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Liang X, Lai Y. Overcoming the shortcomings of the extended-clearance concept: a framework for developing a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model to select drug candidates involving transporter-mediated clearance. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:869-886. [PMID: 33793347 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1912012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction:Human pharmacokinetic (PK) prediction can be a significant challenge to drug candidates undergoing transporter-mediated clearance, when only animal data and in vitro human parameters are available in the drug discovery stage.Areas covered:The extended clearance concept (ECC) that incorporates the processes of hepatic uptake, passive diffusion, metabolism and biliary secretion has been adapted to determine the rate-determining process of hepatic clearance and drug-drug interactions (DDIs). However, since the ECC is derived from the well-stirred model and does not consider the liver as a drug distribution organ to reflect the time-dependent variation of drug concentrations between the liver and plasma, it can be misused for compound selection in drug discovery.Expert opinion:The PBPK model consists of a set of differential equations of drug mass balance, and can overcome the shortcomings of the ECC in predicting human PK. The predictability, relevance and reliability of the model and the scaling factors for IVIVE must be validated using either the measured liver concentrations or DDI data with known transporter inhibitors, or both, in monkeys. A human PBPK model that incorporates in vitro human data and SFs obtained from the validated monkey PBPK model can be used for compound selection in the drug discovery phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., Foster City, CA, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Integrins are a family of 24 cell adhesion receptors that play a role in the biggest unmet needs in medicine - cardiovascular disease, immunology and cancer. Their discovery promised huge potential for the pharmaceutical industry. Areas covered. Over 35-years since their discovery, there is little to show for the hundreds of billions of dollars of investment in anti-integrin drug discovery programmes. In this review the author discusses the reasons for the failure of this promising class of drugs and the future for this class of drugs. Expert opinion. Within 10-years, there was a plethora of potent, specific anti-integrin molecules and since their discovery, many of these agents have entered clinical trials. The success in discovering these agents was due to recently discovered monoclonal antibody technology. The integrin-recognition domain Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) provided the basis for discovering small molecule inhibitors to integrins - both cyclic peptides and peptidomimetics. Most agents failed in the Phase III clinical trials and those agents that did make it to the market were plagued with issues of toxicity and limited efficacy and were soon replaced with non-integrin targeting agents. Their failure was due to a combination of poor pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, complicated by the complex pathophysiology of integrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dermot Cox
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , Dublin, Ireland
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Li H, Huang SY, Shi FH, Gu ZC, Zhang SG, Wei JF. α 4β 7 integrin inhibitors: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2018; 28:903-917. [PMID: 30444683 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2018.1549227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The α4β7 integrin is heterodimeric cell surface receptors expressed on most leukocytes. Mucosal addressing cell adhesion molecule 1(MAdCAM-1) is an exclusive ligand for α4β7 integrin. Areas covered: This article will highlight the progress that has been made in the discovery and development of α4β7 integrin inhibitors, and their use in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases, multiple sclerosis, asthma, hepatic disorders, human immunodeficiency virus, allergic conjunctivitis and type 1 diabetes. Expert opinion: α4β7 integrin inhibitors have attracted much interest for their clinical implication. Natalizumab and Vedolizumab are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) successfully utilized clinically. Natalizumab is a mAbs of α4-subunit blocking both α4β1 and α4β7 integrin. Vedolizumab selectively targets the α4β7 integrin. Several mAbs are still in the process of research and development. Among these mAbs, etrolizumab selectively against the β7-subunit and AMG-181 specifically against the α4β7 integrin are the most promising anti-α4β7 integrin antibodies. Despite the unclear development stage of TR-14035 and R411, several low molecular compounds show bright future of further development, such as AJM300 and CDP323. In addition, results from laboratory data show that peptide inhibitors, such as peptide X, are effective α4β7 integrin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- a Department of Pharmacy , Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Shi-Ying Huang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Fang-Hong Shi
- b Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital , School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Zhi-Chun Gu
- b Department of Pharmacy, Renji Hospital , School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai , China
| | - Shun-Guo Zhang
- a Department of Pharmacy , Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai , China
| | - Ji-Fu Wei
- c Research Division of Clinical Pharmacology , Τhe First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing , China
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Darzi L, Boshtam M, Shariati L, Kouhpayeh S, Gheibi A, Mirian M, Rahimmanesh I, Khanahmad H, Tabatabaiefar MA. The silencing effect of miR-30a on ITGA4 gene expression in vitro: an approach for gene therapy. Res Pharm Sci 2017; 12:456-464. [PMID: 29204174 PMCID: PMC5691572 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.217426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Integrins are adhesion molecules which play crucial roles in cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. Very late antigen-4 or α4β1 and lymphocyte Peyer’s patch adhesion molecule-1 or α4β7, are key factors in the invasion of tumor cells and metastasis. Based on the previous reports, integrin α4 (ITGA4) is overexpressed in some immune disorders and cancers. Thus, inhibition of ITGA4 could be a therapeutic strategy. In the present study, miR-30a was selected in order to suppress ITGA4 expression. The ITGA4 3' UTR was amplified, cloned in the Z2827-M67-(ITGA4) plasmid and named as Z2827-M67/3'UTR. HeLa cells were divided into five groups; (1) untreated without any transfection, (2) mock with Z2827-M67/3'UTR transfection and X-tremeGENE reagent, (3) negative control with Z2827-M67/3'UTR transfection alone, (4) test with miR-30a mimic and Z2827-M67/3'UTR transfection and (5) scramble with miR-30a scramble and Z2827-M67/3'UTR transfection. The MTT assay was performed to evaluate cell survival and cytotoxicity in each group. Real-time RT-PCR was applied for the ITGA4 expression analysis. The findings of this study showed that miR-30a downregulated ITGA4 expression and had no effect on the cell survival. Due to the silencing effect of miR-30a on the ITGA4 gene expression, this agent could be considered as a potential tool for cancer and immune disorders therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Darzi
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Maryam Boshtam
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Laleh Shariati
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Shirin Kouhpayeh
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Azam Gheibi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, I.R. Iran
| | - Mina Mirian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Ilnaz Rahimmanesh
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Hossein Khanahmad
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran.,Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran.,Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, I.R. Iran
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Yoshimura N, Watanabe M, Motoya S, Tominaga K, Matsuoka K, Iwakiri R, Watanabe K, Hibi T. Safety and Efficacy of AJM300, an Oral Antagonist of α4 Integrin, in Induction Therapy for Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1775-1783.e2. [PMID: 26327130 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS AJM300 is an orally active small-molecule antagonist of the α4 integrin subunit. We performed a randomized trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of AJM300 in patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2a study, 102 patients with moderately active UC (Mayo Clinic scores of 6-10, endoscopic subscores ≥2, and rectal bleeding subscores ≥1) who had inadequate response or intolerance to mesalamine or corticosteroids were randomly assigned to receive AJM300 (960 mg) or placebo 3 times daily for 8 weeks. The primary end point was a clinical response at week 8, defined as a decrease in Mayo Clinic score of at least 3 points and a decrease of at least 30% from baseline, with a decrease in the rectal bleeding subscore of at least 1 point or an absolute rectal bleeding subscore of 0 or 1. RESULTS Clinical response rates were 62.7% and 25.5% at week 8 in the AJM300 group and placebo group, respectively (odds ratio [OR] = 5.35; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.23-12.82; P = .0002). Rates of clinical remission (Mayo Clinic score ≤2 and no subscore >1) were 23.5% and 3.9% in the AJM300 group and placebo groups, respectively (OR = 7.81; 95% CI: 1.64-37.24; P = .0099), and rates of mucosal healing (endoscopic subscores of 0 or 1) were 58.8% and 29.4% (OR = 4.65; 95% CI: 1.81-11.90; P = .0014). No serious adverse event, including progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, was observed, although more investigations are needed to confirm the safety profile of this drug. CONCLUSIONS AJM300 was well tolerated and more effective than placebo in inducing clinical response, clinical remission, and mucosal healing in patients with moderately active UC. ClinicalTrials.jp no: JapicCTI-132293.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Toshifumi Hibi
- Kitasato University, Kitasato Institute Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
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6
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Shishido S, Bönig H, Kim YM. Role of integrin alpha4 in drug resistance of leukemia. Front Oncol 2014; 4:99. [PMID: 24904821 PMCID: PMC4033044 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2014.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic drug resistance in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a significant problem, resulting in poor responsiveness to first-line treatment or relapse after transient remission. Classical anti-leukemic drugs are non-specific cell cycle poisons; some more modern drugs target oncogenic pathways in leukemia cells, although in ALL these do not play a very significant role. By contrast, the molecular interactions between microenvironment and leukemia cells are often neglected in the design of novel therapies against drug resistant leukemia. It was shown however, that chemotherapy resistance is promoted in part through cell–cell contact of leukemia cells with bone marrow (BM) stromal cells, also called cell adhesion-mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR). Incomplete response to chemotherapy results in persistence of resistant clones with or without detectable minimal residual disease (MRD). Approaches for how to address CAM-DR and MRD remain elusive. Specifically, studies using anti-functional antibodies and genetic models have identified integrin alpha4 as a critical molecule regulating BM homing and active retention of normal and leukemic cells. Pre-clinical evidence has been provided that interference with alpha4-mediated adhesion of ALL cells can sensitize them to chemotherapy and thus facilitate eradication of ALL cells in an MRD setting. To this end, Andreeff and colleagues recently provided evidence of stroma-induced and alpha4-mediated nuclear factor-κB signaling in leukemia cells, disruption of which depletes leukemia cells of strong survival signals. We here review the available evidence supporting the targeting of alpha4 as a novel strategy for treatment of drug resistant leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Shishido
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA , USA
| | - Halvard Bönig
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine and Immunohematology, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Wuerttemberg-Hessen, Goethe University , Frankfurt , Germany
| | - Yong-Mi Kim
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , Los Angeles, CA , USA
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7
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Goswami S. Importance of integrin receptors in the field of pharmaceutical & medical science. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abc.2013.32028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Rettig MP, Ansstas G, DiPersio JF. Mobilization of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells using inhibitors of CXCR4 and VLA-4. Leukemia 2012; 26:34-53. [PMID: 21886173 PMCID: PMC3514440 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2011.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Successful hematopoietic stem cell transplant requires the infusion of a sufficient number of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) that are capable of homing to the bone marrow cavity and regenerating durable trilineage hematopoiesis in a timely manner. Stem cells harvested from peripheral blood are the most commonly used graft source in HSCT. Although granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is the most frequently used agent for stem cell mobilization, the use of G-CSF alone results in suboptimal stem cell yields in a significant proportion of patients. Both the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and the integrin α(4)β(1) (very late antigen 4 (VLA-4)) have important roles in the homing and retention of HSPCs within the bone marrow microenvironment. Preclinical and/or clinical studies have shown that targeted disruption of the interaction of CXCR4 or VLA-4 with their ligands results in the rapid and reversible mobilization of hematopoietic stem cells into the peripheral circulation and is synergistic when combined with G-CSF. In this review, we discuss the development of small-molecule CXCR4 and VLA-4 inhibitors and how they may improve the utility and convenience of peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Rettig
- Division of Oncology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Thangapandian S, John S, Sakkiah S, Lee KW. Discovery of potential integrin VLA-4 antagonists using pharmacophore modeling, virtual screening and molecular docking studies. Chem Biol Drug Des 2011; 78:289-300. [PMID: 21507205 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2011.01127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) is an integrin protein, and its antagonists are useful as anti-inflammatory drugs. The aim of this study is to discover novel virtual lead compounds to use them in designing potent VLA-4 antagonists. A best pharmacophore model was generated with correlation coefficient of 0.935, large cost difference of 114.078, comprising two hydrogen bond acceptors and three hydrophobic features. It was further validated and used in database screening for potential VLA-4 antagonists. A homology model of VLA-4 was built and employed in molecular docking of screened hit compounds. Finally, two compounds were identified as potential virtual leads to be deployed in the designing of novel potent VLA-4 antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundarapandian Thangapandian
- Department of Biochemistry and Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Environmental Biotechnology National Core Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gazwa-dong, Jinju 660-701, Korea
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Abstract
There is a need for methods to improve the diagnosis, patient staging and evaluation of therapeutic response in patients with autoimmune conditions to improve patient care. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are two inflammatory diseases characterized by involvement of innate and adaptive immune components that change the metabolic state of their respective target tissues, thus providing an opportunity for molecular imaging probes to detect such changes. Optimally, such probes and the imaging methods employed would be non-invasive, robust and reproducible, give a quantitative result, report on the status of the affected tissue(s) and respond to the effects of a therapeutic molecule. Positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are nuclear imaging approaches that have the potential to satisfy such requirements. In this review, the work to date and the potential of PET and SPECT imaging probes in these two inflammatory conditions, IBD and RA, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J McBride
- Inflammation Research, Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, MS: 29-1-B, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA.
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11
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Melgar S, Shanahan F. Inflammatory bowel disease—From mechanisms to treatment strategies. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:463-77. [DOI: 10.3109/08916931003674709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Muro F, Iimura S, Sugimoto Y, Yoneda Y, Chiba J, Watanabe T, Setoguchi M, Iigou Y, Matsumoto K, Satoh A, Takayama G, Taira T, Yokoyama M, Takashi T, Nakayama A, Machinaga N. Discovery of trans-4-[1-[[2,5-Dichloro-4-(1-methyl-3-indolylcarboxamido)phenyl]acetyl]-(4S)-methoxy-(2S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid: an orally active, selective very late antigen-4 antagonist. J Med Chem 2010; 52:7974-92. [PMID: 19891440 DOI: 10.1021/jm901154c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have focused on optimization of the inadequate pharmacokinetic profile of trans-4-substituted cyclohexanecarboxylic acid 5, which is commonly observed in many small molecule very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) antagonists. We modified the lipophilic moiety in 5 and found that reducing the polar surface area of this moiety results in improvement of the PK profile. Consequently, our efforts have led to the discovery of trans-4-[1-[[2,5-dichloro-4-(1-methyl-3-indolylcarboxamido)phenyl]acetyl]-(4S)-methoxy-(2S)-pyrrolidinylmethoxy]cyclohexanecarboxylic acid (14e) with potent activity (IC(50) = 5.4 nM) and significantly improved bioavailability in rats, dogs, and monkeys (100%, 91%, 68%), which demonstrated excellent oral efficacy in murine and guinea pig models of asthma. Based on its overall profile, compound 14e was progressed into clinical trails. In a single ascending-dose phase I clinical study, compound 14e exhibited favorable oral exposure as expected and had no serious adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihito Muro
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo 134-8630, Japan.
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Lin LS, Lanza T, Jewell JP, Liu P, Jones C, Kieczykowski GR, Treonze K, Si Q, Manior S, Koo G, Tong X, Wang J, Schuelke A, Pivnichny J, Wang R, Raab C, Vincent S, Davies P, MacCoss M, Mumford RA, Hagmann WK. Discovery of N-{N-[(3-Cyanophenyl)sulfonyl]-4(R)-cyclobutylamino-(l)-prolyl}-4-[(3′,5′-dichloroisonicotinoyl)amino]-(l)-phenylalanine (MK-0668), an Extremely Potent and Orally Active Antagonist of Very Late Antigen-4. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3449-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900257b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linus S. Lin
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Thomas Lanza
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - James P. Jewell
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Ping Liu
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Carrie Jones
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Gerard R. Kieczykowski
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Kelly Treonze
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Qian Si
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Salony Manior
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Gloria Koo
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Xinchun Tong
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Junying Wang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Anne Schuelke
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - James Pivnichny
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Regina Wang
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Conrad Raab
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Stella Vincent
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Philip Davies
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Malcolm MacCoss
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - Richard A. Mumford
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
| | - William K. Hagmann
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, Rahway, New Jersey 07065
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14
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Treonze KM, Alves K, Fischer P, Hagmann WK, Hora D, Kulick A, Vakerich K, Smith ND, Lingham RB, Maniar S, Reger TS, Zunic J, Munoz B, Prasit P, Nicholson D, Si Q, Judd K, Nicolich S, Kellerhouse P, Thompson D, Mumford RA. Characterization of alpha(4)beta(1) (CD49d/CD29) on equine leukocytes: potential utility of a potent alpha(4)beta(1) (CD49d/CD29) receptor antagonist in the treatment of equine heaves (recurrent airway obstruction). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2009; 130:79-87. [PMID: 19250687 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the alpha(4)beta(1) receptor (CD49d/CD29, very late antigen-4, VLA-4) on circulating equine leukocytes and to evaluate the intrinsic potency of an alpha(4)beta(1) receptor antagonist (Compound B) in the horse. Ultimately, these studies would allow us to determine the suitability of treating recurrent airway obstruction (RAO; heaves) affected horses by blocking the cellular recruitment of lymphocytes and neutrophils into the lung. The data demonstrates the alpha(4)beta(1) integrin is present on horse lymphocytes and neutrophils (fluorescence-assisted cell sorter, FACS) and can bind low molecular weight alpha(4)beta(1) antagonists (Compounds A and B) with high affinity. K(D) values for the binding of Compound A to non-activated alpha(4)beta(1) on isolated horse PBMCs (peripheral blood mononuclear cells) and activated neutrophils were 17 pM and 27 pM, respectively. Compound B was identified as a suitable antagonist for performing a series of in vivo experiments. Compound B was found to possess excellent potency in horse whole blood, possessing IC(50) and IC(90) values of 39 pM and 172 pM, respectively. This represents a 3.9-fold molar excess of drug over the alpha(4)beta(1) concentration in blood. Following oral administration of Compound B (5 mg/kg) to beagle dogs and rhesus monkeys, rapid and sustained alpha(4)beta(1) receptor occupancy (>80%) was achieved and maintained for a period of 24 h. When Compound B was administered intravenously to the horse, by either a slow or rapid infusion at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg, receptor blockade of >80% was observed out to 24 h with a concomitant leukocytosis. We believe that Compound B possesses suitable intrinsic and pharmacological properties to be evaluated clinically in horses affected by RAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Treonze
- Department of Immunology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 2000, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Lowe PJ, Hijazi Y, Luttringer O, Yin H, Sarangapani R, Howard D. On the anticipation of the human dose in first-in-man trials from preclinical and prior clinical information in early drug development. Xenobiotica 2008; 37:1331-54. [DOI: 10.1080/00498250701648008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Woodside DG, Vanderslice P. Cell adhesion antagonists: therapeutic potential in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BioDrugs 2008; 22:85-100. [PMID: 18345706 DOI: 10.2165/00063030-200822020-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma are inflammatory diseases of the lung where a hallmark feature is excessive leukocyte infiltration that leads to tissue injury. Cell adhesion molecules (e.g. selectins and integrins) play a key role in cell trafficking, and in the lung they regulate leukocyte extravasation, migration within the interstitium, cellular activation, and tissue retention. All selectin family members (including L-selectin, P-selectin, and E-selectin) and many of the beta1 and beta2 integrins appear to be important therapeutic targets, as numerous animal studies have demonstrated essential roles for these cell adhesion molecules in lung inflammation. Not surprisingly, these families of adhesion molecules have been under intense investigation by the pharmaceutical industry for the development of novel therapeutics. Integrins are validated drug targets, as drugs that antagonize integrin alphaIIbbeta3 (e.g. abciximab), integrin alphaLbeta2 (efalizumab), and integrin alpha4beta1 (natalizumab) are currently US FDA-approved for acute coronary syndromes, psoriasis, and multiple sclerosis, respectively. However, none has been approved for indications related to asthma or COPD. Here, we provide an overview of roles played by selectins and integrins in lung inflammation. We also describe recent clinical results (both failures and successes) in developing adhesion molecule antagonists, with specific emphasis on those targets that may have potential benefit in asthma and COPD. Early clinical trials using selectin and integrin antagonists have met with limited success. However, recent positive phase II clinical trials with a small-molecule selectin antagonist (bimosiamose) and a small-molecule integrin alpha4beta1 antagonist (valategrast [R411]), have generated enthusiastic anticipation that novel strategies to treat asthma and COPD may be forthcoming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren G Woodside
- Department of Drug Discovery, Biological Sciences, Encysive Pharmaceuticals Inc., Houston, Texas, USA.
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Fotouhi N, Gillespie P, Goodnow, Jr. R. Lead generation: reality check on commonly held views. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2008; 3:733-44. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.3.7.733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ozdemir C, Akdis CA. Discontinued drugs in 2006: pulmonary-allergy, dermatological, gastrointestinal and arthritis drugs. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2007; 16:1327-44. [PMID: 17714020 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.16.9.1327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This perspective is the second in a series discussing drugs dropped from development in 2006, with a focus on pulmonary-allergy, dermatological, gastrointestinal and arthritis drugs. A survey of discontinued drugs from 2006 is provided, based on data from the Pharmaprojects database, along with an analysis of biology, mechanisms of action and economic considerations in developing new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cevdet Ozdemir
- Marmara University, Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Hijazi Y, Welker H, Dorr AE, Frank K, Renzetti LM, Patel I. Evaluation of the effect of multiple-dose administration of R411, a dual α4β1–α4β7 integrin antagonist on the major CYP isoform activities in healthy volunteers. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2005; 62:83-5. [PMID: 16369813 DOI: 10.1007/s00228-005-0067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Akalu A, Cretu A, Brooks PC. Targeting integrins for the control of tumour angiogenesis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 14:1475-86. [PMID: 16307488 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.14.12.1475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The crucial role of cell extracellular matrix communication in angiogenesis is well established; thus, it is not surprising that integrins have gained considerable attention as targets for the treatment of neovascular disease. Given the diversity of ligands and complexity of integrin signalling, a new appreciation for the divergent roles of integrins in angiogenesis is emerging. It is becoming clear that integrins regulate angiogenesis in both a positive and negative manner. New studies have provided a better understanding of integrin structure as it relates to ligand binding and signalling. This new insight has opened exciting possibilities for the design of novel inhibitors for clinical applications. In this review, studies concerning the cooperative interactions between integrins and regulatory molecules and possible new strategies for controlling angiogenesis will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Akalu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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