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Martinez S, Garcia-Romeu A, Perez F, Jones JD. Resilience Phenotypes and Psychological Functioning among Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 59:41-49. [PMID: 37752751 PMCID: PMC10829514 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2259450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a heterogeneous disorder. However, there is a lack of deep phenotyping investigations focusing on important psychological constructs such as resilience that may impact OUD. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between trait resilience and the five-factor model of personality (FFM) among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD). We also explored whether the FFM and trait resilience form specific phenotypes associated with psychological functioning. METHODS This secondary analysis of an epigenetic study included participants of African ancestry (n = 72), an understudied population, who met DSM-5 criteria for OUD. Participants completed measures to assess personality traits, trait resilience, current and previous drug use, and psychological functioning (depression, anxiety, and stress). RESULTS Linear regression revealed a significant relationship between resilience (CD-RISC-25 score) and the FFM, R2 = 0.56, F(5,62) = 15.7, p<.001. Further, a two-cluster classification emerged as the optimal solution from the cluster analysis. Cluster 1 (n = 33, 45.8% of the sample) showed lower resilience (CD-RISC-25 score: M = 58.6, SD = 11.2) compared to Cluster 2 (n = 35, 48.6%; CD-RISC-25 score: M = 76.1, SD = 11.9). The "High-Resilience Cluster" (Cluster 2) was characterized by higher FFM traits of: Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness, and lower Neuroticism versus Cluster 1. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed statistically significant differences between the two resilience clusters concerning other psychological symptoms, Λ = 0.732, F(4, 50) = 7.05, p < 0.003. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest associations between the FFM and trait resilience among individuals with OUD. Two distinct "resilience phenotypes" emerged, with high-resilience individuals displaying less stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Results highlight the clinical importance of resilience as a potential target for intervention in people with OUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suky Martinez
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Albert Garcia-Romeu
- Behavioral Pharmacology Research Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Freymon Perez
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jermaine D. Jones
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons and New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Allik J, Realo A, McCrae RR. Conceptual and methodological issues in the study of the personality-and-culture relationship. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1077851. [PMID: 37057156 PMCID: PMC10088870 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1077851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Culture-and-personality studies were central to social science in the early 20th century and have recently been revived (as personality-and-culture studies) by trait and cross-cultural psychologists. In this article we comment on conceptual issues, including the nature of traits and the nature of the personality-and-culture relationship, and we describe methodological challenges in understanding associations between features of culture and aspects of personality. We give an overview of research hypothesizing the shaping of personality traits by culture, reviewing studies of indigenous traits, acculturation and sojourner effects, birth cohorts, social role changes, and ideological interventions. We also consider the possibility that aggregate traits affect culture, through psychological means and gene flow. In all these cases we highlight alternative explanations and the need for designs and analyses that strengthen the interpretation of observations. We offer a set of testable hypotheses based on the premises that personality is adequately described by Five-Factor Theory, and that observed differences in aggregate personality traits across cultures are veridical. It is clear that culture has dramatic effects on the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from which we infer traits, but it is not yet clear whether, how, and in what degree culture shapes traits themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jüri Allik
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- *Correspondence: Jüri Allik,
| | - Anu Realo
- Institute of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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3
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Rockers PC, Zuilkowski SS, Fink G. Childhood adversity and educational attainment: Evidence from Zambia on the role of personality. Front Psychol 2023; 14:995343. [PMID: 36777195 PMCID: PMC9912843 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.995343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We examine whether personality traits mediate the association between childhood adversity and educational attainment using longitudinal data from a cohort in Zambia. Methods We fit a structural equation model using data on three forms of childhood adversity-household poverty, stunting as a measure of chronic malnutrition, and death of a parent-and data on the "Big Five" personality traits and educational attainment assessed at 15 years of age. Results We find that childhood poverty and death of a parent are associated with lower openness to experience. Furthermore, openness to experience mediates 93% of the negative association between death of a parent and school enrollment and 19% of the negative association between childhood poverty and enrollment. Discussion Our findings reinforce a diverse and growing body of evidence linking childhood adversity to educational attainment while also placing it in a new light. Future work should continue to examine the biological and psychosocial pathways that determine openness to experience and other personality traits, as well as their role in shaping important life outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C. Rockers
- Department of Global Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Peter C. Rockers, ✉
| | - Stephanie Simmons Zuilkowski
- Department of Educational Leadership and Policy Studies, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Günther Fink
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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4
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Feeling Capable in an Ubuntu Way: Kenyan Comprehensions of Control Beliefs Compared with the German Perspective. OPEN PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psych-2022-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In Western personnel psychology, control beliefs are a valued predictor for work-related outcomes. Yet, little is known about the culture-specific functioning of control in East Africa. Kenya, as an Ubuntu culture, is examined regarding control beliefs and contrasted with a German sample considered to represent an individualistic or Western culture. Responses to N=143 quantitative personality tests were attended with qualitative interviews on control beliefs (self-concept of ability, internality, powerful others, and chance). Content validity and factor structure of control beliefs were analyzed, followed by a Procrustean target rotation. Linear regression analyses were conducted to assess the predictability of job performance, achievement motivation, and well-being. Item comprehension, as well as factor structure of the four control aspects, differ between the two samples. In particular, the ‘powerful others’ control aspect diverges the most between the cultures. Linear regression analyses showed comparable, but not fully congruent predictability. Results indicate that an uncritical transfer of the control beliefs measure from one culture to another is inappropriate. Results fit in the picture of African Ubuntu philosophy, emphasizing social-relational aspects shaping control beliefs. More emic-etic based research is demanded concerning intra- and intercultural variability of control beliefs to depict a transcultural applicable and invariant model.
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Galperin BL, Punnett BJ, Ford D, Lituchy TR. An emic-etic-emic research cycle for understanding context in under-researched countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CROSS CULTURAL MANAGEMENT 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/14705958221075534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Given the importance of understanding the context of management issues in the world, this article discusses the role of both emic (developing culture-specific concepts) and etic (applying concepts across cultures) research in the international management literature. This paper proposes a more comprehensive mixed methods research cycle that can provide researchers with a deeper understanding of the context in under-researched countries. Using a decolonial lens, this theoretical paper proposes that an emic-etic-emic cycle is the best way to disaggregate contextual issues in organizational research, particularly when dealing with human issues in management. By examining a research project on leadership in Africa and the African diaspora from decolonial perspective, our proposed emic-etic-emic cycle (1) stresses the importance of using an emic approach in addition to the dominant etic approach in cross-cultural management; (2) provides researchers with a deeper understanding of context in under-researched countries; and (3) contributes to decolonial approaches to management, which call for a symmetrical dialogue across borders which decentralizes the dominant Western approach, and provides a deeper understanding of management from an indigenous and local perspective. Contextualizing research using the emic-etic-emic cycle can enhance rigor and relevance of the research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bella L Galperin
- John H. Sykes College of Business, The University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Betty Jane Punnett
- Department of Management Studies, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill, Barbados
| | - David Ford
- Naveen Jindal School of Management, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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Achaa-Amankwaa P, Olaru G, Schroeders U. Coffee or tea? Examining cross-cultural differences in personality nuances across former colonies of the British Empire. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0890207020962327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cross-cultural comparisons often focus on differences in broad personality traits across countries. However, many cross-cultural studies report differential item functioning which suggests that considerable group differences are not accounted for by the overarching personality factors. We argue that this may reflect cross-cultural personality differences at a lower level of personality, namely personality nuances. To investigate the degree of cultural similarities and differences between participants of 10 English speaking countries (of which nine formerly belonged to the British Empire), we scrutinized participants’ personality scores on the domain, facet, and nuance level of the personality hierarchy. More specifically, we used the responses of 9110 participants on the IPIP-NEO 300-item personality inventory in cross-validated and regularized logistic regressions. Based on the trait domain and facet scores, we were able to identify the country of residence for 60% and 73% of the participants, respectively. By using the nuance level of personality, we correctly identified the nationality of 89% of the participants. This pattern of results explains the lack of measurement invariance in cross-cultural studies. We discuss implications for cross-cultural personality research and whether the high degree of cross-cultural item-level differences compromises the universality of the personality structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriel Olaru
- Institute of Psychology, University of Kassel, Germany
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Netherlands
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Lui PP, Samuel DB, Rollock D, Leong FTL, Chang EC. Measurement Invariance of the Five Factor Model of Personality: Facet-Level Analyses Among Euro and Asian Americans. Assessment 2019; 27:887-902. [PMID: 31535567 DOI: 10.1177/1073191119873978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Relative to broad Big Five domains, personality facets provide incremental value in predicting life outcomes. Valid between-group comparisons of means and correlates of facet scores are contingent upon measurement invariance of personality measures. Research on culture and Big Five personality has been largely limited to cross-national comparisons of domains, without assessing measurement invariance across ethnoracial groups within the same country. Using the NEO Inventories, we tested facet-level measurement invariance between Euro (N = 418, 63.2% women, Mage = 18.43) and Asian Americans (N = 429, 56.6% women, Mage = 18.00). Multigroup exploratory factor analysis within a confirmatory factor analysis framework showed partial strong invariance. Assertiveness and activity did not load onto extraversion as strongly for Asian Americans. Self-consciousness showed a stronger cross-loading onto extraversion among Asian Americans than Euro Americans. Achievement striving, competence, warmth, tender-mindedness, and excitement seeking showed noninvariant intercepts across groups. Collectivistic values emphasizing interpersonal harmony and modesty should be considered when examining narrow and broad traits among Asian Americans.
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8
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Kunnel John R, Xavier B, Waldmeier A, Meyer A, Gaab J. Psychometric Evaluation of the BFI-10 and the NEO-FFI-3 in Indian Adolescents. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1057. [PMID: 31143151 PMCID: PMC6520757 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Five-Factor Model (FFM) is one of the most commonly examined constructs of personality across cultures in recent times. However, there is a lacuna of evidence for the suitability of FFM measures for Indian adolescent school students below the age of 17 years. We carried out two independent studies for the psychometric evaluation of the measures BFI-10 and NEO-FFI-3 on Indian adolescent school students. Both studies examined two socio-culturally distinct linguistic groups of secondary and senior secondary school students with a total sample of N = 1117 students. There was very limited support for a five-factor solution in both cases. Model fit was poor when applying FFM measures to our samples, whether applying confirmatory factor analysis or exploratory structural equation models. The results provide evidence against using adult personality measures with adolescents without separate psychometric validation and applying the Western age norms to Indian students without considering that the process of personality consolidation during adolescence may not be identical across cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshin Kunnel John
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Boby Xavier
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anja Waldmeier
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Meyer
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Epidemiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Gaab
- Division of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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9
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Aluja A, Rossier J, Oumar B, García LF, Bellaj T, Ostendorf F, Ruch W, Wang W, Kövi Z, Ścigała D, Čekrlija Đ, Stivers AW, Di Blas L, Valdivia M, Ben Jemaa S, Atitsogbe KA, Hansenne M, Glicksohn J. Multicultural Validation of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire Shortened Form (ZKA-PQ/SF) Across 18 Countries. Assessment 2019; 27:728-748. [PMID: 30880424 DOI: 10.1177/1073191119831770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-Aluja Personality Questionnaire shortened form (ZKA-PQ/SF) in 18 cultures and 13 languages of different African, American, Asian, and European cultures and languages. The results showed that the five-factor structure with 20 facets replicated well across cultures with a total congruence coefficient of .97. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) resulted in adequate fit indices for the five factors based on the comparative fit index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis index (TLI; >.90), and RMSEA (.031-.081). A series of CFA to assess measurement invariance across cultures resulted in adequate CFIs and TLIs for configural and metric invariance. However, factors did not show scalar invariance. Alpha internal consistencies of five factors ranged between .77 (Sensation Seeking) and .86 (Neuroticism). The average alpha of the 20 facets was .64 with a range from .43 (SS4) to .75 (AG1). Nevertheless, alpha reliabilities were lower in some facets and cultures, especially for Senegal and Togo. The average percentage of the variance explained based on the adjusted R2 was 2.9%, 1.7%, and 5.1% for age, sex, and, cultures, respectively. Finally, multidimensional scaling suggested that geographically or culturally close cultures share mean profile similarities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wei Wang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | | | | | - Đorđe Čekrlija
- University of Banja Luka, Banja Luka, Bosnia-Herzegovina
| | | | | | | | | | - Kokou A Atitsogbe
- University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,University of Lomé, Lomé, Togo
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10
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Hřebíčková M, Mõttus R, Graf S, Jelínek M, Realo A. How Accurate Are National Stereotypes? A Test of Different Methodological Approaches. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/per.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We compared different methodological approaches in research on the accuracy of national stereotypes that use aggregated mean scores of real people's personality traits as criteria for stereotype accuracy. Our sample comprised 16,713 participants from the Central Europe and 1,090 participants from the Baltic Sea region. Participants rated national stereotypes of their own country using the National Character Survey (NCS) and their personality traits using either the Revised NEO Personality Inventory or the NCS. We examined the effects of different (i) methods for rating of real people (Revised NEO Personality Inventory vs. NCS) and national stereotypes (NCS); (ii) norms for converting raw scores into T–scores (Russian vs. international norms); and (iii) correlation techniques (intraclass correlations vs. Pearson correlations vs. rank–order correlations) on the resulting agreement between the ratings of national stereotypes and real people. We showed that the accuracy of national stereotypes depended on the employed methodology. The accuracy was the highest when ratings of real people and national stereotypes were made using the same method and when rank order correlations were used to estimate the agreement between national stereotypes and personality profiles of real people. We propose a new statistical procedure for determining national stereotype accuracy that overcomes limitations of past studies. We provide methodological recommendations applicable to a wider range of cross national stereotype accuracy studies. Copyright © 2018 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René Mõttus
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
- Institute of Psychology, University of Bern
| | - Martin Jelínek
- Institute of Psychology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, UK
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11
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Allik J, Hřebíčková M, Realo A. Unusual Configurations of Personality Traits Indicate Multiple Patterns of Their Coalescence. Front Psychol 2018; 9:187. [PMID: 29515499 PMCID: PMC5826212 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the Five Factor Model (FFM) is a satisfactory description of the pattern of covariations among personality traits, which supposedly fits, more or less adequately, every individual. As an amendment to the FFM, we propose that the customary five-factor structure is only a near-universal, because it does not fit all individuals but only a large majority of them. Evidences reveal a small minority of participants who have an unusual configuration of personality traits, which is clearly recognizable, both in self- and observer-ratings. We identified three types of atypical configurations of personality traits, characterized mainly by a scatter of subscale scores within each of the FFM factors. How different configurations of personality traits are formed, persist, and function needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
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12
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Fetvadjiev VH, Meiring D, van de Vijver FJR, Nel JA, De Kock F. Self-other agreement in personality traits and profiles across cultures: A multirater, multiscale study in Blacks and Whites in South Africa. J Pers 2018; 86:935-951. [PMID: 29244190 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite the importance of self-other agreement for the validity of trait models, few studies have assessed cultural differences systematically. We examined self-other agreement in traits and profiles in the more collectivistic Black group and the more individualistic White group in South Africa. METHOD Participants were 172 Black and 198 White students, and one relative and one friend of each student. Participants completed a behavior-based and a trait-adjective-based inventory. RESULTS Aggregated across traits and raters, there were no cultural differences in trait agreement. However, agreement was stronger for social-relational concepts in Blacks and for personal growth concepts in Whites, providing moderate support for the hypothesis of stronger agreement on culturally more salient traits. Trait agreement was stronger in Blacks' relatives and Whites' friends, but there was no such interaction in profile agreement. The differences in profile agreement (higher in Whites than in Blacks) involved normative agreement and were mediated by dialecticism (higher in Blacks) and social desirability (higher in Whites). Results with the two inventories were similar. CONCLUSIONS In the framework of trait consistency research, cultural differences in self-other agreement may be limited compared to differences in perceived trait consistency, although sizable compared to differences in actual behavior consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velichko H Fetvadjiev
- Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.,University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Fons J R van de Vijver
- Tilburg University, The Netherlands.,North-West University, South Africa.,University of Queensland, Australia
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13
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Allik J, Church AT, Ortiz FA, Rossier J, Hřebíčková M, de Fruyt F, Realo A, McCrae RR. Mean Profiles of the NEO Personality Inventory. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022117692100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and its latest version, the NEO-PI-3, were designed to measure 30 distinctive personality traits, which are grouped into Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness domains. The mean self-rated NEO-PI-R scores for 30 subscales have been reported for 36 countries or cultures in 2002. As a follow-up, this study reports the mean scores of the NEO-PI-R/3 for 71,870 participants from 76 samples and 62 different countries or cultures and 37 different languages. Mean differences in personality traits across countries and cultures were about 8.5 times smaller than differences between any two individuals randomly selected from these samples. Nevertheless, a multidimensional scaling of similarities and differences in the mean profile shape showed a clear clustering into distinctive groups of countries or cultures. This study provides further evidence that country/culture mean scores in personality are replicable and can provide reliable information about personality dispositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jüri Allik
- University of Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Anu Realo
- University of Tartu, Estonia
- University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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14
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Rossier J, Aluja A, Blanch A, Barry O, Hansenne M, Carvalho AF, Valdivia M, Wang W, Desrichard O, Hyphantis T, Suranyi Z, Glicksohn J, De Pascalis V, León–Mayer E, Piskunov A, Stivers A, Morizot J, Ostendorf F, Čekrlija Đ, Bellaj T, Markiewicz D, Motevalian A, Karagonlar G. Cross–cultural Generalizability of the Alternative Five–factor Model Using the Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/per.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Several personality models are known for being replicable across cultures, such as the Five–Factor Model (FFM) or Eysenck's Psychoticism–Extraversion–Neuroticism (PEN) model, and are for this reason considered universal. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the cross–cultural replicability of the recently revised Alternative FFM (AFFM). A total of 15 048 participants from 23 cultures completed the Zuckerman–Kuhlman–Aluja Personality Questionnaire (ZKA–PQ) aimed at assessing personality according to this revised AFFM. Internal consistencies, gender differences and correlations with age were similar across cultures for all five factors and facet scales. The AFFM structure was very similar across samples and can be considered as highly replicable with total congruence coefficients ranging from .94 to .99. Measurement invariance across cultures was assessed using multi–group confirmatory factor analyses, and each higher–order personality factor did reach configural and metric invariance. Scalar invariance was never reached, which implies that culture–specific norms should be considered. The underlying structure of the ZKA–PQ replicates well across cultures, suggesting that this questionnaire can be used in a large diversity of cultures and that the AFFM might be as universal as the FFM or the PEN model. This suggests that more research is needed to identify and define an integrative framework underlying these personality models. Copyright © 2016 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anton Aluja
- University of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
- Catalonia is a nation with its own culture and language located in Spain
| | - Angel Blanch
- University of Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
- Catalonia is a nation with its own culture and language located in Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Wei Wang
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Aleksei Piskunov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russia
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15
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Bollmann G, Krings F, Maggiori C, Rossier J. Differential associations of personal and general just-world beliefs with the Five-Factor and the HEXACO models of personality. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Church AT. Personality traits across cultures. Curr Opin Psychol 2015; 8:22-30. [PMID: 29506798 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Current questions in the study of personality traits across cultures include (a) the universality versus cultural uniqueness of trait structure, (b) cultural differences in trait levels, (c) the consistency and validity of traits and their measures across cultures, and (d) the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural contexts of personality. Although the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality continues to find cross-cultural support, new research suggests that the model may be difficult to replicate in less educated or preliterate groups and that indigenous social-relational concepts may be distinguishable from the FFM in some cultures. In lexical studies, two or three broad dimensions may replicate better across cultures than alternative models. Substantial evidence suggests that mean trait profiles of cultures may be reasonably accurate. Nonetheless, research on response styles and measurement invariance raises questions about cross-cultural trait comparisons. Findings regarding cultural differences in trait-related consistency and validity are mixed. Researchers are offering innovative theory and research on the evolutionary, ecological, and cultural contexts of personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Timothy Church
- Department of Educational Leadership, Sport Studies, and Educational/Counseling Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2136, United States.
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17
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Mõttus R, Realo A, Allik J, Esko T, Metspalu A, Johnson W. Within-trait heterogeneity in age group differences in personality domains and facets: implications for the development and coherence of personality traits. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119667. [PMID: 25751273 PMCID: PMC4353719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The study investigated differences in the Five-Factor Model (FFM) domains and facets across adulthood. The main questions were whether personality scales reflected coherent units of trait development and thereby coherent personality traits more generally. These questions were addressed by testing if the components of the trait scales (items for facet scales and facets for domain scales) showed consistent age group differences. For this, measurement invariance (MI) framework was used. In a sample of 2,711 Estonians who had completed the NEO Personality Inventory 3 (NEO PI-3), more than half of the facet scales and one domain scale did not meet the criterion for weak MI (factor loading equality) across 12 age groups spanning ages from 18 to 91 years. Furthermore, none of the facet and domain scales met the criterion for strong MI (intercept equality), suggesting that items of the same facets and facets of the same domains varied in age group differences. When items were residualized for their respective facets, 46% of them had significant (p < 0.0002) residual age-correlations. When facets were residualized for their domain scores, a majority had significant (p < 0.002) residual age-correlations. For each domain, a series of latent factors were specified using random quarters of their items: scores of such latent factors varied notably (within domains) in correlations with age. We argue that manifestations of aetiologically coherent traits should show similar age group differences. Given this, the FFM domains and facets as embodied in the NEO PI-3 do not reflect aetiologically coherent traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Mõttus
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- * E-mail:
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Centre of University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States of America
- Broad Institute, Cambridge, United States of America
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
- Estonian Genome Centre of University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Wendy Johnson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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18
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McCrae RR, Chan W, Jussim L, De Fruyt F, Löckenhoff CE, De Bolle M, Costa PT, Hřebíčková M, Graf S, Realo A, Allik J, Nakazato K, Shimonaka Y, Yik M, Ficková E, Brunner-Sciarra M, Reátigui N, de Figueora NL, Schmidt V, Ahn CK, Ahn HN, Aguilar-Vafaie ME, Siuta J, Szmigielska B, Cain TR, Crawford JT, Mastor KA, Rolland JP, Nansubuga F, Miramontez DR, Benet-Martínez V, Rossier J, Bratko D, Marušić I, Halberstadt J, Yamaguchi M, Knežević G, Purić D, Martin TA, Gheorghiu M, Smith PB, Barbaranelli C, Wang L, Shakespeare-Finch J, Lima MP, Klinkosz W, Sekowski A, Alcalay L, Simonetti F, Avdeyeva TV, Pramila VS, Terracciano A. The Inaccuracy of National Character Stereotypes. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2013; 47:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.006. [PMID: 24187394 PMCID: PMC3811946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Consensual stereotypes of some groups are relatively accurate, whereas others are not. Previous work suggesting that national character stereotypes are inaccurate has been criticized on several grounds. In this article we (a) provide arguments for the validity of assessed national mean trait levels as criteria for evaluating stereotype accuracy; and (b) report new data on national character in 26 cultures from descriptions (N=3,323) of the typical male or female adolescent, adult, or old person in each. The average ratings were internally consistent and converged with independent stereotypes of the typical culture member, but were weakly related to objective assessments of personality. We argue that this conclusion is consistent with the broader literature on the inaccuracy of national character stereotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wayne Chan
- National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Lee Jussim
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Filip De Fruyt
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Marleen De Bolle
- Department of Developmental, Personality, and Social Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul T. Costa
- National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Martina Hřebíčková
- Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anu Realo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jüri Allik
- Department of Psychology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Tallinn, Estonia
| | | | - Yoshiko Shimonaka
- Department of Human Studies, Bunkyo Gakuin University, Bunkyo, Japan
| | - Michelle Yik
- Division of Social Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Emília Ficková
- Institute of Experimental Psychology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Norma Reátigui
- Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Vanina Schmidt
- Department of Psychology, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Chang-kyu Ahn
- Department of Education, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Hyun-nie Ahn
- Department of Psychology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | - Jerzy Siuta
- Institute of Psychology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Thomas R. Cain
- School of Cognitive Science, Hampshire College, Amherst, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jarret T. Crawford
- Department of Psychology, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Khairul Anwar Mastor
- Personality Research Group, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Daniel R. Miramontez
- Office of Institutional Research and Planning, San Diego Community College District, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Veronica Benet-Martínez
- ICREA and Department of Political and Social Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jérôme Rossier
- Institute of Psychology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Denis Bratko
- Department of Psychology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Iris Marušić
- Institute for Social Research in Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Mami Yamaguchi
- Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Goran Knežević
- Department of Psychology, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danka Purić
- Department of Psychology, Belgrade University, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Thomas A. Martin
- Department of Psychology, Susquehanna University, Selinsgrove, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mirona Gheorghiu
- School of Psychology, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B. Smith
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lei Wang
- Department of Psychology, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jane Shakespeare-Finch
- School of Psychology and Counseling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Margarida P. Lima
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Science, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Waldemar Klinkosz
- Department of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Sekowski
- Department of Psychology, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Lidia Alcalay
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Franco Simonetti
- Escuela de Psicología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tatyana V. Avdeyeva
- Graduate School of Professional Psychology, University of St. Thomas, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Antonio Terracciano
- Department of Geriatrics, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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