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Perri M, Craig-Neil A, Gaspar M, Hunter C, Kendall C, Alexander O, Pinto AD. A qualitative study of barriers to employment experienced by people living with HIV in Toronto and Ottawa. Int J Equity Health 2021; 20:36. [PMID: 33446215 PMCID: PMC7807879 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-020-01356-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective treatment has extended the life expectancy and reduced disability in people living with HIV (PLWH). However, previous research has found 45-65% of working-age PLWH were unemployed compared to 5-10% in the general public of North America and Europe. We examined the barriers to gaining employment among PLWH. METHODS Thirty-five in-depth interviews were conducted in person or over the phone with PLWH living in Toronto or Ottawa. This included PLWH who were unemployed but actively seeking employment, as well as PLWH who had successfully gained employment through an agency that specifically supported PLWH funded by the AIDS Committee of Toronto. Interviews were conducted between February 2019 and March 2020. All interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS The majority of participants were between the ages of 40-55 and identified as male. Participants shared many common barriers when describing their attempts to attain or maintain employment. Although varying in employment status at the time of the study, consistent barriers included experiencing HIV stigma in workplaces, challenges overcoming mental health illnesses, and difficulties in navigating social assistance and unemployment insurance programs when pursuing a return to work. CONCLUSIONS PLWH face significant barriers when attempting to engage with employment opportunities. Health providers and organizations can do more to support campaigns to end HIV stigma, to support individuals in pursuing employment, and to advocate for policy change that supports reentry into the workforce for PLHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Perri
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Amy Craig-Neil
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Mark Gaspar
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada
| | - Charlotte Hunter
- Casey House, 119 Isabella St, Toronto, Ontario, M4Y 1P2, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 500 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1V7, Canada
| | - Claire Kendall
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Ottawa, 600 Peter Morand Crescent Suite 201, Ottawa, Ontario, K1G 5Z3, Canada
- C.T. Lamont Primary Health Care Research Centre, Bruyère Research Institute, 85 Primrose Ave, Ottawa, Ontario, K1R 6M1, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Montfort Hospital, 713 Montreal Rd, Ottawa, Ontario, K1K OT2, Canada
- Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, 209 Victoria St, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - Ower Alexander
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada
| | - Andrew D Pinto
- Upstream Lab, MAP/Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Unity Health Toronto, 30 Bond St, Toronto, Ontario, M5B 1W8, Canada.
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 155 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 3M7, Canada.
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 500 University Ave, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1V7, Canada.
- University of Toronto Practice-Based Research Network, 500 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, K1H 8L6, Canada.
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Oh E, Song E, Shin J. Individual Factors Affecting Self-esteem, and Relationships Among Self-esteem, Body Mass Index, and Body Image in Patients With Schizophrenia. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2017; 31:588-595. [PMID: 29179826 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were to identify correlations between body mass index, body image, and self-esteem in patients with schizophrenia and to analyse the specific factors affecting self-esteem. This study had a descriptive design, utilising a cross-sectional survey. Participants were patients with schizophrenia who were admitted to a mental health facility in South Korea. A total of 180 questionnaires were distributed, and an appropriate total sample size of 167 valid questionnaires was analysed. Self-esteem was significantly correlated with body image, the subscale of appearance orientation, and body areas satisfaction. However, body mass index exhibited no significant correlation with any variable. The variables found to have a significant explanatory power of 21.4% were appearance orientation and body areas satisfaction. The explanatory power of all factors was 33.6%. The self-esteem of patients with schizophrenia was influenced by body mass index and body image. The positive symptoms of schizophrenia can be controlled by medication, whereas negative symptoms can be improved through education and nursing care with medication. Thus, psychiatric nurses should develop education and care programs that contribute to the positive body image and self-esteem of patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- EunJung Oh
- Department of Nursing, Jeonbuk Science College, Republic of Korea
| | - EunJu Song
- Department of Nursing, Wonkwang University, Republic of Korea.
| | - JungEun Shin
- Department of Nursing, Maeumsarang Hospital, Republic of Korea
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