The Indian experience with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

Is there any benefit with pantoprazole treatment in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis?

CONTEXT

Previous studies demonstrated faster correction of metabolic derangement associated with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis with pre-operative intravenous (IV) histamine-2 receptor antagonists.

AIMS

We investigated if similar outcomes are achieved with IV pantoprazole, a proton-pump inhibitor (PPI), including the subgroup of delayed presenters in the South African setting.

SETTINGS AND DESIGN

A 5-year retrospective record review (January 2014-December 2018) compared the rate of metabolic correction in patients with hypertrophic pyloric stenosis at two tertiary centres.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

One centre routinely administers IV pantoprazole (1 mg/kg daily) preoperatively (PPI group) and the other does not (non-PPI group). Fluid administration, chloride supplementation and post-operative emesis were evaluated.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to calculate statistical significance for discrete dependent variables. Continuous variables were compared between the groups using the Student t-test. Fisher's exact contingency tables were used to classify categorical data and to assess the significance of outcome between two treatment options. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Forty-two patients received IV pantoprazole and 24 did not. The mean time of metabolic correction was 8 h shorter in the PPI group (P = 0.067). Total pre-operative chloride administration correlated to the rate of metabolic correction in both cohorts (P < 0.0001). Profound hypochloraemia (chloride <85 mmol/l) was corrected 23 h faster in the PPI group (P < 0.004). Post-operative emesis was noted: 0.45 episodes/patient in the PPI group and 0.75 episodes/patient in the non-PPI group (P = 0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Pre-operative IV pantoprazole administration showed a faster correction of metabolic derangements, and in profound hypochloraemia, the correction occurred substantially faster in the PPI group. Post-operative emesis was significantly less frequent in the PPI group.

Our experience of laparoscopic pyloromyotomy with ultrasound-guided parameters

Traditional management of infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis is open pyloromyotomy after initial adequate resuscitation of the patient. From 1991, laparoscopic approach is considered feasible and safe. Today, diagnosis of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is made most often made by ultrasound. With use of ultrasound-guided parameters (length of pyloric tumour and thickness of pyloric tumour), we could avoid ‘incomplete pyloromyotomy’ and ‘mucosal perforation’ (most common complications in laparoscopic approach) to achieve 100% adequacy and safety in laparoscopic pyloromyotomy.

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in twins

Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common surgical cause of vomiting, which requires surgery in infant. There is the complete or partial obstruction of pylorus due to hypertrophy of circular muscle of the pylorus leading gastric outlet obstruction. The occurrence of IHPS in dizygotic twins is rarer and the theory of genetic origin alone does not explain it. Recent literature points to the association of bottle feeding in singletons to be a major aetiological factor for this condition. Here, we present a rare case of dizygotic twins who were bottle-fed and were affected with IHPS. We review the literature and focus on the question of whether this condition in twins supports a genetic or environmental origin of IHPS.

Rapid correction of metabolic alkalosis in hypertrophic pyloric stenosis with intravenous cimetidine: preliminary results

PURPOSE

Pyloromyotomy has been the treatment of choice for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) for the past century. In most HPS cases, there is mild metabolic alkalosis, which requires intravenous fluid resuscitation with 5% dextrose/normal saline for 1-2 days. However, in some cases, due to a delay in diagnosis, alkalosis becomes severe and a much longer resuscitation period (5-10 days) is required to normalize serum pH. Metabolic alkalosis of HPS results from excessive vomiting of hydrochloric acid; and therefore if its production is reduced, serum pH can be normalized faster. In this study, the use of intravenous cimetidine (CM) in a small number of infants with HPS is presented.

METHODS

Over a 28-month period, 32 HPS cases, including a sub-group of 17 infants (aged 7-9 weeks) with arterial pH >7.60, were admitted to a tertiary referral unit. Four infants in this sub-group were treated with standard resuscitation fluids for 4 days prior to intravenous CM, while 12 infants received CM immediately. Intravenous CM (10 mg/kg) was given at twice daily until arterial pH was less than 7.50. In one case, intravenous omeprazole at 0.1 mg/kg was given instead of CM.

RESULTS

In all 17 cases, CM treatment or omeprazole therapy (for 12-48 h) reduced pH to less than 7.50, thus allowing for Ramstedt pyloromyotomy the same day. These patients were allowed oral feeding on the following day and were discharged at 1-3 post-operative days. No complications due to CM (or omperazole) treatment were observed.

CONCLUSION

Intravenous CM administration can rapidly normalize severe metabolic alkalosis in HPS patients. As a result, pyloromyotomy can be performed sooner reducing both hospital stay and costs.

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis in the newborn

Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is exceedingly rare in newborns as well as patients over 6 months of age. These cases likely represent outliers from the normal distribution of its clinical presentation. This is a report of pyloric stenosis in a newborn. A review of the literature is included.