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Persia D, Mangiavacchi F, Marcotullio MC, Rosati O. Cannabinoids as multifaceted compounds. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2023; 212:113718. [PMID: 37196772 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Since ancient times, Cannabis and its preparations have found various applications such as for medical, recreational and industrial purposes. Subsequently the 1930s, legislation in many countries has restricted its use due to its psychotropic properties. More recently, the discovery of endocannabinoid system, including new receptors, ligands, and mediators, its role in maintaining the homeostasis of the human body and the possible implication in various physiological and pathophysiological processes has also been understood. Based on this evidence, researchers were able to develop new therapeutic targets for the treatment of various pathological disorders. For this purpose, Cannabis and cannabinoids were subjected for the evaluation of their pharmacological activities. The renewed interest in the medical use of cannabis for its potential therapeutic application has prompted legislators to take action to regulate the safe use of cannabis and products containing cannabinoids. However, each country has an enormous heterogeneity in the regulation of laws. Here, we are pleased to show a general and prevailing overview of the findings regarding cannabinoids and the multiple research fields such as chemistry, phytochemistry, pharmacology and analytics in which they are involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Persia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Mangiavacchi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy; Current Address: Department of Chemistry 'Ugo Schiff', Via Della Lastruccia, 16 - Università Degli Studi di Firenze, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Marcotullio
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ornelio Rosati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Via Del Liceo, 1 - Università Degli Studi di Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
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Landrigan J, Bessenyei K, Leitner D, Yakovenko I, Fisk JD, Prentice JL. A systematic review of the effects of cannabis on cognition in people with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 57:103338. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2021.103338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Rosati O, Messina F, Pelosi A, Curini M, Petrucci V, Gertsch J, Chicca A. One-pot heterogeneous synthesis of Δ(3)-tetrahydrocannabinol analogues and xanthenes showing differential binding to CB(1) and CB(2) receptors. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:77-86. [PMID: 25072877 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ(9)-THC) is the major psychoactive cannabinoid in hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) and responsible for many of the pharmacological effects mediated via cannabinoid receptors. Despite being the major cannabinoid scaffold in nature, Δ(9)-THC double bond isomers remain poorly studied. The chemical scaffold of tetrahydrocannabinol can be assembled from the condensation of distinctly substituted phenols and monoterpenes. Here we explored a microwave-assisted one pot heterogeneous synthesis of Δ(3)-THC from orcinol (1a) and pulegone (2). Four Δ(3)-THC analogues and corresponding Δ(4a)-tetrahydroxanthenes (Δ(4a)-THXs) were synthesized regioselectively and showed differential binding affinities for CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. Here we report for the first time the CB1 receptor binding of Δ(3)-THC, revealing a more potent receptor binding affinity for the (S)-(-) isomer (hCB1Ki = 5 nM) compared to the (R)-(+) isomer (hCB1Ki = 29 nM). Like Δ(9)-THC, also Δ(3)-THC analogues are partial agonists at CB receptors as indicated by [(35)S]GTPγS binding assays. Interestingly, the THC structural isomers Δ(4a)-THXs showed selective binding and partial agonism at CB2 receptors, revealing a simple non-natural natural product-derived scaffold for novel CB2 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornelio Rosati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06128 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Federica Messina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Azzurra Pelosi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Curini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06128 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vanessa Petrucci
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse, 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse, 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Chicca
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse, 28, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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Ozcan ME, Ince B, Bingöl A, Ertürk S, Altınöz MA, Karadeli HH, Koçer A, Asil T. Association between smoking and cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2014; 10:1715-9. [PMID: 25246792 PMCID: PMC4166212 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s68389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although smoking is known to cause various symptoms in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, there have been no reports regarding the relationship between smoking and cognitive impairment in MS. Studying the effects of cigarette smoking in MS patients is imperative as there is a high prevalence of cognitive impairment in MS patients. In this study we examined the potentially deleterious effects of heavy smoking on mentation of patients with MS. PATIENTS AND METHODS MS patients receiving care at the Neurology Clinic at Bezmialem Vakıf University, between the ages of 18-65 years who have at least graduated elementary school were included in the study. The Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRB-N) is a commonly used method to assess cognitive function in MS patients and was utilized in our study. Patients that smoked for at least 10 pack-years were considered heavy smokers. RESULTS ALL THE PATIENTS WERE STRATIFIED INTO TWO GROUPS: heavy smokers (n=20) and nonsmokers (n=24). For heavy smokers, their cognitive functioning was more impaired than that of nonsmokers (P=0.04, χ (2)=4.227). For patients with cognitive impairment, 78.9% of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test and 63.2% of the Symbol Digit Modalities Test scores were found to be lower. CONCLUSION Previous reports have suggested that smoking increases the frequency of relapse among individuals with relapsing-remitting MS and accelerates disease progression in patients with progressive MS. According to the results of our study, heavy smokers had increased cognitive impairment when compared to nonsmokers. Extensive studies are necessary to further elucidate the relationship between smoking and cognitive impairment in MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Emin Ozcan
- Deparment of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahri Ince
- Department of Psychiatry, Bakırköy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Meriç Adil Altınöz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Haliç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Abdulkadir Koçer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, İstanbul Medeniyet University, Göztepe, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Talip Asil
- Deparment of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Bezmialem Vakıf University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Stroet A, Trampe N, Chan A. Treatment failure of intrathecal baclofen and supra-additive effect of nabiximols in multiple sclerosis-related spasticity: a case report. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2013; 6:199-203. [PMID: 23634192 DOI: 10.1177/1756285613475835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS)-related spasticity is associated with disability and impairment in quality of life. We report on a patient with secondary progressive MS and spastic tetraparesis (Expanded Disability Status Scale score 8.5). The right arm exhibited flexor spasticity resulting in functional disability despite multimodal symptomatic treatment. Intrathecal baclofen led to side effects despite decreasing efficacy. Low-dose nabiximols improved spasticity and function with recovery of daily-life activities and spasticity-related symptoms. Reduction of intrathecal baclofen ameliorated adverse drug reactions. Add-on cannabinoid therapy was effective in therapy-refractory spasticity with supra-additive effect in combining intrathecal baclofen and nabiximols, hypothetically explained by mutually complementing mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Stroet
- Department of Neurology, St Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, Gudrunstr. 56, D-44791 Bochum, Germany
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Leussink VI, Husseini L, Warnke C, Broussalis E, Hartung HP, Kieseier BC. Symptomatic therapy in multiple sclerosis: the role of cannabinoids in treating spasticity. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2012; 5:255-66. [PMID: 22973422 DOI: 10.1177/1756285612453972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A large proportion of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have spasticity, which has a marked impact on their quality of life. Anecdotal evidence suggests a beneficial effect of cannabis on spasticity as well as pain. Recently, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies have confirmed the clinical efficacy of cannabinoids for the treatment of spasticity in patients with MS. Based on these data, nabiximols (Sativex), a 1:1 mix of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol extracted from cloned Cannabis sativa chemovars, received approval for treating MS-related spasticity in various countries around the globe. In this article we review the current understanding of cannabinoid biology and the value of cannabinoids as a symptomatic treatment option addressing spasticity in patients with MS.
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Abstract
Although extracts from the cannabis plant have been used medicinally for thousands of years, it is only within the last 2 decades that our understanding of cannabinoid physiology and the provision of evidence for therapeutic benefit of cannabinoids has begun to accumulate. This review provides a background to advances in our understanding of cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system, and then considers how cannabinoids may help in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS). The relative paucity of treatments for MS-related symptoms has led to experimentation by patients with MS in a number of areas including the use of cannabis extracts. An increasing amount of evidence is now emerging to confirm anecdotal reports of symptomatic improvement, particularly for muscle stiffness and spasms, neuropathic pain and sleep and bladder disturbance, in patients with MS treated with cannabinoids. Trials evaluating a role in treating other symptoms such as tremor and nystagmus have not demonstrated any beneficial effects of cannabinoids. Safety profiles of cannabinoids seem acceptable, although a slow prolonged period of titration improves tolerability. No serious safety concerns have emerged. Methodological issues in trial design and treatment delivery are now being addressed. In addition, recent experimental evidence is beginning to suggest an effect of cannabinoids on more fundamental processes important in MS, with evidence of anti-inflammation, encouragement of remyelination and neuroprotection. Trials are currently under way to test whether cannabinoids may have a longer term role in reducing disability and progression in MS, in addition to symptom amelioration, where indications are being established.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Zajicek
- Clinical Neurology Research Group, Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry, Plymouth, UK.
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