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Arthur KM, Fields SA, Smallman R. A mixed-method analysis of counterfactual thinking, negative event themes, and the transtheoretical model in a community sample of smokers. J Health Psychol 2023:13591053231157218. [PMID: 36859826 DOI: 10.1177/13591053231157218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The transtheoretical model has been used as a model of behavior change for tobacco users. However, it does not account for perceptions of past behavior that may provide additional guidance toward smoking cessation. No studies have examined associations between the transtheoretical model, content themes of smoking experiences, and counterfactual thoughts (i.e. "If only. . .then. . ."). Mturk participants (N = 178; 47.8% female) completed measures of smoking attitudes, behavior, and stage and processes of change use. Participants described a past negative smoking event and an event-related counterfactual thought-listing task. Participants in the precontemplation stage endorsed fewer processes of change. Also, participants in the action stage reported significantly more counterfactuals about cravings (e.g. If only I could have controlled my urge to smoke. . .) inferring that they may be identifying cravings or urges as relevant barriers toward smoking cessation. Identifying these self-relevant thoughts may provide additional ways to address and overcome barriers toward achieving long-term smoking cessation.
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Machado RCBR, Vargas HO, Baracat MM, Urbano MR, Verri WA, Porcu M, Nunes SOV. N-acetylcysteine as an adjunctive treatment for smoking cessation: a randomized clinical trial. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 42:519-526. [PMID: 32725102 PMCID: PMC7524413 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective: This randomized controlled trial examined the efficacy and safety of N-acetylcysteine as an adjunctive treatment for smoking cessation. Methods: Heavy smokers were recruited from smoking cessation treatment for this 12- week randomized controlled trial. Eligible tobacco use disorder outpatients (n=34) were randomized to N-acetylcysteine or placebo plus first-line treatment. Abstinence was verified by exhaled carbon monoxide (COexh). The assessment scales included the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale, and the Medication Adherence Rating Scale. We also assessed anthropometrics, blood pressure, lipid profile, and soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor (sTNF-R) levels 1 and 2. Results: First-line treatment for smoking cessation plus adjunctive N-acetylcysteine or placebo significantly reduced COexh (p < 0.01). In the N-acetylcysteine group, no significant changes were found in nicotine withdrawal symptoms, depressive and anxiety symptoms, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, or glucose compared to placebo. However, there was a significant reduction in sTNF-R2 levels between baseline and week 12 in the N-acetylcysteine group. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need to associate N-acetylcysteine with first-line treatment for smoking cessation, since combined treatment may affect inflammation and metabolism components. Clinical trial registration: NCT02420418
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina C B R Machado
- Centro de Referência de Abordagem e Tratamento do Tabagismo, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Heber O Vargas
- Centro de Referência de Abordagem e Tratamento do Tabagismo, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Unidade de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitário, CCS, UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcela M Baracat
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Mariana R Urbano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil.,Departamento de Estatística, Centro de Ciências Exatas, UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Waldiceu A Verri
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil.,Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Mauro Porcu
- Centro de Referência de Abordagem e Tratamento do Tabagismo, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandra O V Nunes
- Centro de Referência de Abordagem e Tratamento do Tabagismo, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, PR, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina Clínica, Unidade de Psiquiatria, Hospital Universitário, CCS, UEL, Londrina, PR, Brazil
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Nunes SOV, Vargas HO, Prado E, Barbosa DS, de Melo LP, Moylan S, Dodd S, Berk M. The shared role of oxidative stress and inflammation in major depressive disorder and nicotine dependence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1336-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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