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Stanger MK, Soffer HO, Bryan AD, Skrzynski CJ. Comparing Cannabis Use Motivations and Dependence Across Regular Cannabis Users Who Have or Have Not Recently Used Psilocybin. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024. [PMID: 38885938 DOI: 10.1089/can.2024.0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: In Colorado, both cannabis and psilocybin are legal and becoming more commonly used. However, there is almost no research detailing the public health concerns regarding negative outcomes (e.g., dependence) of cannabis and psilocybin co-use and motives that may perpetuate these negative outcomes (e.g., coping, boredom). Methods: Using data from a larger observational study on cannabis and metabolic processes, regular cannabis users (use ≥7 times/month; n = 97, 35.1% female, 89.7% WHITE) who used psilocybin in the past 3 months (n = 34) were compared with those who had not used psilocybin in the past 3 months (n = 63) on cannabis dependence as measured by the Marijuana Dependence Scale and endorsement of 12 cannabis motives from the Comprehensive Marijuana Motives Questionnaire. Correlations between motives and dependence were also examined and compared across groups. Results: Findings revealed that individuals who had recently used psilocybin had greater cannabis dependence scores than those who had not used recently [F (1, 95) = 5.53, p = 0.02], and more strongly endorsed that their cannabis use was motivated by enjoyment [F (1, 91) = 4.31, p = 0.04], boredom [F (1, 91) = 9.10, p < 0.01], and availability [F (1, 91) = 9.46, p < 0.01]. Correlations between dependence scores and coping and boredom motives were also significantly positive for both groups (all p values <0.05) whereas positive correlations with experimentation, celebration, and availability motives were only significant for recent psilocybin users (all p values <0.05). Discussion: These results suggest there are motivational differences for cannabis use among those who co-use cannabis and psilocybin, and there may be a greater risk for harm for these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline K Stanger
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Harmony O Soffer
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Angela D Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Pakdaman S, Longtin M, Weck J, Clapp JD. "What was the vibe you were going for?" SAM Behaviors and Socialization During the COVID-19 Pandemic, a Qualitative Approach. CANNABIS (ALBUQUERQUE, N.M.) 2023; 6:139-148. [PMID: 38035166 PMCID: PMC10683750 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2023/000169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Marijuana use is at historic highs amongst college-aged adults, who are more likely to engage in simultaneous alcohol and marijuana use (SAM) than other age cohorts. For college students, the COVID-19 pandemic is a unique transitory phenomenon that led to isolation, as well as changes in socialization, academic environments, and substance use. This exploratory qualitative study aims to understand SAM socialization and motivation behaviors among college students. Methods Semi-structured qualitative interviews (N=32) were conducted across the United States from January 2021-April 2021via Zoom. Interviews were then transcribed, then a thematic analysis was conducted in Atlas.ti. Results The sample was primarily college juniors (mage=21). Since the pandemic, half of the participants increased SAM, whereas the other half decreased SAM. SAM was reported in different categories including primarily with friends, but, much less with partners and with roommates. More than half of the sample indicated that they used SAM alone. Motivations to engage in SAM included relaxing, socializing, offsetting stressors specific to the COVID-19 pandemic, and relieving general stress, anxiety and boredom. Conclusion The COVID-19 pandemic impacted college students' substance use in interesting ways. Understanding the behaviors of SAM in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic is crucial due to the legalization of marijuana in many states. This understanding has significant implications for prevention strategies and potential policy interventions. Our study yielded findings regarding the impact of socialization on SAM. We discovered that not only does socialization affect SAM, but the specific contexts and motivations behind these behaviors also play a crucial role, which adds to our developing understanding of SAM behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Pakdaman
- University of Southern California, Department of Population and Public Health Science
- USC Institute for Addiction Science
| | - Melinda Longtin
- University of Southern California Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
| | - Jennifer Weck
- University of Southern California Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
| | - John D. Clapp
- University of Southern California, Department of Population and Public Health Science
- University of Southern California Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
- USC Institute for Addiction Science
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Davis JP, Pedersen ER, Tucker J, Dunbar M, Rodriguez A, Seelam R, D'Amico EJ. Childhood adversity and developmental trajectories of alcohol and cannabis co-use. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2023; 141:106238. [PMID: 37172531 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2023.106238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A large body of literature has noted detrimental effects of childhood adversity on young adult behavioral health, yet few studies have assessed how early childhood adversity influences the development of alcohol and cannabis co-use. METHOD In the present study we use data from an ongoing longitudinal cohort (N = 2507) to understand how early childhood adversity influences transitions into alcohol and cannabis co-use trajectories. We also explore how sex, depression, and anxiety are associated with transition probabilities. We used latent transition analysis to examine transitions from emergent childhood adversity classes to classes of parallel alcohol and cannabis co-use from ages 17 to 24 years. RESULTS Those who reported high levels of childhood adversity were more likely to transition into classes with relatively chronic and rapidly increasing alcohol and cannabis co-use during young adulthood. Young adults who both experienced high levels of childhood adversity and transitioned into increasing alcohol and cannabis co- use trajectories were more likely to be male and meet clinical cutoff for depression. CONCLUSION Our results indicate an incrementally more nuanced set of risk profiles, with differential risk of alcohol and cannabis co-use trajectories, dependent on one's experience of childhood adversity. PUBLIC HEALTH SIGNIFICANCE Results of the present study note important heterogeneity in alcohol and cannabis co-use throughout young adulthood, with general trends showing increases in co-use. The present study also shows differential risk of alcohol and cannabis co-use dependent on prior experience of childhood adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P Davis
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, United States of America.
| | - Eric R Pedersen
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, United States of America
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Grigsby TJ, Lopez A, Albers L, Rogers CJ, Forster M. A Scoping Review of Risk and Protective Factors for Negative Cannabis Use Consequences. Subst Abuse 2023; 17:11782218231166622. [PMID: 37056398 PMCID: PMC10087658 DOI: 10.1177/11782218231166622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective Numerous reviews have examined risk and protective factors for alcohol-related negative consequences, but no equivalent review of risk and protective factors exists for cannabis-related negative consequences (CRNCs)-a gap filled by the present study. This scoping review examined survey-based research of risk and protective factors for CRNCs such as neglecting responsibilities, blacking out, or needing more cannabis. Methods Three databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar) were searched for peer-reviewed manuscripts published between January 1, 1990, and December 31, 2021. A qualitative synthesis was performed using the matrix method and the results were organized using the socioecological model as a framework. Results Eighty-three studies were included in the review. There was considerable variation in measures and operationalizations of CRNCs across studies. Risk factors were identified in the intrapersonal (depression, social anxiety, PTSD, impulsivity, sensation seeking, motives, expectancies), interpersonal/community (trauma, victimization, family and peer substance use, social norms), and social/policy (education, employment, community attachment, legalization, availability of substances) domains of influence. Protective behavioral strategies were a robust protective factor for CRNCs. Males consistently reported more CRNCs than females, but there were no differences observed across race. Conclusions Future research should identify person- and product-specific patterns of CRNCs to refine theoretical models of cannabis misuse and addiction. Public health interventions to reduce the risk of negative consequences from cannabis should consider utilizing multilevel interventions to attenuate the cumulative risk from a combination of psychological, contextual, and social influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Grigsby
- Department of Social and Behavioral
Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
- Timothy J. Grigsby, Department of Social
and Behavioral Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Pkwy,
Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
| | - Andrea Lopez
- Department of Social and Behavioral
Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Larisa Albers
- Department of Population and Public
Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J. Rogers
- Department of Health Sciences,
California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | - Myriam Forster
- Department of Health Sciences,
California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
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Wang Y, Duan Z, Romm KF, Ma Y, Douglas Evans W, Bennett B, Fuss C, Klinkhammer KE, Wysota CN, Berg CJ. Bidirectional associations between depressive symptoms and cigarette, e-cigarette, cannabis, and alcohol use: Cross-lagged panel analyses among young adults before and during COVID-19. Addict Behav 2022; 134:107422. [PMID: 35853404 PMCID: PMC9823144 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The literature regarding bidirectional relationships of depressive symptoms to cigarette and alcohol use is mixed, and limited regarding e-cigarette and cannabis use. Moreover, COVID-19 has significantly impacted mental health and substance use, especially among young adults. Thus, this is a critical period for focused research on these relationships among young adults. METHODS We analyzed longitudinal data (assessments in Fall 2018, 2019, and 2020) from 3,006 young adults (Mage = 24.56 [SD = 4.72], 54.8% female, 31.6% sexual minority, 71.6% White, 5.3% Black, 12.2% Asian, 11.4% Hispanic) from 6 US metropolitan statistical areas. Cross-lagged panel models were conducted to examine bidirectional associations between depressive symptoms and past 30-day use of cigarettes, e-cigarettes, cannabis, and alcohol (respectively), controlling for sociodemographics. RESULTS During the study period, depressive symptoms decreased before the pandemic but increased during, cigarette and e-cigarette use decreased in both periods, alcohol use showed no change before but increases during the pandemic, and cannabis use increased in both periods. Additionally, each outcome demonstrated greater stability before versus during COVID-19. Finally, greater antecedent depressive symptoms correlated with more days of subsequent cigarette (β = 0.03, SE = 0.01, p =.011) and e-cigarette use (β = 0.03, SE = 0.01, p =.021), but fewer days of alcohol use (β = -0.02, SE = 0.01, p =.035). W2 cannabis use and alcohol use, respectively, were related to W3 depressive symptoms (cannabis: β = 0.09, SE = 0.02, p <.001; alcohol: β = 0.06, SE = 0.02, p =.002). No other cross-lagged associations were significant. CONCLUSIONS Intervention efforts targeting depression and substance use should explicitly address the potential for onset and escalation of substance use and depressive symptoms, respectively, especially during societal stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Zongshuan Duan
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katelyn F Romm
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University
| | - W Douglas Evans
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Breesa Bennett
- Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Caroline Fuss
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Katharina E Klinkhammer
- Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christina N Wysota
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Prevention and Community Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Global Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; George Washington Cancer Center, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA.
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Naegele H, Betzler F, Viohl L, Koslowski M, Ernst F, Petzold MB. Cannabis Use, Use Motives and Cannabis Use Disorder Among Berlin College Students. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/00220426221086877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study described cannabis use behavior among college students in Berlin, in particular, differences in use motives between subjects with frequent use and those with signs of cannabis use disorder (CUD). Cross-sectional data were collected via an online survey among Berlin college students ( N=9350; 50.7% women; Mage=24.4). Motivation scales were computed based on an exploratory factor analysis. Effects of these motive scales were compared using multivariate regression models, where the dependent variable was use intensity (ordinal), frequent use (twice or more per week, binary) or a positive substance use disorder screening test (binary). Cannabis use is known to be particularly prevalent among Berlin college students, which was confirmed by our data. The most frequent use motive was enhancement, which, however, was not associated with frequent use or CUD. The motives predicting frequent use (sociability) are different from motives predicting CUD (coping), even when controlling for a wide array of covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Naegele
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Betzler
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leonard Viohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Koslowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felicitas Ernst
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Bruno Petzold
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Mezquita L, Bravo AJ, Pilatti A, Ortet G, Ibáñez MI. Quantifying cannabis problems among college students from English and Spanish speaking countries: Cross-cultural validation of the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R). Addict Behav 2022; 127:107209. [PMID: 34959075 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test - Revised (CUDIT-R) is a broadly employed measure of cannabis-related problems. However, minimal research has tested the measurement invariance of the CUDIT-R among youths from different countries, hindering cross-national comparisons. Thus, the present study aimed to test the measurement invariance of the CUDIT-R between seven countries and gender groups, and provide different sources of reliability and validity evidence of the scale. METHODS A sample of 4,712 college student lifetime cannabis users (mean age = 20.57, SD = 3.97; 70.4% females) from seven countries completed the CUDIT-R. Last 30-day cannabis users (n = 2402; mean age = 20.09, SD = 3.18; 67.7% females) additionally completed another measure of cannabis-related problems, and measures of cannabis frequency, quantity and motives. RESULTS Multigroup analysis showed configural (equal number of factors and pattern of factor-indicator relationships), metric (equal factor loadings) and scalar (equal thresholds) invariance of the CUDIT-R across five countries and across gender in the sample of lifetime cannabis users. Cronbach's alphas and ordinal omegas ranked from .72 and .85. Large correlations were found between the CUDIT-R and another cannabis-related problem scale. Small to large associations were found between the CUDIT-R and other criterion variables (frequency and quantity of consumption and cannabis-related motives) providing convergent and discriminant validity evidence. Only a few differences in the magnitude of the correlations across countries were found. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that the CUDIT-R is a suitable measure to assess cannabis-related problems among college student from the U.S., Canada, South Africa, Spain, and Argentina and across gender groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mezquita
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Castelló, Spain.
| | - Adrian J Bravo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, William & Mary, USA
| | - Angelina Pilatti
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Psicología, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicológicas, IIPsi, CONICET, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Generós Ortet
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Castelló, Spain
| | - Manuel I Ibáñez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Castellón, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Research Network on Mental Health (CIBERSAM) Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Castelló, Spain
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