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Mendoza-Cedeno S, Embabi M, Chang E, Kweon MS, Shivokhin M, Pehlert G, Lee P. Influence of molecular weight on high- and low-expansion foam injection molding using linear polypropylene. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Chemical Recycling of High-Molecular-Weight Organosilicon Compounds in Supercritical Fluids. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235170. [PMID: 36501564 PMCID: PMC9738714 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The main known patterns of thermal and/or catalytic destruction of high-molecular-weight organosilicon compounds are considered from the viewpoint of the prospects for processing their wastes. The advantages of using supercritical fluids in plastic recycling are outlined. They are related to a high diffusion rate, efficient extraction of degradation products, the dependence of solvent properties on pressure and temperature, etc. A promising area for further research is described concerning the application of supercritical fluids for processing the wastes of organosilicon macromolecular compounds.
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Azdast T, Hasanzadeh R. Increasing cell density/decreasing cell size to produce microcellular and nanocellular thermoplastic foams: A review. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20959301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays, polymeric foams have attracted particular attention in scientific and industrial societies due to their unique properties, such as high strength to weight ratio, excellent thermal and sound insulation, and low cost. Researchers have shown that the extraordinary properties of polymeric foams such as superior thermal insulation, can be achieved by increasing the cell density/decreasing the cell size. In this regard, firstly, the most important foaming processes, i.e. batch, extrusion, and injection molding are studied in the present research. Then, cell nucleation stage as the most crucial phenomenon for achieving high cell density/small cell size is investigated in detail. In the next step, the most important researches in the field of polymeric foams are introduced in which the largest cell densities/smallest cell sizes have been achieved. The investigations show that the most remarkable results (highest cell densities/smallest cell sizes) belong to the batch process. Also, the use of nucleating agents, increasing the solubility of blowing agent into the polymer, and the use of nanoparticles are the most efficient solutions to achieve microcellular and nanocellular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Azdast
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rezgar Hasanzadeh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Dutta A, Ghosh AK. Morphological and rheological footprints corroborating optimum foam processability of PP/ethylene acrylic elastomer blend. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anindya Dutta
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi 110016 India
| | - Anup K. Ghosh
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi 110016 India
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Depeng L, Chixiang L, Xiulei J, Tao L, Ling Z. Synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3 on foamability and flame-retardant property of polypropylene composites foams. J CELL PLAST 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x17720157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3 on foamability and flame retardant property of polypropylene composites and their foams were carefully investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the intumescent flame retardant played a plasticizing effect on the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant composites and accelerated the crystallization rate. The rheological properties and supercritical CO2-assisted molding foaming behaviors of the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant/nano-CaCO3 composites showed that the nano-CaCO3 could enhance their foamability. Scanning electron microscopy pictures and mechanical properties of the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant composites foams indicated that the agglomeration of intumescent flame retardant would reduce the cell uniformity and even cause the cell collapse. Furthermore, the stress concentration, caused by the agglomeration, could reduce the mechanical properties of the PP composites foams. The synergistic effect of the nano-CaCO3 could improve the cell uniformity and reduce the stress concentration so that the mechanical properties of the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant /nano-CaCO3 composites foams were improved. Moreover, the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant/nano-CaCO3 composites foams had the higher limit oxygen index values than the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant foams. TGA results also showed that the nano-CaCO3 could improve the thermal stability of the polypropylene composites foams by forming compact carbon layer. The experimental results indicated that the foamability of the polypropylene composites and the flame-retardant property of their foams could be improved by the synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Depeng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Li Chixiang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Xiulei
- Zhejiang Hengtai New Materials Co., Ltd, Jiaxing, P. R. China
| | - Liu Tao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Ling
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P. R. China
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Mohebbi A, Mighri F, Ajji A, Rodrigue D. Current Issues and Challenges in Polypropylene Foaming: A Review. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931503400602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic foams have several advantages in comparison with unfoamed polymers such as lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, excellent insulation property, high thermal stability, high impact strength and toughness, as well as high fatigue life. These outstanding properties lead cellular plastics to various industrial applications in packaging, automotive parts, absorbents, and sporting equipment. Nowadays, polypropylene (PP), because of its outstanding characteristics such as low material cost, high service temperature, high melting point, high tensile modulus, low density, and excellent chemical resistance, is a major resin in the foaming industry. However, foaming of conventional PP is limited by its low melt strength leading to poor cell morphology, cell rupture/coalescence and limited density reduction. To improve PP melt strength, several strategies including particle addition as nucleating agent, introduction of long chain branching, blending with high melt strength polymers and crosslinking have been proposed. In this review, these issues are discussed and analyzed in terms of mechanical, thermal, and rheological characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mohebbi
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Frej Mighri
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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Li R, Zeng D, Pan Q, Fang T. Response surface optimization for producing microcellular polymethyl methacrylate foam using supercritical CO2. J CELL PLAST 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x14566206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A regression model constructed by response surface methodology was employed to optimize the relationships between the cell density of microcellular polymethyl methacrylate foam and three independent variables: foaming pressure, temperature, and time. A Box–Behnken Design statistical approach was employed to fit the available response data to a second-order polynomial response surface model. The analysis of variance of the model indicated that the interactions between the foaming pressure and temperature, and that between the foaming temperature and the saturation time, both positively affect the cell density. Experimental verification of the predicted optimum conditions of foaming pressure = 21 MPa, foaming temperature = 313 K, and saturation time = 6.9 h gave an actual maximum cell density of 20.86 × 109 cells/cm3, which is close to the data predicted by the regression model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruosong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qi Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tao Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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Formela M, Haponiuk J, Jasinska-Walc L, Formela K. Compatibilization of Polymeric Composition Filled with Ground Tire Rubber – Short Review. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht08.04.445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Sivaraos, Yap T, Qumrul, Amran M, Anand T, Izamshah R, Aziz A. Friction Performance Analysis of Waste Tire Rubber Powder Reinforced Polypropylene Using Pin-On-Disk Tribometer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.12.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ouyang C, Gao Q, Shi Y, Shan X. Compatibilizer in waste tire powder and low-density polyethylene blends and the blends modified asphalt. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhai W, Park CB. Effect of nanoclay addition on the foaming behavior of linear polypropylene-based soft thermoplastic polyolefin foam blown in continuous extrusion. POLYM ENG SCI 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.22011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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