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Gunderson CA, Baker A, Pence AD, ten Brinke L. Interpersonal Consequences of Deceptive Expressions of Sadness. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 49:97-109. [PMID: 34906011 PMCID: PMC9684658 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211059700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emotional expressions evoke predictable responses from observers; displays of sadness are commonly met with sympathy and help from others. Accordingly, people may be motivated to feign emotions to elicit a desired response. In the absence of suspicion, we predicted that emotional and behavioral responses to genuine (vs. deceptive) expressers would be guided by empirically valid cues of sadness authenticity. Consistent with this hypothesis, untrained observers (total N = 1,300) reported less sympathy and offered less help to deceptive (vs. genuine) expressers of sadness. This effect was replicated using both posed, low-stakes, laboratory-created stimuli, and spontaneous, real, high-stakes emotional appeals to the public. Furthermore, lens models suggest that sympathy reactions were guided by difficult-to-fake facial actions associated with sadness. Results suggest that naive observers use empirically valid cues to deception to coordinate social interactions, providing novel evidence that people are sensitive to subtle cues to deception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alysha Baker
- Okanagan College, Kelowna, British
Columbia, Canada
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2
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Yuan P, Cheng Y, Liu Y, Ju F. The effect of employees' sense of power on supervisors' voice endorsement: A cross-level moderated mediation model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269427. [PMID: 36206260 PMCID: PMC9543635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on expectation states theory, we examined the mechanism underlying the effect of employees' sense of power on supervisors' voice endorsement, and tested our hypothesized model on a sample of 307 employees from 60 work teams. We used a two-time lagged design and paired questionnaire survey. Our analysis indicated that employees' sense of power enhanced supervisors' voice endorsement, and supervisors' perceived voice constructiveness mediated this relationship. Multilevel analyses showed that power distance negatively moderated the influence of sense of power on perceived voice constructiveness and negatively moderated its indirect effect on voice endorsement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yuan
- Logistics and E-commerce College, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- School of Business, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yanbin Liu
- School of Business, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China,* E-mail:
| | - Fanghui Ju
- School of Business, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China
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3
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Hofer G, Langmann L, Burkart R, Neubauer AC. Who knows what we are good at? Unique insights of the self, knowledgeable informants, and strangers into a person’s abilities. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Breil SM, Lievens F, Forthmann B, Back MD. Interpersonal behavior in assessment center role‐play exercises: investigating structure, consistency, and effectiveness. PERSONNEL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/peps.12507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Hofer G, Macher S, Neubauer A. Love is not blind: What romantic partners know about our abilities compared to ourselves, our close friends, and our acquaintances. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Driebe JC, Sidari MJ, Dufner M, von der Heiden JM, Bürkner PC, Penke L, Zietsch BP, Arslan RC. Intelligence can be detected but is not found attractive in videos and live interactions. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2021.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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7
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Hofer G, Burkart R, Langmann L, Neubauer AC. What you see is what you want to get: Perceived abilities outperform objective test performance in predicting mate appeal in speed dating. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Olderbak S, Bader C, Hauser N, Kleitman S. Detection of Psychopathic Traits in Emotional Faces. J Intell 2021; 9:29. [PMID: 34200098 PMCID: PMC8293408 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence9020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
When meeting someone at zero acquaintance, we make assumptions about each other that encompass emotional states, personality traits, and even cognitive abilities. Evidence suggests individuals can accurately detect psychopathic personality traits in strangers based on short video clips or photographs of faces. We present an in-depth examination of this ability. In two studies, we investigated whether high psychopathy traits are perceivable and whether other traits affect ratings of psychopathic traits in the sense of a halo effect. On the perceiver's end, we additionally examined how cognitive abilities and personality traits of the responders affect these ratings. In two studies (n1 = 170 community adults from the USA, n2 = 126 students from Australia), participants rated several targets on several characteristics of psychopathy, as well as on attractiveness, masculinity, sympathy, trustworthiness, neuroticism, intelligence, and extraversion. Results show that responders were generally able to detect psychopathy. Responders generally came to a consensus in their ratings, and using profile similarity metrics, we found a weak relation between ratings of psychopathy and the targets' psychopathy level as determined by the Psychopathy Checklist: Short Version. Trait ratings, though, were influenced by the ratings of other traits like attractiveness. Finally, we found accuracy in the perception of psychopathy was positively related to fluid intelligence but unrelated to emotion perception ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Olderbak
- Institute of Psychology and Education, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Christina Bader
- Therapy Department, Justizvollzugsanstalt Bruchsal, Schönbornstraße 32, 76646 Bruchsal, Germany;
| | - Nicole Hauser
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University Hospital of Zurich, Rämistrasse 100, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Sabina Kleitman
- School of Psychology, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia;
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Bhowmik CV, Nestler S, Schrader FW, Praetorius AK, Biesanz JC, Back MD. Teacher judgments at zero-acquaintance: A social accuracy analysis. CONTEMPORARY EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2021.101965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Yoder CN, Reid SA. The quality of online knowledge sharing signals general intelligence. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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11
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Zeigler-Hill V, Besser Y, Besser A. A negative halo effect for stuttering? The consequences of stuttering for romantic desirability are mediated by perceptions of personality traits, self-esteem, and intelligence. SELF AND IDENTITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2019.1645729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuval Besser
- Interdisciplinary School for Sciences, Health and Society, Department of Communication Disorders, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avi Besser
- Center for Research in Personality, Life Transitions, and Stressful Life Events, Sapir Academic College, Ashkelon, Israel
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12
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Emotional expressions with minimal facial muscle actions. Report 1: Cues and targets. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-019-0151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Abstract
The field of nonverbal communication (NVC) has a long history involving many cue modalities, including face, voice, body, touch, and interpersonal space; different levels of analysis, including normative, group, and individual differences; and many substantive themes that cross from psychology into other disciplines. In this review, we focus on NVC as it pertains to individuals and social interaction. We concentrate specifically on ( a) the meanings and correlates of cues that are enacted (sent) by encoders and ( b) the perception of nonverbal cues and the accuracy of such perception. Frameworks are presented for conceptualizing and understanding the process of sending and receiving nonverbal cues. Measurement issues are discussed, and theoretical issues and new developments are covered briefly. Although our review is primarily oriented within social and personality psychology, the interdisciplinary nature of NVC is evident in the growing body of research on NVC across many areas of scientific inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A. Hall
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Terrence G. Horgan
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Flint, Michigan 48502, USA
| | - Nora A. Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, California 90045, USA
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Wall HJ, Taylor PJ, Campbell C, Heim D, Richardson B. Looking at the Same Interaction and Seeing Something Different. JOURNAL OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1027/1614-0001/a000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. The role of information context, judgment perspective and cue type on the “accuracy” of first impressions of another’s Big5 personality was studied in three phases of data collection (n = 173). Accurate judgments were defined as the level of agreement between a target person’s aggregated personality score (i.e., average of self and informant ratings of personality) and a personality judgement about the target, indexed using item correlations. Results for Phase 1 found that completing a different task with the same partner improved accuracy for conscientiousness. Phase 2 investigated the relationship between a person’s role (judgment perspective) within an interaction (interactants, observers) and showed that Observers were better at judging the less interpersonal traits of conscientiousness and openness relative to Interactants. Finally, Phase 3 examined the types of cues that people used when rating another’s personality. Although Observers and Interactants had access to the same interaction, analyses revealed that they employed different types of cues when judging others. Findings are discussed in terms of Funder’s Realistic Accuracy Model (1995 , 1999 ) along with practical implications, limitations and suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen J. Wall
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Lancashire, UK
| | - Paul J. Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Lancaster University, Lancashire, UK
| | - Claire Campbell
- Department of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland
| | - Derek Heim
- Department of Psychology, Edge Hill University, Lancashire, UK
| | - Beth Richardson
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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15
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Lee AJ, Hibbs C, Wright MJ, Martin NG, Keller MC, Zietsch BP. Assessing the accuracy of perceptions of intelligence based on heritable facial features. INTELLIGENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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ten Brinke L, Porter S, Korva N, Fowler K, Lilienfeld SO, Patrick CJ. An Examination of the Communication Styles Associated with Psychopathy and Their Influence on Observer Impressions. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-017-0252-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Abstract
Two studies examined the expression and detection of suppressed, genuine, and exaggerated pain. In Study 1, videotaped participants underwent an acute laboratory pain stressor and completed pain ratings. In Study 2, the lens model examined the cues encoders displayed while in pain (facial expressions of pain and viewers' global impressions), the cues decoders used to infer pain in the videotaped encoders, and decoders' accuracy in making judgments of pain. Results revealed expression differences between the suppressed, genuine, and exaggerated pain such that exaggerated expressions contained more tightened facial expressions while genuine expressions of pain contained more open facial expressions of pain. Decoders were accurate at detecting pain only in the exaggerated pain expressions. These results highlight the need for improving providers' accuracy in detecting pain intensity for suppressed, genuine, and exaggerated pain displays. Trainings should focus on teaching providers that patients who appear more agitated and less composed may be suppressing pain, while patients who appear more tense and determined may be exaggerating pain. Finally, patients who seem to not be in that much pain because they are not showing tightened facial expressions may actually be experiencing higher intensities of genuine pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie A Ruben
- a Center for Healthcare Organization and Implementation Research , U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
| | - Judith A Hall
- b Department of Psychology , Northeastern University
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18
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Zebrowitz LA, Hall JA, Murphy NA, Rhodes G. Looking Smart and Looking Good: Facial Cues to Intelligence and their Origins. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0146167202282009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The authors investigated accuracy of judging intelligence from facial photos of strangers across the lifespan, facial qualities contributing to accuracy, and developmental paths producing correlations between facial qualities and IQ scores. Judgments were more accurate than chance in childhood and puberty, marginally more accurate in middle adulthood, but not more accurate than chance in adolescence or late adulthood. Reliance on the valid cue of facial attractiveness could explain judges’ accuracy. Multiple developmental paths contributed to relationships between facial attractiveness and IQ: biological, environmental, influences of intelligence on attractiveness, influences of attractiveness on intelligence. The findings provide a caveat to evolutionary psychologists’ assumption that relationships between attractiveness and intelligence or other traits reflect an influence of “good genes” on both, as well as to social and developmental psychologists’ assumption that such relationships reflect self-fulfilling prophecy effects. Each of these mechanisms failed to explain some observed correlations.
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19
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Ziegler A, Stoeger H. Identification of Underachievement: An Empirical Study on the Agreement among Various Diagnostic Sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/15332276.2003.11673019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Bänziger T, Hosoya G, Scherer KR. Path Models of Vocal Emotion Communication. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136675. [PMID: 26325076 PMCID: PMC4556609 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We propose to use a comprehensive path model of vocal emotion communication, encompassing encoding, transmission, and decoding processes, to empirically model data sets on emotion expression and recognition. The utility of the approach is demonstrated for two data sets from two different cultures and languages, based on corpora of vocal emotion enactment by professional actors and emotion inference by naïve listeners. Lens model equations, hierarchical regression, and multivariate path analysis are used to compare the relative contributions of objectively measured acoustic cues in the enacted expressions and subjective voice cues as perceived by listeners to the variance in emotion inference from vocal expressions for four emotion families (fear, anger, happiness, and sadness). While the results confirm the central role of arousal in vocal emotion communication, the utility of applying an extended path modeling framework is demonstrated by the identification of unique combinations of distal cues and proximal percepts carrying information about specific emotion families, independent of arousal. The statistical models generated show that more sophisticated acoustic parameters need to be developed to explain the distal underpinnings of subjective voice quality percepts that account for much of the variance in emotion inference, in particular voice instability and roughness. The general approach advocated here, as well as the specific results, open up new research strategies for work in psychology (specifically emotion and social perception research) and engineering and computer science (specifically research and development in the domain of affective computing, particularly on automatic emotion detection and synthetic emotion expression in avatars).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Bänziger
- Department of Psychology, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden
| | - Georg Hosoya
- Department of Educational Science and Psychology, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus R. Scherer
- Swiss Centre for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Women's fertility across the cycle increases the short-term attractiveness of creative intelligence. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2015; 17:50-73. [PMID: 26181345 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-006-1020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Revised: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Male provisioning ability may have evolved as a "good dad" indicator through sexual selection, whereas male creativity may have evolved partly as a "good genes" indicator. If so, women near peak fertility (midcycle) should prefer creativity over wealth, especially in short-term mating. Forty-one normally cycling women read vignettes describing creative but poor men vs. uncreative but rich men. Women's estimated fertility predicted their short-term (but not long-term) preference for creativity over wealth, in both their desirability ratings of individual men (r=.40, p<.01) and their forced-choice decisions between men (r=.46, p<.01). These preliminary results are consistent with the view that creativity evolved at least partly as a good genes indicator through mate choice.
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22
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Predicting Intellectual Ability and Scholastic Outcomes with a Single Item: From Early Childhood to Adulthood. J Intell 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence2030068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Kleisner K, Chvátalová V, Flegr J. Perceived intelligence is associated with measured intelligence in men but not women. PLoS One 2014; 9:e81237. [PMID: 24651120 PMCID: PMC3961208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability to accurately assess the intelligence of other persons finds its place in everyday social interaction and should have important evolutionary consequences. Methodology/Principal Findings We used static facial photographs of 40 men and 40 women to test the relationship between measured IQ, perceived intelligence, and facial shape. Both men and women were able to accurately evaluate the intelligence of men by viewing facial photographs. In addition to general intelligence, figural and fluid intelligence showed a significant relationship with perceived intelligence, but again, only in men. No relationship between perceived intelligence and IQ was found for women. We used geometric morphometrics to determine which facial traits are associated with the perception of intelligence, as well as with intelligence as measured by IQ testing. Faces that are perceived as highly intelligent are rather prolonged with a broader distance between the eyes, a larger nose, a slight upturn to the corners of the mouth, and a sharper, pointing, less rounded chin. By contrast, the perception of lower intelligence is associated with broader, more rounded faces with eyes closer to each other, a shorter nose, declining corners of the mouth, and a rounded and massive chin. By contrast, we found no correlation between morphological traits and real intelligence measured with IQ test, either in men or women. Conclusions These results suggest that a perceiver can accurately gauge the real intelligence of men, but not women, by viewing their faces in photographs; however, this estimation is possibly not based on facial shape. Our study revealed no relation between intelligence and either attractiveness or face shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Kleisner
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Veronika Chvátalová
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Flegr
- Department of Philosophy and History of Science, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
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Kaufmann E, Reips UD, Wittmann WW. A critical meta-analysis of lens model studies in human judgment and decision-making. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83528. [PMID: 24391781 PMCID: PMC3877076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving accurate judgment (‘judgmental achievement’) is of utmost importance in daily life across multiple domains. The lens model and the lens model equation provide useful frameworks for modeling components of judgmental achievement and for creating tools to help decision makers (e.g., physicians, teachers) reach better judgments (e.g., a correct diagnosis, an accurate estimation of intelligence). Previous meta-analyses of judgment and decision-making studies have attempted to evaluate overall judgmental achievement and have provided the basis for evaluating the success of bootstrapping (i.e., replacing judges by linear models that guide decision making). However, previous meta-analyses have failed to appropriately correct for a number of study design artifacts (e.g., measurement error, dichotomization), which may have potentially biased estimations (e.g., of the variability between studies) and led to erroneous interpretations (e.g., with regards to moderator variables). In the current study we therefore conduct the first psychometric meta-analysis of judgmental achievement studies that corrects for a number of study design artifacts. We identified 31 lens model studies (N = 1,151, k = 49) that met our inclusion criteria. We evaluated overall judgmental achievement as well as whether judgmental achievement depended on decision domain (e.g., medicine, education) and/or the level of expertise (expert vs. novice). We also evaluated whether using corrected estimates affected conclusions with regards to the success of bootstrapping with psychometrically-corrected models. Further, we introduce a new psychometric trim-and-fill method to estimate the effect sizes of potentially missing studies correct psychometric meta-analyses for effects of publication bias. Comparison of the results of the psychometric meta-analysis with the results of a traditional meta-analysis (which only corrected for sampling error) indicated that artifact correction leads to a) an increase in values of the lens model components, b) reduced heterogeneity between studies, and c) increases the success of bootstrapping. We argue that psychometric meta-analysis is useful for accurately evaluating human judgment and show the success of bootstrapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Kaufmann
- Institute of Education, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Economics, Chair of Business and Economics Education II, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Werner W. Wittmann
- Otto-Selz Institute for Applied Psychology, University of Mannheim, Germany
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Milonoff M, Nummi P. Adolescents but not Older Women Misjudge Intelligence from Faces and Do not Consider Intelligent-Looking Men Attractive. ANN ZOOL FENN 2012. [DOI: 10.5735/086.049.0512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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26
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SWAMI VIREN, FURNHAM ADRIAN. An Investigation of Self-Rated Cues Believed to Influence the Judgment of Intelligence in a Zero-Acquaintance Context1. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1559-1816.2012.00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Kaufmann E, Athanasou JA. A Meta-Analysis of Judgment Achievement as Defined by the Lens Model Equation. SWISS JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2009. [DOI: 10.1024/1421-0185.68.2.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This research determined the extent of judgment achievement (i.e., accuracy) across different decision-making domains (e.g., medicine, business, education, psychology). Judgment achievement was examined in terms of the lens model equation ( Tucker, 1964 ). A meta-analysis of 29 studies incorporating 1,032 people across 43 judgment tasks was performed. Overall judgment achievement across different tasks was found to be moderate (r = .42), ranging from .22 for studies in the area of psychology to .58 for those in other professional areas. Methodological moderator factors (type of correlation, database) used in task analysis or the number of cues used in tasks were also considered. The findings indicated that research on judgment achievement should examine judgment tasks relating to specific research areas.
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28
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Prokosch MD, Coss RG, Scheib JE, Blozis SA. Intelligence and mate choice: intelligent men are always appealing. EVOL HUM BEHAV 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2008.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Hall JA, Andrzejewski SA, Murphy NA, Mast MS, Feinstein BA. Accuracy of judging others’ traits and states: Comparing mean levels across tests. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Carney DR, Colvin CR, Hall JA. A thin slice perspective on the accuracy of first impressions. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2007.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Murphy NA. Appearing smart: the impression management of intelligence, person perception accuracy, and behavior in social interaction. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2007; 33:325-39. [PMID: 17312315 DOI: 10.1177/0146167206294871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intelligence is an important trait that affects everyday social interaction. The present research utilized the ecological perspective of social perception to investigate the impression management of intelligence and strangers' evaluations of targets' intelligence levels. The ability to effectively portray an impression of intelligence to outside judges as well as interaction partners was appraised and the effect of impression management on the accurate judgment of intelligence was assessed. In addition, targets' behavior was studied in relation to impression management, perceived intelligence, and actual measured intelligence. Impression-managing targets appeared more intelligent to video judges but not to their interaction partner as compared to controls. The intelligence quotient (IQ) of impression-managing targets was more accurately judged than controls' IQ. Impression-managing targets displayed distinct nonverbal behavioral patterns that differed from controls. Looking while speaking was a key behavior: It significantly correlated with IQ, was successfully manipulated by impression-managing targets, and contributed to higher perceived intelligence ratings.
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Intelligence tests with higher g-loadings show higher correlations with body symmetry: Evidence for a general fitness factor mediated by developmental stability. INTELLIGENCE 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2004.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Accuracy in Social Perception: Criticisms, Controversies, Criteria, Components, and Cognitive Processes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2601(05)37001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Hall JA, Coats EJ, LeBeau LS. Nonverbal Behavior and the Vertical Dimension of Social Relations: A Meta-Analysis. Psychol Bull 2005; 131:898-924. [PMID: 16351328 DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The vertical dimension of interpersonal relations (relating to dominance, power, and status) was examined in association with nonverbal behaviors that included facial behavior, gaze, interpersonal distance, body movement, touch, vocal behaviors, posed encoding skill, and others. Results were separately summarized for people's beliefs (perceptions) about the relation of verticality to nonverbal behavior and for actual relations between verticality and nonverbal behavior. Beliefs/perceptions were stronger and much more prevalent than were actual verticality effects. Perceived and actual relations were positively correlated across behaviors. Heterogeneity was great, suggesting that verticality is not a psychologically uniform construct in regard to nonverbal behavior. Finally, comparison of the verticality effects to those that have been documented for gender in relation to nonverbal behavior revealed only a limited degree of parallelism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Hall
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Abstract
This research examined the accuracy of personality impressions based on personal websites, a rapidly growing medium for self-expression, where identity claims are predominant. Eighty-nine websites were viewed by 11 observers, who rated the website authors' personalities. The ratings were compared with an accuracy criterion (self- and informant reports) and with the authors' ideal-self ratings. The websites elicited high levels of observer consensus and accuracy, and observers' impressions were somewhat enhanced for Extraversion and Agreeableness. The accuracy correlations were comparable in magnitude to those found in other contexts of interpersonal perception and generally stronger than those found in zero-acquaintance contexts. These findings suggest that identity claims are used to convey valid information about personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simine Vazire
- Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Pohlmann B, Möller J, Streblow L. Zur Fremdeinschätzung von Schülerselbstkonzepten durch Lehrer und Mitschüler. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PADAGOGISCHE PSYCHOLOGIE 2004. [DOI: 10.1024/1010-0652.18.34.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung: Das “Internal/External Frame of Reference Modell” (I/E-Modell) von Marsh (1986) postuliert, dass zur Ausbildung fachspezifischer Selbstkonzepte neben sozialen Vergleichen (externaler Bezugsrahmen) auch dimensionale Vergleiche (internaler Bezugsrahmen) herangezogen werden. Dimensionale Vergleiche sind Vergleiche der eigenen Leistungen in zwei Domänen. In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde geprüft, ob das I/E-Modell auch für fremdeingeschätzte Selbstkonzepte gilt. Dazu wurden die mathematischen und verbalen Selbstkonzepte von N = 1114 Schülerinnen und Schülern sowie die Fremdeinschätzungen der Selbstkonzepte von Seiten jeweils eines Mitschülers und ihrer N = 48 Mathematiklehrer erfasst. Für die Selbstbeschreibungen der Schüler zeigten sich erwartungsgemäß sowohl positive Effekte des externalen als auch negative Effekte des internalen Bezugsrahmens. Lehrer und Mitschüler hingegen verwendeten zur Einschätzung der Selbstkonzepte anderer hauptsächlich soziale Vergleichsinformationen und ließen dimensionale Vergleiche weitgehend unberücksichtigt.
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Murphy NA, Hall JA, Colvin CR. Accurate intelligence assessments in social interactions: mediators and gender effects. J Pers 2003; 71:465-93. [PMID: 12762423 DOI: 10.1111/1467-6494.7103008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Research indicates that people can assess a stranger's measured intelligence more accurately than expected by chance, based on minimal information involving appearance and behavior. The present research documents behavioral correlates of perceived and measured intelligence and identifies behaviors that mediate the relationship between perceived and measured intelligence. In particular, when judges rated targets with video and auditory stimuli available, responsiveness to conversation partner, eye-gaze, and looking at partner while speaking were each significant mediators in the accurate assessment of intelligence. Each of those behaviors, as well as the percentage of looking at partner while speaking as a function of the target's own speaking time, were significant mediators in the video silent condition. Additionally, judge and target gender contributed to accurate intelligence assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora A Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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