1
|
El-Sobki A, Ae Ibrahim R, Elzayat S, El-Deeb ME, Ashraf B, Hashish MI, Alsobky MEI, Salamah A. Evaluation of swallowing in children with higher grades glottic web. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:4987-4994. [PMID: 37500784 PMCID: PMC10562259 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE to evaluate the swallowing function in children with higher grades of glottic web and to detect the impact of surgical division of the glottic web on the swallowing parameters. We also performed a voice analysis as a secondary objective in this study. METHODS This prospective case series study included 12 children with higher grades of the glottic web; grades 3 and 4. Evaluation of the swallowing function was done by clinical swallowing evaluation including symptoms and signs of swallowing dysfunction during feeding, such as vomiting, coughing, choking, or cyanosis, and bedside swallowing assessment using the 3-oz water swallow test. Instrumental evaluation of swallowing function was performed using flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES). The evaluation was performed both preoperatively and postoperatively. RESULTS The number of children suffering from swallowing difficulties significantly increased during the postoperative evaluation where 6 (50%) children demonstrated choking during feeding after the surgical division of the web in comparison to only 3 (25%) preoperatively. Also, coughing and choking during the 3-oz water swallow test significantly increased following the division of the web with P < 0.001. CONCLUSION Swallowing assessment is mandatory as children with higher grades of the glottic web, requiring reconstructive surgeries, are at risk of swallowing deficit which can be aggravated postoperatively. With improvement in the airway and surgery-specific outcomes, swallowing function is an important secondary outcome that has a significant impact on the lives of these kids and their families.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El-Sobki
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Reham Ae Ibrahim
- Phoniatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Saad Elzayat
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohamed E El-Deeb
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Bassem Ashraf
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | | | - Abeer Salamah
- Pediatrics Department, Faculty of Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gosman RE, Sicard RM, Cohen SM, Frank-Ito DO. Comparison of Inhaled Drug Delivery in Patients With One- and Two-level Laryngotracheal Stenosis. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:366-374. [PMID: 35608335 PMCID: PMC10332660 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) is a functionally devastating condition with high respiratory morbidity and mortality. This preliminary study investigates airflow dynamics and stenotic drug delivery in patients with one- and two-level LTS. STUDY DESIGN A Computational Modeling Restropective Cohort Study. METHODS Computed tomography scans from seven LTS patients, five with one-level (three subglottic, two tracheal), and two with two-level (glottis + trachea, glottis + subglottis) were used to reconstruct patient-specific three-dimensional upper airway models. Airflow and orally inhaled drug particle transport were simulated using computational fluid dynamics modeling. Drug particle transport was simulated for 1-20 μm particles released into the mouth at velocities of 0 m/s, 1 m/s, 3 m/s, and 10 m/s for metered dose inhaler (MDI) and 0 m/s for dry powder inhaler (DPI) simulations. Airflow resistance and stenotic drug deposition in the patients' airway models were compared. RESULTS Overall, there was increased airflow resistance at stenotic sites in subjects with two-level versus one-level stenosis (0.136 Pa s/ml vs. 0.069 Pa s/ml averages). Subjects with two-level stenosis had greater particle deposition at sites of stenosis compared to subjects with one-level stenosis (average deposition 2.31% vs. 0.96%). One-level stenosis subjects, as well as one two-level stenosis subject, had the greatest deposition using MDI with a spacer (0 m/s): 2.59% and 4.34%, respectively. The second two-level stenosis subject had the greatest deposition using DPI (3.45%). Maximum deposition across all stenotic subtypes except one-level tracheal stenosis was achieved with particle sizes of 6-10 μm. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that patients with two-level LTS may experience a more constricted laryngotracheal airflow profile compared to patients with one-level LTS, which may enhance overall stenotic drug deposition. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 133:366-374, 2023.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raluca E Gosman
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Ryan M Sicard
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Seth M Cohen
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
| | - Dennis O Frank-Ito
- Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
- Computational Biology and Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Miller CK, Reynolds J, Kelchner LN, Scarborough D, Langmore S, Gosa M. Tutorial on Clinical Practice for Use of the Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing Procedure With Pediatric Populations: Part 2. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2023; 32:55-82. [PMID: 36538506 DOI: 10.1044/2022_ajslp-22-00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This is Part 2 of a two-part tutorial series establishing clinical guidelines pertaining to the administration of fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) developed by representatives of the American Board of Swallowing and Swallowing Disorders, all of whom are members of Special Interest Group 13. Whereas Part 1 focused on use of FEES with adults and included general information common to using FEES in any population, the purpose of this tutorial is to provide clinicians with updated best practice clinical guidelines for performing, interpreting, and documenting outcomes when using FEES with the pediatric population. This document has two main sections. The first section discusses the history of pediatric FEES, needed knowledge and skill pertaining to all elements of performing and interpreting the examination including detailed information related to indications and contraindications, developmental anatomical and physiological changes across childhood, preparing for and conducting the examination, medical collaboration, and patient safety. The second section provides detailed guidelines for clinicians who require training for use of FEES with the pediatric population. CONCLUSIONS This first of its kind tutorial offers guidelines for clinicians who perform, interpret, and/or want to train to perform FEES in the pediatric population. Important clinical distinctions exist when using FEES with the pediatric population versus with the adult population. Developmental changes, pediatric medical frailty, provider-parent/caregiver interaction, collaboration with physician colleagues, and patient safety are representative of key areas highlighted in this document.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kane Miller
- Aerodigestive and Esophageal Center, Division of Speech-Language Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH
| | - Jenny Reynolds
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Lisa N Kelchner
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Cincinnati, OH
| | - Donna Scarborough
- Department of Speech Pathology and Audiology, Miami University, Oxford, OH
| | - Susan Langmore
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| | - Memorie Gosa
- Department of Communicative Disorders, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Haywood M, Lovell L, Roe J, Clunie G, Sandhu G, Al Yaghchi C. Perioperative instrumental swallowing evaluation in adult airway reconstruction: A retrospective observational cohort study. Clin Otolaryngol 2021; 46:1229-1236. [PMID: 34087029 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Airway reconstruction for laryngotracheal stenosis (LTS) encompasses several procedures. Dysphagia is a well-recognised sequela of LTS and airway surgery, however studies have employed mostly non-validated assessments post-operatively in small, heterogenous samples, perpetuating uncertainty around the contributions of LTS and its management to impaired deglutition. Consequently, considerable variation in LTS perioperative nutritional management exists. Our objective was to characterise baseline and post-operative dysphagia with instrumental assessment in an LTS cohort undergoing airway reconstruction and provide a gold-standard management framework for its management. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES We performed a retrospective cohort study of adult airway reconstruction procedures from 2016-2020 at our quaternary centre. Patient background, LTS aetiology, procedure type, tube feeding duration, length of stay and serial Functional Oral Intake Scale (FOIS) and International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI) scores were noted. Baseline, post-operative day one and post-stent removal Fibreoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallow (FEES) generated Penetration Aspiration Scale (PAS) scores. RESULTS Forty-four patients underwent forty-six reconstructions. Baseline incidence of penetration-aspiration was considerably higher than the general population and worsened in the immediate post-operative period, however FOIS and PAS scores generally returned to baseline by discharge. Post-operative FOIS correlated negatively with tracheostomy or airway stent placement. At discharge, 80% tolerated soft or normal diet and 93% were feeding tube independent. CONCLUSIONS We present the largest adult airway reconstruction cohort with instrumental swallow assessment perioperatively. LTS patients have a higher incidence of underlying dysphagia but swallowing tends to return to baseline with appropriate postoperative rehabilitation. Such practice may avoid the complications, costs and morbidity of prolonged nutritional support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Haywood
- National Centre for Airway Reconstruction, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Lindsay Lovell
- National Centre for Airway Reconstruction, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Justin Roe
- National Centre for Airway Reconstruction, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Gemma Clunie
- National Centre for Airway Reconstruction, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Guri Sandhu
- National Centre for Airway Reconstruction, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| | - Chadwan Al Yaghchi
- National Centre for Airway Reconstruction, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Clunie GM, Roe JWG, Alexander C, Sandhu G, McGregor A. Voice and Swallowing Outcomes Following Airway Reconstruction in Adults: A Systematic Review. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:146-157. [PMID: 31943240 PMCID: PMC7754401 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Laryngotracheal stenosis is a rare condition characterized by upper airway narrowing. Reconstructive surgical treatment aims to manage the area of stenosis to improve dyspnea and can impact voice and swallowing function. This article critically evaluates the literature about voice and swallowing outcomes in adults with laryngotracheal stenosis who undergo reconstructive surgery. STUDY DESIGN Systematic review. METHODS Six databases were searched for articles referring to voice and swallowing outcome measures following reconstruction procedures in adults with laryngotracheal stenosis. Screening was completed using predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. RESULTS A total of 143 abstracts were reviewed, with 67 articles selected for full-text review. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Data extraction was completed with the Strengthening Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist with Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Level of Evidence used to indicate quality. Risk of bias was assessed using the Risk of Bias Assessment Tool for Non-Randomized Studies. All studies scored a high risk of bias in at least one of the domains. Selection and timing of outcome measures was heterogenous, and there was limited information provided about rationale or reliability. CONCLUSIONS The literature acknowledges the importance of voice and swallowing outcomes following airway reconstruction. Studies show correlation between reconstructive surgery and deterioration in vocal function; there are no consistent data about swallowing outcomes. The lack of a core outcome measures set for adults with laryngotracheal stenosis limits the findings of this review. Further research is needed to establish clear criteria for robust and clinically relevant outcome measurement. Laryngoscope, 131:146-157, 2021.
Collapse
|
6
|
Miller CK, Schroeder JW, Langmore S. Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing Across the Age Spectrum. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY 2020; 29:967-978. [PMID: 32650653 DOI: 10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) is a widely used instrumental procedure used to assess swallowing function in persons of all ages, from infants to older adults. In this article, the history of FEES in adults, the protocol, the scoring system, and the interpretation of abnormal findings are summarized. The use of FEES to guide treatment in adults is also covered briefly. Following this review in adults, the use of FEES in infants and children is presented, including the anatomical-physiological assessment and the assessment of swallowing of food and liquid. Interpretation of findings and therapeutic applications are discussed. Conclusion FEES is a valuable part of the clinical protocol for evaluation and management of dysphagia across the life span. It provides a mechanism for in-depth analysis of swallowing structures and function during intake of liquid and food boluses. Future developments include standardized training content to ensure clinical competency and the development of standardized examination and interpretation protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kane Miller
- Aerodigestive and Esophageal Center, Division of Speech-Language Pathology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH
| | - James W Schroeder
- Department of Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, IL
- Departments of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery and Medical Education, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Susan Langmore
- Department of Otolaryngology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Miller CK, Willging JP. Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing in Infants and Children: Protocol, Safety, and Clinical Efficacy: 25 Years of Experience. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2019; 129:469-481. [PMID: 31845586 DOI: 10.1177/0003489419893720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The application of fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) in the pediatric dysphagia protocol requires specialized knowledge of pediatric conditions that result in dysphagia, recognition of normal and abnormal laryngopharyngeal anatomy and function across ages, and the ability to identify maturational changes in anatomy and function of the aerodigestive tract that pertain to airway protection and swallowing function. METHODS Over the past 25 years, we have performed over 7,000 collaborative Otolaryngology and Speech-Language Pathology FEES examinations in patients ranging from 2 days of age to young adults. During this time period, we have monitored the safety of the procedure, explored the feasibility and utility of FEES across conditions, compared and contrasted FEES to the videofluoroscopic evaluation of swallowing (VFSS), and developed specific pediatric FEES protocols with operational definitions for identification and interpretation of swallowing parameters. RESULTS FEES has proved to be a safe procedure in patients across ages. There have been no significant adverse events. FEES is comparable to the VFSS in the assessment of events before and after the swallow. It provides unique information regarding laryngopharyngeal anatomy and function, airway protection integrity, sensory threshold, and secretion management ability, as well as pharyngeal swallowing dynamics and the efficacy of compensatory swallowing strategies. CONCLUSIONS There are specific indications and contraindications for pediatric FEES, and unique components that characterize the pediatric FEES protocols across ages and conditions. FEES procedures performed jointly by an Otolaryngologist and Speech-Language pathologist offer a team approach to interpretation and management recommendations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kane Miller
- Aerodigestive and Esophageal Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jay Paul Willging
- Aerodigestive and Esophageal Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Gelbard A, Shyr Y, Berry L, Hillel AT, Ekbom DC, Edell ES, Kasperbauer JL, Lott DG, Donovan DT, Garrett CG, Sandhu G, Daniero JJ, Netterville JL, Schindler JS, Smith ME, Bryson PC, Lorenz RR, Francis DO. Treatment options in idiopathic subglottic stenosis: protocol for a prospective international multicentre pragmatic trial. BMJ Open 2018; 8:e022243. [PMID: 29643170 PMCID: PMC5898326 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is an unexplained progressive obstruction of the upper airway that occurs almost exclusively in adult, Caucasian women. The disease is characterised by mucosal inflammation and localised fibrosis resulting in life-threatening blockage of the upper airway. Because of high recurrence rates, patients with iSGS will frequently require multiple procedures following their initial diagnosis. Both the disease and its therapies profoundly affect patients' ability to breathe, communicate and swallow. A variety of treatments have been advanced to manage this condition. However, comparative data on effectiveness and side effects of the unique approaches have never been systematically evaluated. This study will create an international, multi-institutional prospective cohort of patients with iSGS. It will compare three surgical approaches to determine how well the most commonly used treatments in iSGS 'work' and what quality of life (QOL) trade-offs are associated with each approach. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A prospective pragmatic trial comparing the 'Standard of Care' for iSGS at multiple international institutions. Patients with a diagnosis of iSGS without clinical or laboratory evidence of vasculitis or a history of endotracheal intubation 2 years prior to symptom onset will be included in the study. Prospective evaluation of disease recurrence requiring operative intervention, validated patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures as well as patient-generated health data (mobile peak flow recordings and daily steps taken) will be longitudinally tracked for 36 months. The primary endpoint is treatment effectiveness defined as time to recurrent operative procedure. Secondary endpoints relate to treatment side effects and include PRO measures in voice, swallowing, breathing and global QOL as well as patient-generated health data. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This protocol was approved by the local IRB Committee of the Vanderbilt University Medical Center in July 2015. The findings of the trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, national and international conference presentations and directly to patient with iSGS via social media-based support groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02481817.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gelbard
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Yu Shyr
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lynne Berry
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alexander T Hillel
- Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Dale C Ekbom
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Eric S Edell
- Department of Pulmonology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jan L Kasperbauer
- Department of Otolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - David G Lott
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic Scottsdale, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA
| | - Donald T Donovan
- Department Otolaryngology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - C. Gaelyn Garrett
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Guri Sandhu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS, London, UK
| | - James J Daniero
- Department Otolaryngology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - James L Netterville
- Department of Otolaryngology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Josh S Schindler
- Department of Otolaryngology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Marshall E Smith
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Paul C Bryson
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert R Lorenz
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - David O Francis
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ha JF, Driver L, Zopf DA. Laryngotracheal reconstruction and swallowing: A review. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2017; 102:138-141. [PMID: 29106861 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Significant advances in laryngotracheal reconstruction over the last few decades have revolutionised the management of paediatric patients with complex congenital or acquired airway stenosis. The primary aim of laryngotracheal reconstruction has focused primarily on airway and surgery specific outcomes, often at the expense of voice, as well as swallowing function, which are all intricately related. There is currently a paucity of data on swallowing outcome. The goal of this paper is to review and discuss the existing research on the impact of laryngotracheal on swallowing. METHODS Narrative review. RESULTS Successful and safe oral feeding in children requires a highly complex and integrated sensorimotor system for proper timing and coordination, beginning with a well-coordinated suck-swallow-breathe sequence in infancy. Factors to consider include the normal laryngeal anatomy, nutrition as a stimulus and the development of feeding skills on swallowing, the underlying aetiology and other risk factors, LTR procedures and their adjuncts. All these impact on the children's growth. Swallow assessments and rehabilitation is therefore an important part of the post-operative care. CONCLUSIONS As airway reconstructive surgeries have improved in airway and surgery specific outcomes, swallowing function is an important secondary outcome that impacts on the children's and their families' life. Management in a multi-disciplinary manner will optimise the outcome and improve their quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F Ha
- Department of Paediatrics Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 East Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Western Australia, Stirling Highway, Nedlands, Western Australia 6008, Australia; Department of Paediatrics Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital for Children, Roberts Road, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia; St John of God Hospital (Murdoch), Wexford Medical Center, Suite 17-18, Level 1, 3 Barry Marshall Parade, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia.
| | - Lynn Driver
- Department of Speech-Language Pathology, University of Michigan Health Systems, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - David A Zopf
- Department of Paediatrics Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Health System, C.S. Mott Children's Hospital, 1540 East Hospital Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| |
Collapse
|