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Ferguson MJ, Cone J. The Role of Intentionality in Priming. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.1889839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Cone
- Department of Psychology, Williams College, Williamstown, Massachusetts, USA
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Cone J, Mann TC, Ferguson MJ. Changing Our Implicit Minds: How, When, and Why Implicit Evaluations Can Be Rapidly Revised. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Van Overwalle F, Siebler F. A Connectionist Model of Attitude Formation and Change. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2016; 9:231-74. [PMID: 16083362 DOI: 10.1207/s15327957pspr0903_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This article discusses a recurrent connectionist network, simulating empirical phenomena usually explained by current dual-process approaches of attitudes, thereby focusing on the processing mechanisms that may underlie both central and peripheral routes of persuasion. Major findings in attitude formation and change involving both processing modes are reviewed and modeled from a connectionist perspective. We use an autoassociative network architecture with a linear activation update and the delta learning algorithm for adjusting the connection weights. The network is applied to well-known experiments involving deliberative attitude formation, as well as the use of heuristics of length, consensus, expertise, and mood. All these empirical phenomena are successfully reproduced in the simulations. Moreover, the proposed model is shown to be consistent with algebraic models of attitude formation (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). The discussion centers on how the proposed network model may be used to unite and formalize current ideas and hypotheses on the processes underlying attitude acquisition and how it can be deployed to develop novel hypotheses in the attitude domain.
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Trust as an expressive rather than an instrumental act. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1108/s0882-6145(2010)0000027007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Lowe R, Norman P. Attitudinal Approaches to Health Behavior: Integrating Expectancy-Value and Automaticity Accounts. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Smillie LD, Quek BK, Dalgleish LI. The Impact of Asymmetric Partial Feedback on Response-Bias. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.1793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Boon-Kiat Quek
- Agency for Science; Technology and Research (A*STAR); Singapore
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Hendrick TAM, Fischer ARH, Tobi H, Frewer LJ. Self-reported attitude scales: current practice in adequate assessment of reliability, validity, and dimensionality. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara A. M. Hendrick
- Marketing and Consumer Behaviour Group; Research Methodology Group; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Arnout R. H. Fischer
- Marketing and Consumer Behaviour Group; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Tobi
- Research Methodology Group; Wageningen University; Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Lynn J. Frewer
- School of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Development; Newcastle University; Newcastle upon Tyne UK
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Elwin E. Living and Learning: Reproducing Beliefs in Selective Experience. JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DECISION MAKING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/bdm.1770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ebba Elwin
- Department of Psychology; Uppsala University; Uppsala; Sweden
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Thierry B, Adeline P, Pascal P. Learning the norm of internality: NetNorm, a connectionist model. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10212-010-0051-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Van Duynslaeger M, Van Overwalle F, Verstraeten E. Electrophysiological time course and brain areas of spontaneous and intentional trait inferences. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2010; 2:174-88. [PMID: 18985139 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsm016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study measured event-related potentials during spontaneous and intentional trait inferences. Participants read sentences describing the behavior of a target person from which a strong moral trait could be inferred. The last word of each sentence determined the consistency with the trait induced during an introductory paragraph. In comparison with behaviors that were consistent with the implied trait, a P300 waveform was obtained when the behaviors were evaluative inconsistent with that trait. This dependency on behavioral consistency indicates that trait inferences were made previously while reading the preceding behaviors, irrespective of the participants' spontaneous or intentional goals. Overall, the P300 shows considerable parallels between spontaneous and intentional inferences, indicating that the type and timing of the inconsistency process is very similar. In contrast, source localization (LORETA) of the event-related potentials suggest that spontaneous inferences show greater activation in the temporo-parietal junction compared to intentional inferences following an inconsistency. Memory measures taken after the presentation of the stimulus material involved sentence completion and trait-cued recall, and supported the occurrence of trait inferences associated with the actor. They also showed significant correlations with the neural components (i.e. P300 and its current density at the temporo-parietal junction) predominantly following spontaneous instructions, indicating that these components are valid neural indices of spontaneous inferences.
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Richetin J, Sengupta A, Perugini M, Adjali I, Hurling R, Greetham D, Spence M. A micro-level simulation for the prediction of intention and behavior. COGN SYST RES 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Vanhoomissen T, Van Overwalle F. Me or Not Me as Source of Ingroup Favoritism and Outgroup Derogation: A Connectionist Perspective. SOCIAL COGNITION 2010. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2010.28.1.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Rydell RJ, Jones CR. Competition Between Unconditioned Stimuli in Attitude Formation: Negative Asymmetry versus Spatio-Temporal Contiguity. SOCIAL COGNITION 2009. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Connectionist simulation was employed to investigate processes that may underlie the relationships between prior expectancies or prejudices and the acquisition of attitudes, under conditions where learners can only discover the valence of attitude objects through directly experiencing them. We compared contexts analogous to learners holding either false negative expectancies ('prejudices') about a subclass of objects that were actually good or false positive expectancies about objects that were actually bad. We introduced expectancy-related bias either by altering the probability of approach, or by varying the rate of learning following experience with good or bad objects. Where feedback was contingent on approach, the false positive expectancies were corrected by experience, but negative prejudices resisted change, since the network avoided objects deemed to be bad, and so received less corrective feedback. These findings are discussed in relation to the effects of intergroup contact and expectancy-confirmation processes in reducing or sustaining prejudice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Richard Eiser
- Department of Psychology, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TP, UK.
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Eiser JR, Stafford T, Fázio RH. Expectancy confirmation in attitude learning: A connectionist account. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chiou WB. Consumers' preference shifts under the deletion of common features with varying attractiveness: An examination of competing explanations. PSYCHOLOGY AND MARKETING 2008; 25:382-398. [DOI: 10.1002/mar.20214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Chiou WB, Wan CS. The Dynamic Change of Self-Efficacy in Information Searching on the Internet: Influence of Valence of Experience and Prior Self-Efficacy. THE JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2007; 141:589-603. [DOI: 10.3200/jrlp.141.6.589-604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Petty RE, Briñol P, DeMarree KG. The Meta–Cognitive Model (MCM) of Attitudes: Implications for Attitude Measurement, Change, and Strength. SOCIAL COGNITION 2007. [DOI: 10.1521/soco.2007.25.5.657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Abstract
Historical developments regarding the attitude concept are reviewed, and set the stage for consideration of a theoretical perspective that views attitude, not as a hypothetical construct, but as evaluative knowledge. A model of attitudes as object-evaluation associations of varying strength is summarized, along with research supporting the model's contention that at least some attitudes are represented in memory and activated automatically upon the individual's encountering the attitude object. The implications of the theoretical perspective for a number of recent discussions related to the attitude concept are elaborated. Among these issues are the notion of attitudes as "constructions," the presumed malleability of automatically-activated attitudes, correspondence between implicit and explicit measures of attitude, and postulated dual or multiple attitudes.
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Kashima Y, Gurumurthy AK, Ouschan L, Chong T, Mattingley J. Connectionism and Self: James, Mead, and the Stream of Enculturated Consciousness. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10478400701416129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Van Overwalle F. Where is the Self in Connectionism? PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10478400701416210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Eiser JR, Shook NJ, Fazio RH. Attitude learning through exploration: advice and strategy appraisals. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Abstract. The present research questions whether mere valence affects self-other comparisons in the domain of trait characteristics. While some previous studies have reported greater positivity bias for the self when traits were positive than when traits were negative, we suggest that this is an ambiguous finding, because valence and content were confounded. When we unconfounded content and valence, valence had no effect on the magnitude of self-positivity bias displayed. We also replicate several findings for our unconfounded set of traits. Firstly, comparing others to the self, rather than comparing the self to others, lowered self-positivity for positive and negative traits (focus effect). Secondly, extremely positive and negative traits triggered greater positivity bias than did more moderately evaluated ones. Finally, we suggest that comparative self-positivity biases may be based on a general positivity bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Pahl
- Institute for Psychology I, Department of Social Psychology, Universität Erlangen, Germany.
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Abstract
Individuals are typically more likely to continue to interact with people if they have a positive impression of them. This article shows how this sequential sampling feature of impression formation can explain several biases in impression formation. The underlying mechanism is the sample bias generated when the probability of interaction depends on current impressions. Because negative experiences decrease the probability of interaction, negative initial impressions are more stable than positive impressions. Negative initial impressions, however, are more likely to change for individuals who are frequently exposed to others. As a result, systematic differences in interaction patterns, due to social similarity or proximity, will produce systematic differences in impressions. This mechanism suggests an alternative explanation of several regularities in impression formation, including a negativity bias in impressions of outgroup members, systematic differences in performance evaluations, and more positive evaluations of proximate others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerker Denrell
- Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5015, USA.
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Abstract
The formation of attitudes toward novel objects was examined as a function of exploratory behavior. An initial experiment, in which participants played a computer game that required them to learn which stimuli, when sampled, produced favorable or unfavorable outcomes, demonstrated learning, attitude formation, and generalization to novel objects. The findings also revealed 2 interesting valence asymmetries: a learning asymmetry involving better learning for negatively valenced than positively valenced objects and a generalization asymmetry involving stronger generalization as a function of negative than of positive attitudes. Findings from 4 experiments led to an explanation of the learning asymmetry in terms of information gain being contingent on approach behavior and related the generalization asymmetry to a negativity bias that weighs resemblance to a known negative more heavily than resemblance to a positive.
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