Double deep inferior epigastric arteries encountered during vertical rectus abdominis flap harvest: a case report and literature review

Deep inferior epigastric artery perforator free flap in head and neck reconstruction: A systematic review

BACKGROUND

Perforator flaps yield the best results for the patient with the least morbidity, and they should be considered the gold standard in head and neck reconstruction. Although deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap is considered as the gold standard in breast reconstruction, its use in head and neck reconstructive surgery does not seem so widespread. The objective of this study is to conduct a systematic review of the use, applications and results of the DIEP flap in the head and neck area.

METHODS

Search was conducted in different indexed databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, the Cochrane Library, Scielo and Web of Science) and through meta-searcher Trip Database with deep inferior epigastric perforator flap AND head neck keywords. Studies on animal and human experiments published in peer-reviewed journals, where investigators assessed the use of DIEP flap, according to the Koshima criteria, in the head and neck area were considered.

RESULTS

A total of 31 articles and 185 flaps with 95% of survival were found. Thrombosis or venous stasis is the most frequent cause of flap loss and 16.1% presented some type of complication, the most frequent being the dehiscence. The most use was in the reconstruction of glossectomy defect secondary to squamous cell carcinoma (30.51%), being able potentially to re-establish sensory innervation in oral cavity. The assessment of risk bias (National Institutes of Health) highlights the lack of uniformity, with no standardisation of the outcome variable collection and monitoring.

DISCUSSION

By virtue of its versatility, reliable vascular supply and high flap survival rate, the DIEP flap reconstruction could be an option in complicated 3-dimensional head and neck defects while maintaining the standard of low donor site morbidity.