Probability in the grammar of German and Dutch: interfixation in triconstituent compounds

Rhythm versus analogy: prosodic form variation in Dutch compounds

Creating compound nouns is the most productive process of Dutch morphology, with an interesting pattern of form variation. For instance, staat 'nation' simply combines with kunde 'art' (staatkunde 'political science, statesmanship'), but needs a linking element s or en to form staatsschuld 'national debt' and statenbond 'confederation'. Previous research has shown that the use of linking elements is guided by paradigmatic analogy, a factor that in the absence of other factors would lead to paradigm uniformity. However, there is considerable freedom in the use of linking elements, suggesting that other factors are relevant as well. We present studies showing that both stress and length affect their use, and that, in an experimental setting, the linking element en is less favored in lengthened compounds. However, the results observed in this experiment can only be explained satisfactorily in terms of rhythm: the preference for a recurrent pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. The general conclusion of this study concerns the distinction between language behavior guided by stored knowledge or by processing factors. Models based on analogy (exemplar-based models) rely on stored knowledge. This study shows that apart from that, rhythm plays its own role. Rhythmic structures facilitate language processing, and a preference for perfect rhythm explains which variant of a compound (with or without the linking element) is chosen. Given the universal nature of analogy and rhythm, the issue of the balance between these two components of linguistic knowledge is relevant for a wide array of languages.