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Miljković N, Sodnik J. Effectiveness of a time to fixate for fitness to drive evaluation in neurological patients. Behav Res Methods 2023:10.3758/s13428-023-02177-3. [PMID: 37488465 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-023-02177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
We present a method to automatically calculate time to fixate (TTF) from the eye-tracker data in subjects with neurological impairment using a driving simulator. TTF presents the time interval for a person to notice the stimulus from its first occurrence. Precisely, we measured the time since the children started to cross the street until the drivers directed their look to the children. From 108 neurological patients recruited for the study, the analysis of TTF was performed in 56 patients to assess fit-, unfit-, and conditionally-fit-to-drive patients. The results showed that the proposed method based on the YOLO (you only look once) object detector is efficient for computing TTFs from the eye-tracker data. We obtained discriminative results for fit-to-drive patients by application of Tukey's honest significant difference post hoc test (p < 0.01), while no difference was observed between conditionally-fit and unfit-to-drive groups (p = 0.542). Moreover, we show that time-to-collision (TTC), initial gaze distance (IGD) from pedestrians, and speed at the hazard onset did not influence the result, while the only significant interaction is among fitness, IGD, and TTC on TTF. Obtained TTFs are also compared with the perception response times (PRT) calculated independently from eye-tracker data and YOLO. Although we reached statistically significant results that speak in favor of possible method application for assessment of fitness to drive, we provide detailed directions for future driving simulation-based evaluation and propose processing workflow to secure reliable TTF calculation and its possible application in for example psychology and neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadica Miljković
- University of Belgrade - School of Electrical Engineering, Bulevar kralja Aleksandra 73, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jaka Sodnik
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Tržaška cesta 25, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Groeger JA, Murphy G. Driving and cognitive function in people with stroke and healthy age-matched controls. Neuropsychol Rehabil 2021; 32:1075-1098. [PMID: 33428553 DOI: 10.1080/09602011.2020.1869566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The decision to return to driving is both complex and difficult. It is often made with clinician support, perhaps on the basis of results from standardized paper and pencil tests, and less frequently an assessment of on-road driving. However, the resources required and inherent reliability and validity challenges suggest that greater use of computerization and driving simulation may play a useful role in the assessment process. In this study, thirty-six age-matched healthy and post-stroke drivers completed standard psychometric assessments (including NART, MMSE, BADS, IADL), computer delivered cognitive assessments (including SART, N-Back, Simple Reaction Time), as well as simulated and on-road assessments of driving. While significantly different in terms of psychometric and computer-based assessments, the healthy and post-stroke drivers who completed the on-road test did not differ. In contrast, driving in the portable simulator showed impaired driving, on some but not all driving manoeuvres, for those who failed the on-road test or had voluntarily ceased to drive. These results are discussed in terms of the implications they have for the multi-faceted nature of driving as a skill, and the need to involve simulation when assessing fitness to drive.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Groeger
- Division of Psychology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK.,School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gillian Murphy
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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Chee DYT, Lee HCY, Patomella AH, Falkmer T. Investigating the driving performance of drivers with and without autism spectrum disorders under complex driving conditions. Disabil Rehabil 2017; 41:1-8. [PMID: 28845700 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2017.1370498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to investigate the driving performance of drivers with autism spectrum disorders under complex driving conditions. METHOD Seventeen drivers with autism spectrum disorders and 18 typically developed drivers participated in a driving simulator trial. Prior to the assessment, participants completed the Driving Behaviour Questionnaire and measurements of cognitive and visual-motor ability. The driving simulation involved driving in an urban area with dense traffic and unpredictable events. RESULTS In comparison with the typically developed group, drivers with autism spectrum disorders reported significantly more lapses in driving, committed more mistakes on the driving simulator, and were slower to react in challenging situations, such as driving through intersections with abrupt changes in traffic lights. However, they were also less likely to tailgate other vehicles, as measured by time-to-collision between vehicles, on the driving simulator. CONCLUSIONS The performances of licensed drivers with autism spectrum disorders appeared to be safer in respect to car-following distance but were poorer in their response to challenging traffic situations. Driver education for individuals with autism spectrum disorders should focus on quick identification of hazards, prompt execution of responses, and effective allocation of attention to reduce lapses in driving. Implications for rehabilitation Drivers with autism spectrum disorders reported significantly more lapses during driving. Drivers with autism spectrum disorders were observed to be poorer in traffic scenarios requiring critical response. Driver education for individuals with autism spectrum disorders should focus on managing anxiety and effective attention allocation while driving. Driving simulators can be used as a safe means for training critical response to challenging traffic scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derserri Yan Ting Chee
- a School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
| | - Hoe Chung Yeung Lee
- a School of Occupational Therapy and Social Work, Faculty of Health Sciences , Curtin University , Perth , Australia
| | - Ann-Helen Patomella
- b Department of Neurobiology, Care Science and Society, Division of Occupational Therapy , Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Torbjörn Falkmer
- c Office of the Pro Vice Chancellor Health Sciences , Curtin University , Perth , Australia.,d Department of Medicine and Health Sciences (IMH), Rehabilitation Medicine Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences , Linkoping University & Pain and Rehabilitation Centre , Linkoping , Sweden
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Koppel S, Charlton JL, Richter N, Di Stefano M, Macdonald W, Darzins P, Newstead SV, D'Elia A, Mazer B, Gelinas I, Vrkljan B, Eliasz K, Myers A, Marshall S. Are older drivers' on-road driving error rates related to functional performance and/or self-reported driving experiences? ACCIDENT; ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION 2017; 103:1-9. [PMID: 28365398 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Koppel
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University Australia.
| | - J L Charlton
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University Australia
| | - N Richter
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University Australia
| | | | | | | | - S V Newstead
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University Australia
| | - A D'Elia
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - A Myers
- University of Waterloo, Canada
| | - S Marshall
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Canada
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Fields SM, Unsworth CA. Revision of the Competency Standards for Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors: An overview of the evidence for the inclusion of cognitive and perceptual assessments within fitness-to-drive evaluations. Aust Occup Ther J 2017; 64:328-339. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1630.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sally M. Fields
- Occupational Therapy; School of Health; Medical and Applied Sciences; Central Queensland University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine; Bond University; Gold Coast Queensland Australia
| | - Carolyn A. Unsworth
- Occupational Therapy; School of Health; Medical and Applied Sciences; Central Queensland University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Department of Rehabilitation; School of Health Sciences; Jönköping University; Jönköping Sweden
- Faculty of Health Sciences; Curtin University; Bentley Western Australia Australia
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Lister R. Loss of Ability to Drive following a Stroke: The Early Experiences of Three Elderly People on Discharge from Hospital. Br J Occup Ther 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/030802269906201107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A qualitative study employing a phenomenological approach was undertaken in South Australia to explore how three elderly people who had been hospitalised with stroke experienced the initial impact of the 1055 of their ability to drive following discharge. In-depth interviews were the primary form of data collection. The main themes emerging from the data were expectation of the 1055, acceptance of the loss, lack of acceptable transport alternatives, lack of control over the loss, an altered lifestyle and loss of independence. Many of the reported assumptions in the literature that loss of ability to drive has negative psychological, social and functional implications were supported by the results of this study. However, the findings from this study that the expectation of the losswas variable and that the participants felt that they lacked control over the loss had not previously been reported. The results have several implications for clinical practice, including consideration of the time at which the loss is discussed with older people and the need to prepare them for the loss. Whilst the study has produced data that shed light on the concept of loss of ability to drive, further research is needed using a larger population to check the constructs of the phenomenon.
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Cho HY, Kim K, Lee B, Jung J. The effect of neurofeedback on a brain wave and visual perception in stroke: a randomized control trial. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:673-6. [PMID: 25931705 PMCID: PMC4395689 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] This study investigated a brain wave and visual perception changes in stroke
subjects using neurofeedback (NFB) training. [Subjects] Twenty-seven stroke subjects were
randomly allocated to the NFB (n = 13) group and the control group (n=14). [Methods] Two
expert therapists provided the NFB and CON groups with traditional rehabilitation therapy
in 30 thirst-minute sessions over the course of 6 weeks. NFB training was provided only to
the NFB group. The CON group received traditional rehabilitation therapy only. Before and
after the 6-week intervention, a brain wave test and motor free visual perception test
(MVPT) were performed. [Results] Both groups showed significant differences in their
relative beta wave values and attention concentration quotients. Moreover, the NFB group
showed a significant difference in MVPT visual discrimination, form constancy, visual
memory, visual closure, spatial relation, raw score, and processing time. [Conclusion]
This study demonstrated that NFB training is more effective for increasing concentration
and visual perception changes than traditional rehabilitation. In further studies,
detailed and diverse investigations should be performed considering the number and
characteristics of subjects, and the NFB training period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwi-Young Cho
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Science, Gachon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Kitae Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Republic of Korea
| | - Byounghee Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sahmyook University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhwa Jung
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Semyung University, Republic of Korea
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Nichols AL, Classen S, McPeek R, Breiner J. Does personality predict driving performance in middle and older age? An evidence-based literature review. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2012; 13:133-143. [PMID: 22458791 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2011.644254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a literature review of the relationship between personality and driving performance among middle-aged and older adults. METHODS We searched for relevant literature using Web of Science, PsycInfo, and PubMed and consulted with experts for recently published literature not yet catalogued in those databases. Using the American Academy of Neurology's classification criteria, we extracted data from 13 studies and assigned a class (I-IV) to each study. We grouped primary studies into 3 main categories of driving assessment (behavioral assessment: comprehensive driving evaluations, alternative on-road driving evaluations, driving simulations; automobile crashes: state-recorded crashes, self-reported crashes; self-report measures: self-reported driving behaviors). In all, we synthesized the relationship between personality and driving performance for middle-aged and older adults. RESULTS To assist clinicians and researchers in future considerations of the relationship between personality and driving performance, we provide specific evidence-based recommendations for several driving assessments: on-road driving evaluations (Level B), driving simulations (Level U), state-recorded crashes (Level C), self-reported crashes (Level C), and self-reported driving behaviors (Level C). CONCLUSIONS Overall, we found evidence for personality as a reliable predictor of driving performance among older drivers. However, 2 caveats qualify our conclusions: the research considered only a limited number of personality variables and largely consisted of less valid tests of driving performance. Therefore, to truly understand the relationship between personality and driving performance, future research must consider a wider range of individual differences and employ more stringent tests and methodological designs to measure driving performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin Lee Nichols
- Euromed Management, Rue Antoine Bourdel, BP 921, 13288 Marseille Cedex 9, France.
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Cho K, Yu J, Jung J. Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Rehabilitation on Upper Extremity Function and Visual Perception in Stroke Patients: a Randomized Control Trial. J Phys Ther Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.24.1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kihun Cho
- Department of Physical Therapy, Seoul BukBu Hospital
| | - Jaeho Yu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kangwon National University
| | - Jinhwa Jung
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Semyung University
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Unsworth CA, Baker A, Taitz C, Chan SP, Pallant JF, Russell KJ, Odell M. Development of a standardised Occupational Therapy--Driver Off-Road Assessment Battery to assess older and/or functionally impaired drivers. Aust Occup Ther J 2011; 59:23-36. [PMID: 22272880 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1630.2011.00979.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research has been conducted over several years to develop a new off-road assessment battery referred to as the Occupational Therapy - Driver Off-Road Assessment Battery. This article documents the development of the Battery, and provides preliminary research evidence to support its content and predictive validity. METHODS Literature reviews and a focus group with nine driver assessor occupational therapists were undertaken, as well as data collection using the Occupational Therapy - Driver Off-Road Assessment Battery with 246 clients. A Classification and Regression Tree model was constructed to ascertain the predictive validity of the Battery, with fitness-to-drive as the outcome. RESULTS Twenty-one physical, 13 sensory and seven assessments of cognition/perception were identified as being reflective of the skills required for driving. Following rating of their psychometric properties, the best assessments were presented to focus group members. The driver assessors supported the inclusion of several assessments and encouraged the development of new assessments. A draft version of the Occupational Therapy - Driver Off-Road Assessment Battery was tested and found to have excellent predictive validity for client on-road performance of 82.6%. The Classification and Regression Tree model showed that client performance on tests included in the Battery should be used together, rather than in isolation, to support fitness-to-drive recommendations. CONCLUSION This research identified the most suitable physical, sensory and cognitive assessments to include in the Occupational Therapy - Driver Off-Road Assessment Battery, and provided support for its validity. The development of this standardised battery assists driver assessors to accurately and consistently assess and report the off-road driving capacity of clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A Unsworth
- Department of Occupational Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Krishnasamy C, Unsworth CA. Normative data, preliminary inter-rater reliability and predictive validity of the Drive Home Maze Test. Clin Rehabil 2010; 25:88-95. [PMID: 20921031 DOI: 10.1177/0269215510382846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Drive Home Maze Test has been developed as part of a clinic-based driver assessment battery. This article reports normative data and preliminary inter-rater reliability for this test together with predictive validity for a clinical sample. SUBJECTS AND SETTING 223 individuals contributed to the normative data. Of these, data from 42 clients undergoing driver assessment as part of their rehabilitation or health care plan were used to ascertain the predictive validity of the Drive Home Maze Test for on-road driving performance (Pass/ Fail). MAIN MEASURE The Drive Home Maze Test was developed for occupational therapy driver assessors to use with all older and/ or functionally impaired drivers prior to on-road testing. The test assesses a person s executive function, attention and visuoconstructive skills. RESULTS The normative data indicated that time taken and number of errors on the maze increases with age. Performance on this test was strongly indicative of driver assessment outcome using the regression model: ln(Odds of failing on road) = 5.9451 + 2.7047 (log10 time taken to complete the maze). Excellent preliminary inter-rater reliability was also found using Ordinary Least Products linear regression analysis to test for bias between two raters for time taken and number of errors on the maze, with values ranging from r = 0.858 to 0.999. CONCLUSIONS The Drive Home Maze Test provides useful information concerning a person's cognitive skills prior to undertaking an on-road assessment. Time taken to complete this test is indicative of the outcome of an on-road driver assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Krishnasamy
- School of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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Di Stefano M, Macdonald W. Australian Occupational Therapy Driver Assessors’ Opinions on Improving On-Road Driver Assessment Procedures. Am J Occup Ther 2010; 64:325-35. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.64.2.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. We collected practitioner opinions to improve the validity and reliability of the on-road driver assessment procedures used in Australia.
METHOD. We used focus groups to document the views of experienced occupational therapy driver assessors using a purposive sampling method.
RESULTS. Eight focus groups were conducted with 55 clinicians practicing in urban and rural regions. There was strong support for greater standardization of procedures for all tests. For drivers seeking unrestricted (open) licenses, use of standard routes with predetermined assessment points was important where practicable. Where use of a nonstandard route for this purpose was unavoidable, it was important to specify a minimum set of requirements related to route characteristics and assessment items.
CONCLUSION. Australian occupational therapy driver assessors support greater standardization of test routes and procedures to improve reliability and validity. However, the extent to which standardization can be achieved is limited by variable road traffic environments where assessments are conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn Di Stefano
- Marilyn Di Stefano, PhD, GradDipErg, CertErg, is Senior Lecturer, School of Occupational Therapy, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Wendy Macdonald
- Wendy Macdonald, PhD, DipPsych, is Associate Professor and Director, Centre for Ergonomics and Human Factors, La Trobe University, Victoria, Australia
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Unsworth CA, Pallant JF, Russell KJ, Germano C, Odell M. Validation of a Test of Road Law and Road Craft Knowledge With Older or Functionally Impaired Drivers. Am J Occup Ther 2010; 64:306-15. [DOI: 10.5014/ajot.64.2.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
OBJECTIVE. The number of functionally impaired drivers being assessed is increasing the urgency to develop a standardized off-road driver assessment battery. We examined the validity of the Road Law and Road Craft Test (RLRCT) and a version of the Melbourne Slide Test to determine whether they should be included in the Occupational Therapy Driver Off-Road Assessment (OT–DORA) battery, which is under development.
METHOD. We conducted a file audit of 118 data sets with individual item scores for the RLRCT and Melbourne Slide Test.
RESULTS. The RLRCT test with one item removed provides clinicians with a valid indication of clients’ off-road driving skills. The Melbourne Slide Test added no new information over that provided by the RLRCT and can be excluded from the battery.
CONCLUSION. The revised 14-item RLRCT should be included in the OT–DORA battery. Further research is required to develop the OT–DORA battery as a valid and reliable measure of off-road driver skill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Unsworth
- Carolyn A. Unsworth, PhD, OTR, AccOT, is Associate Professor, School of Occupational Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086 Australia; ; Adjunct Professor, School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University, Jönköping, Sweden; and Visiting Professor, Faculty of Health and Social Care, London South Bank University, London, England
| | - Julie F. Pallant
- Julie F. Pallant, PhD, is Associate Professor, School of Rural Health, University of Melbourne, Shepparton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kay J. Russell
- Kay J. Russell, AccOT, OTR, is Senior Occupational Therapist, Occupational Therapy, Austin Health Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carmela Germano
- Carmela Germano, MBSc, is Research Associate, School of Occupational Therapy, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Morris Odell
- Morris Odell, MBBS, FRACGP, DMJ, FFFLM, is Medical Advisor to VicRoads, Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Shechtman O, Classen S, Awadzi K, Mann W. Comparison of driving errors between on-the-road and simulated driving assessment: a validation study. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2009; 10:379-385. [PMID: 19593717 DOI: 10.1080/15389580902894989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Driving simulation provides a convenient and safe method for assessing driving behaviors. Many authors, however, agree that validation is a key component of any study that utilizes simulators to assess driving performance. The purpose of this study was to test driver response validity by discerning whether behavioral responses of drivers, as expressed by type and number of errors, are similar on the road and in the simulator. METHODS We replicated real-world intersections in our driving simulator (STISIM M500W; Systems Technology Inc.) and assessed the number and type of driving errors committed by the same 39 participants while negotiating a right and a left turn both on the road and in the simulator. RESULTS We found no significant interactions between the type of vehicle (road vs. simulator) and the type of turn (right versus left) for any of the driving errors, indicating that the same trends exist between driving errors made on the road and in the simulator and thus suggesting relative validity of the simulator. We also found no significant differences between the road and the simulator for lane maintenance, adjustment to stimuli, and visual scanning errors, indicating absolute validity for these types of errors. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest early support for external validity for our driving simulator, indicating that the results of assessing driving errors when negotiating turns in the simulator can be generalized or transferred to the road under the same testing conditions. A follow-up study with larger sample size is needed to establish whether driving performance in the simulator is predictive of driving performance on the road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orit Shechtman
- Department of Occupational Therapy and National Older Driver Research and Training Center, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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McCarthy DP. Approaches to Improving Elders' Safe Driving Abilities. PHYSICAL & OCCUPATIONAL THERAPY IN GERIATRICS 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/j148v23n02_02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Étude rétrospective d'une pratique d'évaluation de la conduite automobile en santé mentale adulte. Can J Occup Ther 2008; 75:230-7. [DOI: 10.1177/000841740807500410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Contexte. En santé mentale adulte, peu de données probantes guident la pratique de l'ergothérapeute lors de l'évaluation des capacités à conduire un véhicule. Objectif. Cet article vise à décrire une pratique d'évaluation de la conduite d'un véhicule, en santé mentale adulte. Méthodologie. Une étude rétrospective a été menée à partir de dossiers de clients suivis en ergothérapie entre 1999 et 2004 à la clinique externe de psychiatrie d'un hôpital universitaire. Résultats. Les ergothérapeutes n'utilisent pas le test sur route, mais les résultats aux épreuves suivantes distinguent les conducteurs jugés sécuritaires ou non-sécuritaires: « Tracé A » (p=0,0004), « Tracé B » (p=0,0005), « Cognitive Behavioral Driver's Inventory » (p=0.006), « Continuous Performance Test » (p=0,001). Conséquences. Les résultats à certaines épreuves métrologiques guident les recommandations de l'ergothérapeute lors de l'évaluation des capacités à conduire. Cependant, d'autres études devraient inclure la performance sur route pour une clientèle en santé mentale adulte.
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Marshall S, Man-Son-Hing M, Molnar F, Hunt L, Finestone H. An exploratory study on the predictive elements of passing on-the-road tests for disabled persons. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2005; 6:235-9. [PMID: 16087464 DOI: 10.1080/15389580590969184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Driving evaluations are performed by Occupational Therapists to evaluate drivers with disability. They include both off-road and on-road assessments. Many aspects of driving are examined during the on-road assessment. The main objective of this study is to identify the elements of the Occupational Therapy on-road driving assessment that are most predictive of the overall driving evaluation. METHODS This retrospective cohort study took place at a provincially approved Driving Assessment Program. Records of 700 participants with various disabilities who completed a driving assessment between 1995 and 2003 were reviewed. Only clients who completed the on-road assessment were included in the study. At our center, 11 driving elements comprised of 34 items were used as independent variables and rated as pass (acceptable or good) or fail (borderline or poor). Analysis was completed with descriptive statistics and use of logistic regression to identify elements that contributed most significantly to the overall driving evaluation. RESULTS A total of 628 clients completed the on-road assessment with an overall pass rate of 50%. Logistic regression modeling identified poor anticipation of road hazards, observation of environment, improper stopping position, poor visual scanning, poor knowledge of the rules of the road, and increasing age as predictive of failure for all participants. Further analysis grouped subjects according to disability to identify similarities and differences between pass/fail predictors. Both similarities and differences in predictive elements were found between cognitive and physical diagnostic groupings. Most notably, the physical diagnostic grouping showed that cognitive, not physical elements of the on-road test, predicted failure of the overall driving evaluation. CONCLUSIONS Of the 11 elements considered in the on-road evaluation, specific cognitive ones such as anticipates potential hazards, scanning, observes for pedestrians, and proper stopping position tend to contribute more to the prediction of pass or fail than others. These elements should be considered as components of on-road assessments by other Driving Assessment Programs.
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Mortenson WB, Miller WC, Boily J, Steele B, Odell L, Crawford EM, Desharnais G. Perceptions of power mobility use and safety within residential facilities. Can J Occup Ther 2005; 72:142-52. [PMID: 15988961 PMCID: PMC4039552 DOI: 10.1177/000841740507200302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Power wheelchairs enhance quality of life by enabling occupation, improving self-esteem and facilitating social interaction. Despite these benefits, the risks associated with power mobility use raise serious concerns in residential facilities. PURPOSE As there is no gold standard to assess when a client is unsafe, a two-phase study was conducted to develop client-centred guidelines for power mobility use. METHOD In the first phase of the study, presented here, 18 in-depth, qualitative interviews were conducted with a variety of stakeholders, including power mobility users, other residents, staff and family members. RESULTS A thematic analysis of the interviews revealed four main themes: 1) the meaning of power mobility, 2) learning the rules of the road, 3) red flags: concerns about safety, and 4) solutions. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Given the importance of power mobility, safety measures need to address issues of mobility and safety for power mobility drivers and those around them.
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Affiliation(s)
- William B Mortenson
- Vancouver Coastal Health Authority, Rehabilitation Services, University of British Columbia Hospital.
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Unsworth CA, Lovell RK, Terrington NS, Thomas SA. Review of tests contributing to the occupational therapy off-road driver assessment. Aust Occup Ther J 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1630.2005.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The number of older adult drivers with dementia is expected to increase over the next few decades. This increase raises public and personal safety concerns given the higher crash rates of drivers with a dementing illness. However, the identification of drivers with a dementia who may be at risk for a crash is difficult, particularly for those in the early stages of dementia. REVIEW SUMMARY Studies examining the correlation of dementia with driving outcomes such as motor vehicle crashes are reviewed. The strengths and weaknesses of recent consensus statements, published to assist clinicians in evaluating drivers with a dementia, are discussed. The authors also review common practices currently in use by physicians to identify at-risk drivers, including mental status examinations, global dementia rating scales, specialist referral, medical evaluations, and the use of caregiver reports and other proxy measures. Legal issues, based on the role of the physician, are reviewed along with suggestions for driving cessation and education for the caregiver and family. CONCLUSIONS In patients with mild to moderate dementia, the literature indicates that physicians would have difficulty in identifying which individuals should not drive. Performance-based measures of driving skills, such as on-road driving tests, are recommended as a means of assessing driving competency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie M Dobbs
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Klavora P, Heslegrave RJ, Young M. Driving skills in elderly persons with stroke: comparison of two new assessment options. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000; 81:701-5. [PMID: 10857509 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9993(00)90096-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the effectiveness of two methods of assessing off-road driving skills that claim to predict on-road driving fitness of persons with stroke. METHOD Fifty-six persons with stroke (age 44 to 82 yrs; mean, 60.2 yrs) completed the 2 off-road driving assessments along with standard clinical and on-road driving tests. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Linear stepwise regression on 4 variables of the Dynavision Performance Assessment Battery (DPAB), the Cognitive Behavioral Driver's Inventory (CBDI) variable (composite score), and the variables of age, gender, and lesion side. RESULTS A 4-minute endurance subtest from the DPAB was superior to the CBDI in predicting success/failure in the on-road driving test (75%). However, success on both the 4-minute endurance subtest from the DPAB and the CBDI tests significantly improved the prediction of on-road success. If participants passed the CBDI and the endurance test from the DPAB, they also passed the on-road assessment. CONCLUSION Driving fitness of elderly persons with stroke can be assessed with reasonable accuracy using off-road tests, minimizing the expense and risk associated with on-road assessments in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Klavora
- Faculty of Physical Education and Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Klavora P, Young M, Heslegrave RJ. A review of a major driver rehabilitation centre: a ten-year client profile. Can J Occup Ther 2000; 67:128-34. [PMID: 10829560 DOI: 10.1177/000841740006700306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Driver Rehabilitation Services at Bloorview MacMillan Centre in Toronto provide important assessment and rehabilitation services for persons with various physical, neurological, and medical disabilities. Each year, the programme sees approximately 700 to 800 clients. Since 1985, the earliest year for which records are currently available, the program has seen approximately 7300 clients. The client information filing system consists predominantly of paper reports filed alphabetically by hand. A comprehensive computer database program was implemented in 1996 to organize and analyze client-driver records more efficiently. A systematic random sample consisting of 364 records (5% of the total population) was examined to describe the characteristics of the population within five major study categories: demographics, administration, medical information, visual and perceptual abilities and driving record.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Klavora
- Psychology and Motor Learning Laboratory, School of Physical and Health Education, University of Toronto, Ontario.
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LIU LILI, MIYAZAKI MASAKO, WATSON BENJAMIN. Norms and Validity of the DriVR: A Virtual Reality Driving Assessment for Persons with Head Injuries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999; 2:53-67. [DOI: 10.1089/cpb.1999.2.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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