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Robledano A, Picard G, Dumont M, Flin F, Arnaud L, Libois Q. Unraveling the optical shape of snow. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3955. [PMID: 37419915 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The reflection of sunlight off the snow is a major driver of the Earth's climate. This reflection is governed by the shape and arrangement of ice crystals at the micrometer scale, called snow microstructure. However, snow optical models overlook the complexity of this microstructure by using simple shapes, and mainly spheres. The use of these various shapes leads to large uncertainties in climate modeling, which could reach 1.2 K in global air temperature. Here, we accurately simulate light propagation in three-dimensional images of natural snow at the micrometer scale, revealing the optical shape of snow. This optical shape is neither spherical nor close to the other idealized shapes commonly used in models. Instead, it more closely approximates a collection of convex particles without symmetry. Besides providing a more realistic representation of snow in the visible and near-infrared spectral region (400 to 1400 nm), this breakthrough can be directly used in climate models, reducing by 3 the uncertainties in global air temperature related to the optical shape of snow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Robledano
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France.
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, CNRM, Centre d'Etudes de la Neige, Grenoble, France.
| | - Ghislain Picard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie Dumont
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, CNRM, Centre d'Etudes de la Neige, Grenoble, France
| | - Frédéric Flin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, CNRM, Centre d'Etudes de la Neige, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurent Arnaud
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Grenoble, France
| | - Quentin Libois
- CNRM, Université de Toulouse, Météo-France, CNRS, Toulouse, France
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Román-Ospino AD, Baranwal Y, Li J, Vargas J, Igne B, Bate S, Brouckaert D, Chauchard F, Hausner D, Ramachandran R, Singh R, Muzzio FJ. Sampling optimization for blend monitoring of a low dose formulation in a tablet press feed frame using spatially resolved near-infrared spectroscopy. Int J Pharm 2021; 602:120594. [PMID: 33857586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In-line measurements of low dose blends in the feed frame of a tablet press were performed for API concentration levels as low as 0.10% w/w. The proposed methodology utilizes the advanced sampling capabilities of a Spatially Resolved Near-Infrared (SR-NIR) probe to develop Partial Least-Squares calibration models. The fast acquisition speed of multipoint spectra allowed the evaluation of different numbers of co-adds and feed frame paddle speeds to establish the optimum conditions of data collection to predict low potency blends. The interaction of the feed frame paddles with the SR-NIR probe was captured with high resolution and allowed the implementation of a spectral data selection criterion to remove the effect of the paddles from the calibration and testing process. The method demonstrated accuracy and robustness when predicting drug concentrations across different feed frame paddle speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés D Román-Ospino
- Engineering Research Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems (C-SOPS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Yukteshwar Baranwal
- Engineering Research Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems (C-SOPS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Jingzhe Li
- Engineering Research Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems (C-SOPS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Jenny Vargas
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Benoît Igne
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | - Simon Bate
- GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Collegeville, PA 19426, United States
| | | | | | - Douglas Hausner
- Engineering Research Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems (C-SOPS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Rohit Ramachandran
- Engineering Research Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems (C-SOPS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Ravendra Singh
- Engineering Research Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems (C-SOPS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Fernando J Muzzio
- Engineering Research Center for Structured Organic Particulate Systems (C-SOPS), Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States.
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How to measure coating thickness of tablets: Method comparison of optical coherence tomography, near-infrared spectroscopy and weight-, height- and diameter gain. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2019; 142:344-352. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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