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Alonso-Fernández I, Haugen HJ, Nogueira LP, López-Álvarez M, González P, López-Peña M, González-Cantalapiedra A, Muñoz-Guzón F. Enhanced Bone Healing in Critical-Sized Rabbit Femoral Defects: Impact of Helical and Alternate Scaffold Architectures. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1243. [PMID: 38732711 PMCID: PMC11085737 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the effect of scaffold architecture on bone regeneration, focusing on 3D-printed polylactic acid-bioceramic calcium phosphate (PLA-bioCaP) composite scaffolds in rabbit femoral condyle critical defects. We explored two distinct scaffold designs to assess their influence on bone healing and scaffold performance. Structures with alternate (0°/90°) and helical (0°/45°/90°/135°/180°) laydown patterns were manufactured with a 3D printer using a fused deposition modeling technique. The scaffolds were meticulously characterized for pore size, strut thickness, porosity, pore accessibility, and mechanical properties. The in vivo efficacy of these scaffolds was evaluated using a femoral condyle critical defect model in eight skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits. Then, the results were analyzed micro-tomographically, histologically, and histomorphometrically. Our findings indicate that both scaffold architectures are biocompatible and support bone formation. The helical scaffolds, characterized by larger pore sizes and higher porosity, demonstrated significantly greater bone regeneration than the alternate structures. However, their lower mechanical strength presented limitations for use in load-bearing sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Alonso-Fernández
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (M.L.-P.); (A.G.-C.); (F.M.-G.)
| | - Håvard Jostein Haugen
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (H.J.H.); (L.P.N.)
| | - Liebert Parreiras Nogueira
- Department of Biomaterials, Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, 0317 Oslo, Norway; (H.J.H.); (L.P.N.)
| | - Miriam López-Álvarez
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías, Energía y Procesos Industriales (CINTECX), Universidade de Vigo, Grupo de Novos Materiais, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.L.-Á.); (P.G.)
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pío González
- Centro de Investigación en Tecnologías, Energía y Procesos Industriales (CINTECX), Universidade de Vigo, Grupo de Novos Materiais, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.L.-Á.); (P.G.)
- Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mónica López-Peña
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (M.L.-P.); (A.G.-C.); (F.M.-G.)
| | - Antonio González-Cantalapiedra
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (M.L.-P.); (A.G.-C.); (F.M.-G.)
| | - Fernando Muñoz-Guzón
- Anatomy, Animal Production and Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, Veterinary Faculty, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario s/n, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (M.L.-P.); (A.G.-C.); (F.M.-G.)
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2
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Hasanzadeh R, Azdast T, Mojaver M, Darvishi MM, Park CB. Cost-effective and reproducible technologies for fabrication of tissue engineered scaffolds: The state-of-the-art and future perspectives. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junjie Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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4
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3D printing of silk microparticle reinforced polycaprolactone scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111433. [PMID: 33255027 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds have been widely investigated for tissue engineering applications, however, they exhibit poor cell adhesion and mechanical properties. Subsequently, PCL composites have been produced to improve the material properties. This study utilises a natural material, Bombyx mori silk microparticles (SMP) prepared by milling silk fibre, to produce a composite to enhance the scaffolds properties. Silk is biocompatible and biodegradable with excellent mechanical properties. However, there are no studies using SMPs as a reinforcing agent in a 3D printed thermoplastic polymer scaffold. PCL/SMP (10, 20, 30 wt%) composites were prepared by melt blending. Rheological analysis showed that SMP loading increased the shear thinning and storage modulus of the material. Scaffolds were fabricated using a screw-assisted extrusion-based additive manufacturing system. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray microtomography was used to determine scaffold morphology. The scaffolds had high interconnectivity with regular printed fibres and pore morphologies within the designed parameters. Compressive mechanical testing showed that the addition of SMP significantly improved the compressive Young's modulus of the scaffolds. The scaffolds were more hydrophobic with the inclusion of SMP which was linked to a decrease in total protein adsorption. Cell behaviour was assessed using human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells. A cytotoxic effect was observed at higher particle loading (30 wt%) after 7 days of culture. By day 21, 10 wt% loading showed significantly higher cell metabolic activity and proliferation, high cell viability, and cell migration throughout the scaffold. Calcium mineral deposition was observed on the scaffolds during cell culture. Large calcium mineral deposits were observed at 30 wt% and smaller calcium deposits were observed at 10 wt%. This study demonstrates that SMPs incorporated into a PCL scaffold provided effective mechanical reinforcement, improved the rate of degradation, and increased cell proliferation, demonstrating potential suitability for bone tissue engineering applications.
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5
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Shabani A, Fathi A, Erlwein S, Altstädt V. Thermoplastic polyurethane foams: From autoclave batch foaming to bead foam extrusion. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20912201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Two ester-based and one ether-based thermoplastic polyurethane grades have been used to produce thermoplastic polyurethane foams. The foaming process comprised pressure-induced batch foaming, foam extrusion, and bead foam extrusion by using an underwater granulator. Foam density and morphological properties, such as cell size, cell size distribution, and cell density, were measured through different analytical methods. Through autoclave batch foaming a minimum cell size of 10 µm and density of 202 kg/m3 is obtained, which is lower than the densities previously reported in the literature for thermoplastic polyurethane. Extrusion foaming however could not achieve the same range of foam expansion given that the lowest density achieved is 635 kg/m3 and a minimum cell size equal to 46 µm. The production of thermoplastic polyurethane bead foams is also reported for the first time. The minimum density of the obtained foamed beads is 306 kg/m3 and the lowest cell size is 55 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Shabani
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Amir Fathi
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sebastian Erlwein
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- CONSTAB Polyolefin Additives GmbH, Rüthen, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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6
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Yang Z, Hu D, Liu T, Xu Z, Zhao L. Strategy for preparation of microcellular rigid polyurethane foams with uniform fine cells and high expansion ratio using supercritical CO2 as blowing agent. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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7
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Foaming window for preparation of microcellular rigid polyurethanes using supercritical carbon dioxide as blowing agent. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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8
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Ahmed MF, Li Y, Yao Z, Cao K, Zeng C. TPU/PLA blend foams: Enhanced foamability, structural stability, and implications for shape memory foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Faisal Ahmed
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering; FAMU-FSU College of Engineering; Tallahassee Florida 32310
| | - Yan Li
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering; FAMU-FSU College of Engineering; Tallahassee Florida 32310
- High-Performance Materials Institute; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida 32310
| | - Zhen Yao
- Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Cao
- Institute of Polymerization and Polymer Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Changchun Zeng
- Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering; FAMU-FSU College of Engineering; Tallahassee Florida 32310
- High-Performance Materials Institute; Florida State University; Tallahassee Florida 32310
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9
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Different approaches for creating nanocellular TPU foams by supercritical CO2 foaming. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1419-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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10
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Microcellular nanocomposites based on millable polyurethane and nano-silica by two-step curing and solid-state supercritical CO 2 foaming: Preparation, high-pressure viscoelasticity and mechanical properties. J Supercrit Fluids 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Lee JK, Yao SX, Li G, Jun MBG, Lee PC. Measurement Methods for Solubility and Diffusivity of Gases and Supercritical Fluids in Polymers and Its Applications. POLYM REV 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2017.1329209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason K. Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Selina X. Yao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | - Martin B. G. Jun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Patrick C. Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
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12
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Chu CC, Yeh SK, Peng SP, Kang TW, Guo WJ, Yang J. Preparation of microporous thermoplastic polyurethane by low-temperature supercritical CO2 foaming. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x16639034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic polyurethane possesses many special characteristics. Its flexibility, rigidity, and elasticity can be adjusted by controlling the ratio of soft segments to hard segments. Due to its versatile physical properties, thermoplastic polyurethane is commonly used in transportation, construction, and biomaterials. However, methods for thermoplastic polyurethane foam production using CO2 are still under investigation. We have previously prepared nanoporous thermoplastic polyurethane foam using commercially available thermoplastic polyurethane; however, in this study, thermoplastic polyurethane was synthesized using 4,4′-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate), poly(propylene glycol) and 1,4-butanediol, without solvents, using a pre-polymer method. The properties of the synthesized thermoplastic polyurethane were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, and their mechanical properties were measured. The synthesized thermoplastic polyurethane was foamed by batch foaming using supercritical CO2 as the blowing agent. The effect of saturation temperature and saturation time on the cell morphology of the thermoplastic polyurethane foam was examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Chia Chu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
- Material and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Shu-Kai Yeh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Sheng-Ping Peng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ting-Wei Kang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Wen-Jeng Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Jintao Yang
- College of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P R China
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13
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Ding Y, Ying S. Cell Structure, Density and Impact Strength of Cellulose Acetate Foamed with Supercritical Carbon Dioxide. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931503400603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigated the effects of processing conditions on the cell structure, density and impact strength of cellulose acetate (CA) foamed with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2). The scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that there is the open-cell structure obviously when the foaming temperature exceeds 210°C, and the increasing foaming temperature improves the amount of open cells. The diameters of external cells range from 0.50 μm to 0.85 μm, and the diameters of internal cells are around 0.20 μm. The presence of cosolvents is beneficial to form open-cell structure, which is ascribed to more amount of CO2 dissolved into the CA matrix. Densities of foamed CA are measured with the method of volumetric flask, and the density ranges between 0.69 g·cm-3 and 1.02 g·cm-3, which are lower than that of the original sample (1.27 g·cm-3). The density decreases with increasing the saturation temperature, the saturation time or the foaming temperature. And densities with ethanol are much lower than those with acetone. Both of the impact strengths and specific impact strengths of foamed CA, higher than those of the original sample, increase firstly and decrease subsequently with increasing the foaming temperature. The impact strength of CA foaming at 230°C is 1.4 times higher than that of the original sample, and the specific impact strength increases by 84%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Ding
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Sanjiu Ying
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
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14
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Mi HY, Jing X, Turng LS. Fabrication of porous synthetic polymer scaffolds for tissue engineering. J CELL PLAST 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x14531002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering provides a novel and promising approach to replace damaged tissue with an artificial substitute. Porous synthetic biodegradable polymers are the preferred materials for this substitution due to their microstructure, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and low cost. As a crucial element in tissue engineering, a scaffold acts as an artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) and provides support for cell migration, differentiation, and reproduction. The fabrication of viable scaffolds, however, has been a challenge in both clinical and academic settings. Methods such as solvent casting/particle leaching, thermally induced phase separation (TIPS), electrospinning, gas foaming, and rapid prototyping (additive manufacturing) have been developed or introduced for scaffold fabrication. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this review, the commonly used synthetic polymer scaffold fabrication methods will be introduced and discussed in detail, and recent progress regarding scaffold fabrication—such as combining different scaffold fabrication methods, combining various materials, and improving current scaffold fabrication methods—will be reviewed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Mi
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI , USA
| | - Xin Jing
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI , USA
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI , USA
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15
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Xi Z, Sha X, Liu T, Zhao L. Microcellular injection molding of polypropylene and glass fiber composites with supercritical nitrogen. J CELL PLAST 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x14528931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microcellular injection molding of polypropylene and glass fiber composites (PP-1684/GF-950) was performed using supercritical nitrogen as the physical blowing agent. Based on design of experiment matrices, the influences of glass fiber content and operating conditions on cell structure, glass fiber orientation and mechanical properties of molded samples were studied systematically. The results showed the cell morphology and glass fiber orientation of foaming parts were definitely influenced by the cooling and shear effects. The mechanical properties of foamed polypropylene–glass fiber composites could be effectively enhanced by improving the cell morphology, dispersion state and orientation of the glass fiber at optimal weight percentage [Formula: see text]. And the optimal conditions for injection molding were obtained by analyzing the signal-to-noise ratio analysis of the mechanical properties of the molded samples, which were a shot size of 36 mm, a supercritical N2 weight percentage of 0.4%, an injection speed of 60%, a melt temperature of 190℃ and a mold temperature of 70℃. The molded specimens of polypropylene–glass fiber composites, produced under those optimal conditions, exhibited very uniform fiber dispersion and microcellular structures with an average cell size less than 30 µm. And the mechanical properties normalized by weight ratio of the microcellular samples were increased significantly, especially the impact strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhao Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinyi Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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16
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Mi HY, Jing X, Salick MR, Peng XF, Turng LS. A novel thermoplastic polyurethane scaffold fabrication method based on injection foaming with water and supercritical carbon dioxide as coblowing agents. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Mi
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
- Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53715
| | - Xin Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
- Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53715
| | - Max R. Salick
- Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53715
- Department of Engineering Physics; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
| | - Xiang-Fang Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53706
- Wisconsin Institutes for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison WI 53715
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17
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Guo W, Mao H, Li B, Guo X. Influence of Processing Parameters on Molding Process in Microcellular Injection Molding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Mi HY, Salick MR, Jing X, Jacques BR, Crone WC, Peng XF, Turng LS. Characterization of thermoplastic polyurethane/polylactic acid (TPU/PLA) tissue engineering scaffolds fabricated by microcellular injection molding. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:4767-76. [PMID: 24094186 PMCID: PMC4554542 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) are two kinds of biocompatible and biodegradable polymers that can be used in biomedical applications. PLA has rigid mechanical properties while TPU possesses flexible mechanical properties. Blended TPU/PLA tissue engineering scaffolds at different ratios for tunable properties were fabricated via twin screw extrusion and microcellular injection molding techniques for the first time. Multiple test methods were used to characterize these materials. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed the existence of the two components in the blends; differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) confirmed the immiscibility between the TPU and PLA. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images verified that, at the composition ratios studied, PLA was dispersed as spheres or islands inside the TPU matrix and that this phase morphology further influenced the scaffold's microstructure and surface roughness. The blends exhibited a large range of mechanical properties that covered several human tissue requirements. 3T3 fibroblast cell culture showed that the scaffolds supported cell proliferation and migration properly. Most importantly, this study demonstrated the feasibility of mass producing biocompatible PLA/TPU scaffolds with tunable microstructures, surface roughnesses, and mechanical properties that have the potential to be used as artificial scaffolds in multiple tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Mi
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
| | - Max R. Salick
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xin Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Wendy C. Crone
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
| | - Xiang-Fang Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin–Madison, WI, USA
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19
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Mi HY, Jing X, Salick MR, Crone WC, Peng XF, Turng LS. Approach to Fabricating Thermoplastic Polyurethane Blends and Foams with Tunable Properties by Twin-Screw Extrusion and Microcellular Injection Molding. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yang Mi
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison; Wisconsin 53706
| | - Xin Jing
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison; Wisconsin 53706
| | - Max R. Salick
- Department of Engineering Physics; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison; Wisconsin 53706
| | - Wendy C. Crone
- Department of Engineering Physics; University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison; Wisconsin 53706
| | - Xiang-Fang Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Lih-Sheng Turng
- National Engineering Research Center of Novel Equipment for Polymer Processing; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
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20
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Huang HX, Tian JD, Guan WS. Microcellular injection-compression molding (micm): A novel technology for effectively improving cellular structure of polystyrene foams. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Xiong Huang
- Lab for Micro Molding and Polymer Rheology; the Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Dong Tian
- Lab for Micro Molding and Polymer Rheology; the Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Sheng Guan
- Lab for Micro Molding and Polymer Rheology; the Key Laboratory of Polymer Processing Engineering of the Ministry of Education; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
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