regulation of cell proliferation, the primary defect in the group of entities called schizophrenia is persistent defective hierarchical temporal processing. This manifests in the form of chronic memory-prediction errors or deficits in learning-dependent predictive perception. These deficits account for the symptoms that present as reality distortion (delusions, thought disorder and hallucinations). This constellation of symptoms corresponds with the profile of most patients currently diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenia. In this paper we describe how these deficits can lead to the various symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranga R Krishnan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, North Carolina 27710, USA
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Krishnan RR, Fivaz M, Kraus MS, Keefe RSE. Hierarchical temporal processing deficit model of reality distortion and psychoses. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:129-44. [PMID: 21263440 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We posit in this article that hierarchical temporal processing deficit is the underlying basis of reality distortion and psychoses. Schizophrenia is a prototypical reality distortion disorder in which the patient manifests with auditory hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and thinking, cognitive impairment, avolition and social and occupational dysfunction. Reality distortion can be present in many other disorders including bipolar disorder, major depression and even dementia. Conceptually, schizophrenia is a heterogeneous entity likely to be because of numerous causes similar to dementia. Although no single symptom or set of symptoms is pathognomonic, a cardinal feature in all patients with schizophrenia is chronic distortion of reality. The model that we have proposed accounts for the varied manifestations of reality distortion including hallucinations and delusions. In this paper we consider the implications of this model for the underlying biology of psychoses and also for the neurobiology of schizophrenia and suggest potential targets to consider for the etiology and pathophysiology of reality distortion, especially in the context of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Krishnan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Osatuke K, Reid M, Stiles WB, Kasckow JW, Zisook S, Mohamed S. Narrative evolution and assimilation of problematic experiences in a case of pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia. Psychother Res 2011; 21:41-53. [DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2010.508760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Brandwein AB, Foxe JJ, Russo NN, Altschuler TS, Gomes H, Molholm S. The development of audiovisual multisensory integration across childhood and early adolescence: a high-density electrical mapping study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 21:1042-55. [PMID: 20847153 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The integration of multisensory information is essential to forming meaningful representations of the environment. Adults benefit from related multisensory stimuli but the extent to which the ability to optimally integrate multisensory inputs for functional purposes is present in children has not been extensively examined. Using a cross-sectional approach, high-density electrical mapping of event-related potentials (ERPs) was combined with behavioral measures to characterize neurodevelopmental changes in basic audiovisual (AV) integration from middle childhood through early adulthood. The data indicated a gradual fine-tuning of multisensory facilitation of performance on an AV simple reaction time task (as indexed by race model violation), which reaches mature levels by about 14 years of age. They also revealed a systematic relationship between age and the brain processes underlying multisensory integration (MSI) in the time frame of the auditory N1 ERP component (∼ 120 ms). A significant positive correlation between behavioral and neurophysiological measures of MSI suggested that the underlying brain processes contributed to the fine-tuning of multisensory facilitation of behavior that was observed over middle childhood. These findings are consistent with protracted plasticity in a dynamic system and provide a starting point from which future studies can begin to examine the developmental course of multisensory processing in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice B Brandwein
- The Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Children's Evaluation and Rehabilitation Center, Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Sehatpour P, Dias EC, Butler PD, Revheim N, Guilfoyle DN, Foxe JJ, Javitt DC. Impaired visual object processing across an occipital-frontal-hippocampal brain network in schizophrenia: an integrated neuroimaging study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 67:772-82. [PMID: 20679585 DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2010.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Perceptual closure is the ability to identify objects based on partial information and depends on the function of a distributed network of brain regions that include the dorsal and the ventral visual streams, prefrontal cortex (PFC), and hippocampus. OBJECTIVE To evaluate network-level interactions during perceptual closure in schizophrenia using parallel event-related potential (ERP), functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and neuropsychological assessment. DESIGN Case-control study. SETTING Inpatient and outpatient facilities associated with the Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research. Patients Twenty-seven patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 23 healthy controls. Intervention Event-related potentials were obtained from 24 patients and 20 healthy volunteers in response to fragmented (closeable) and control-scrambled (noncloseable) line drawings. Functional MRI was performed in 11 patients and 12 controls. Main Outcome Measure Patterns of between-group differences for predefined ERP components and fMRI regions of interest were determined using both analysis of variance and structural equation modeling. Global neuropsychological performance was assessed using standard neuropsychological batteries. RESULTS Patients showed impaired generation of event-related components reflecting early sensory and later closure-related activity. In fMRI, patients showed impaired activation of the dorsal and ventral visual regions, PFC, and hippocampus. Impaired activation of dorsal stream visual regions contributed significantly to impaired PFC activation, which contributed significantly to impaired activation of the hippocampus and ventral visual stream. Impaired ventral stream and hippocampal activation contributed significantly to deficits on neuropsychological measures of perceptual organization. CONCLUSIONS Schizophrenia is associated with severe activation deficits across a distributed network of sensory and higher order cognitive regions. Deficit in early visual processing within the dorsal visual stream contributes significantly to impaired frontal activation, which, in turn, leads to dysregulation of the hippocampus and ventral visual stream. Dysfunction within this network underlies deficits in more traditional neurocognitive measures, supporting distributed models of brain dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Sehatpour
- Conte Center for Schizophrenia Research, Cognitive Neurophysiology Laboratory, Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962, USA.
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Meaningfulness and global–local processing in schizophrenia. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:3062-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Silverstein SM, Berten S, Essex B, All SD, Kasi R, Little DM. Perceptual organization and visual search processes during target detection task performance in schizophrenia, as revealed by fMRI. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:2886-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2010.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Brodeur M, Pelletier M, Bodnar M, Buchy L, Lepage M. The effect of viewpoint on visual stimuli: a study of episodic memory in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2010; 176:126-31. [PMID: 20138372 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 10/21/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In everyday life, objects are rarely perceived in the exact same position as they were the first time. This change of position alters the perceptual viewpoint influencing the likelihood of recognizing the object - the similarity effect. Moreover, this effect may be a contributing factor to the overall episodic memory deficits that are apparent in people with schizophrenia. The present study investigated the influence of viewpoint on memory recognition in 43 schizophrenia and 23 healthy comparison participants. Photos of target objects were presented during the encoding phase alone and then during the recognition phase (as an old object) along with never-before presented objects. The old objects, however, now appeared either from the same viewpoint (unaltered condition) or from a different viewpoint (altered condition). Participants performed an old/new discrimination task during the recognition phase. Results, for both groups, revealed better recognition performance when the viewpoint was unaltered; that is, memory recognition was sensitive to viewpoint manipulation. There was no significant interaction however, between this similarity effect and group. Thus, visual functions solicited by changing the viewpoint, as well as the influence on the encoding and the subsequent memory retrieval, are likely intact in people with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Brodeur
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute and Department of Psychiatry McGill University, Canada
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Hoptman MJ, Zuo XN, Butler PD, Javitt DC, D’Angelo D, Mauro CJ, Milham MP. Amplitude of low-frequency oscillations in schizophrenia: a resting state fMRI study. Schizophr Res 2010; 117:13-20. [PMID: 19854028 PMCID: PMC2822110 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a great deal of interest has arisen in resting state fMRI as a measure of tonic brain function in clinical populations. Most studies have focused on the examination of temporal correlation between resting state fMRI low-frequency oscillations (LFOs). Studies on the amplitudes of these low-frequency oscillations are rarely reported. Here, we used amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and fractional ALFF (fALFF; the relative amplitude that resides in the low frequencies) to examine the amplitude of LFO in schizophrenia. Twenty-six healthy controls and 29 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder participated. Our findings show that patients showed reduced low-frequency amplitude in proportion to the total frequency band investigated (i.e., fALFF) in the lingual gyrus, left cuneus, left insula/superior temporal gyrus, and right caudate and increased fALFF in the medial prefrontal cortex and the right parahippocampal gyrus. ALFF was reduced in patients in the lingual gyrus, cuneus, and precuneus and increased in the left parahippocampal gyrus. These results suggest LFO abnormalities in schizophrenia. The implication of these abnormalities for schizophrenic symptomatology is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Hoptman
- Division of Clinical Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 650 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, United States,Corresponding author. Division of Clinical Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States Tel.: +1 845 398 6569; fax: +1 845 398 6566. (M.J. Hoptman)
| | - Xi-Nian Zuo
- The Phyllis Green and Randolph Cōwen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, New York University Child Study Center, United States
| | - Pamela D. Butler
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 650 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Daniel C. Javitt
- Program in Cognitive Neuroscience and Schizophrenia, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States,Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, 650 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Debra D’Angelo
- Division of Clinical Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States
| | - Cristina J. Mauro
- Division of Clinical Research, Nathan Kline Institute, 140 Old Orangeburg Road, Orangeburg, NY 10962, United States
| | - Michael P. Milham
- The Phyllis Green and Randolph Cōwen Institute for Pediatric Neuroscience, New York University Child Study Center, United States
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Yoon JH, Rokem AS, Silver MA, Minzenberg MJ, Ursu S, Ragland JD, Carter CS. Diminished orientation-specific surround suppression of visual processing in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2009; 35:1078-84. [PMID: 19620601 PMCID: PMC2762622 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbp064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Visual perception of a stimulus is a function of the visual context in which it is displayed. Surround suppression is a specific form of contextual modulation whereby the perceived contrast of a center stimulus is decreased by a high-contrast surround. Recent studies have demonstrated that individuals with schizophrenia are less prone to visual contextual effects, suggesting impairments in cortical lateral connectivity. We tested whether altered contextual modulation in schizophrenia is stimulus orientation selective. Participants viewed an annulus consisting of contrast-reversing sinusoidal gratings and determined if any one segment of the annulus had lower contrast relative to the other segments. Three stimulus configurations were tested: no surround (NS), parallel surround (PS), and orthogonal surround (OS). In the PS condition, the annulus was embedded in a 100% contrast grating parallel to the annulus gratings. In the OS condition, the surround grating was rotated 90 degrees relative to the orientation of the annulus gratings. The main dependent measure was the suppression index-the change in contrast threshold in the OS and PS conditions relative to the NS condition. There was a group x condition interaction such that patients had significantly lower PS suppression index than controls, but there were no group differences in the OS suppression index. We conclude that individuals with schizophrenia possess an abnormality in surround suppression that is specific for stimulus orientation. In conjunction with physiological and anatomical evidence from basic and postmortem studies, our results suggest a deficit of inhibition in primary visual cortex in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong H. Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry and Imaging Research Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Berkeley, CA,To whom correspondence should be addressed; University of California Davis Imaging Research Center, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817; tel: 916-734-0867, fax: 916-734-8705, e-mail:
| | - Ariel S. Rokem
- School of Optometry and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Michael A. Silver
- School of Optometry and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Michael J. Minzenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Imaging Research Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Berkeley, CA
| | - Stefan Ursu
- Department of Psychiatry and Imaging Research Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Berkeley, CA
| | - J. Daniel Ragland
- Department of Psychiatry and Imaging Research Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Berkeley, CA
| | - Cameron S. Carter
- Department of Psychiatry and Imaging Research Center, University of California Davis, Sacramento, Berkeley, CA
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