Norm qualities and alcoholism

Historical and cultural roots of drinking problems among American Indians

Roots of the epidemic of alcohol-related problems among many Native North Americans are sought in cultural responses to European arrival, the role of alcohol in frontier society, and colonial and postcolonial policies. Evidence from the historical record is considered within the framework of current social science. Initially, Native American's responses to alcohol were heavily influenced by the example of White frontiersmen, who drank immoderately and engaged in otherwise unacceptable behavior while drunk. Whites also deliberately pressed alcohol upon the natives because it was an immensely profitable trade good; in addition, alcohol was used as a tool of "diplomacy" in official dealings between authorities and natives. The authors argue that further research into the origins of modern indigenous people's problems with alcohol would benefit from an interdisciplinary "determinants of health" approach in which biological influences on alcohol problems are investigated in the context of the cultural, social, and economic forces that have shaped individual and group drinking patterns.

The difference context makes: Americans' views on abstinence and impairment

While it is acknowledged that social norms play a role in determining acceptable drinking levels, there has been little research on the factors that determine approved or prohibited consumption levels in particular social contexts. This paper investigates the factors that influence the choice of abstention or impairment (as compared to 'social drinking') through an analysis of the 1984 survey of American drinking patterns using logistic regression, a method that allows the separate identification of social and demographic factors that encourage abstention or impairment. Results show that although the effects of drinking status variables (such as lifelong abstainer) are contextually neutral, most social and demographic characteristics have differential effects depending on the specific context and the choice of abstention or impairment.