1
|
Duncan C, Tölch U, Walter H, Dziobek I. Ethnic discrimination unlearned: experience in the repeated Trust Game reduces trust bias. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1139128. [PMID: 37303892 PMCID: PMC10249959 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1139128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Discrimination toward ethnic minorities is a persistent societal problem. One reason behind this is a bias in trust: people tend to trust their ingroup and comparatively distrust outgroups. Methods In this study, we investigated whether and how people change their explicit trust bias with respect to ethnicity based on behavioral interactions with in- and outgroup members in a modified Trust Game. Results Subjects' initial explicit trust bias disappeared after the game. The change was largest for ingroup members who behaved unfairly, and the reduction of trust bias generalized to a small sample of new in- and outgroup members. Reinforcement learning models showed subjects' learning was best explained by a model with only one learning rate, indicating that subjects learned from trial outcomes and partner types equally during investment. Discussion We conclude that subjects can reduce bias through simple learning, in particular by learning that ingroup members can behave unfairly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Duncan
- School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulf Tölch
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH) at Charité, BIH Quest Center for Responsible Research, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Isabel Dziobek
- School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sedlár M. Thinking dispositions are related to more positive attitudes toward immigrants. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2023.112100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
3
|
Hancock PA, Kessler TT, Kaplan AD, Stowers K, Brill JC, Billings DR, Schaefer KE, Szalma JL. How and why humans trust: A meta-analysis and elaborated model. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1081086. [PMID: 37051611 PMCID: PMC10083508 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1081086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Trust exerts an impact on essentially all forms of social relationships. It affects individuals in deciding whether and how they will or will not interact with other people. Equally, trust also influences the stance of entire nations in their mutual dealings. In consequence, understanding the factors that influence the decision to trust, or not to trust, is crucial to the full spectrum of social dealings. Here, we report the most comprehensive extant meta-analysis of experimental findings relating to such human-to-human trust. Our analysis provides a quantitative evaluation of the factors that influence interpersonal trust, the initial propensity to trust, as well as an assessment of the general trusting of others. Over 2,000 relevant studies were initially identified for potential inclusion in the meta-analysis. Of these, (n = 338) passed all screening criteria and provided therefrom a total of (n = 2,185) effect sizes for analysis. The identified dependent variables were trustworthiness, propensity to trust, general trust, and the trust that supervisors and subordinates express in each other. Correlational results demonstrated that a large range of trustor, trustee, and shared, contextual factors impact each of trustworthiness, the propensity to trust, and trust within working relationships. The emphasis in the present work on contextual factors being one of several trust dimensions herein originated. Experimental results established that the reputation of the trustee and the shared closeness of trustor and trustee were the most predictive factors of trustworthiness outcome. From these collective findings, we propose an elaborated, overarching descriptive theory of trust in which special note is taken of the theory’s application to the growing human need to trust in non-human entities. The latter include diverse forms of automation, robots, artificially intelligent entities, as well as specific implementations such as driverless vehicles to name but a few. Future directions as to the momentary dynamics of trust development, its sustenance and its dissipation are also evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. A. Hancock
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Simulation and Training, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
- *Correspondence: P. A. Hancock,
| | - Theresa T. Kessler
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Alexandra D. Kaplan
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Kimberly Stowers
- Department of Management, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - J. Christopher Brill
- United States Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, NV, United States
| | | | - Kristin E. Schaefer
- DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Adelphi, MD, United States
| | - James L. Szalma
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
António R, Guerra R, Cameron L, Moleiro C. Imagined and extended contact experiences and adolescent bystanders' behavioral intentions in homophobic bullying episodes. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:110-126. [PMID: 36332082 PMCID: PMC10099952 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Bystanders' helping interventions in bias-based bullying are rare, although they have the potential to intervene on behalf of the victim and quickly stop the aggression. Two studies tested, experimentally, the impact of adolescents' imagined (Study 1, N = 113, Mage = 16.17) and extended contact experiences (Study 2, N = 174, Mage = 15.79) on assertive bystanders' behavioral intentions in the context of homophobic bullying, an under-researched but highly detrimental behavior that emerges mainly during early adolescence. Potential mediators (empathic concern, social contagion concerns, and masculinity/femininity threat) were also examined. Results showed that female younger participants revealed more behavioral intentions to help victims of homophobic bullying when asked to imagine an interaction with an outgroup member (Study 1). Younger participants revealed less masculinity/femininity threat in the positive extended contact condition, and female participants revealed less empathic concern in the negative extended contact condition (Study 2). Overall, these findings identify specific conditions (e.g., younger females) where indirect contact interventions (i.e., extended and imagined) are likely to have a stronger impact. Age and sex differences were found to illustrate how adolescents vary in their behavioral intentions, empathic concern, and threat; and also highlight the need to further examine age and sex differences regarding responses to homophobic bullying episodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raquel António
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Iscte - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Applied Psychology Research Center Capabilities and Inclusion (APPsyCI), Ispa- Instituto Universitário, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Guerra
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Iscte - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Carla Moleiro
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Iscte - Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Claypool HM, Trujillo A. Are Rejection Fears during Interracial Interactions Moderated by the Racial Composition of the Interacting Partner’s Social Network? A Pre-Registered Replication and Extension Experiment. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2023.2173600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
|
6
|
Husnu S, Paolini S, Berrigan A. Freely-chosen positive intergroup imagery causes improved outgroup emotions and encourages increased contact seeking immediately and at follow-up. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221147000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
In two ethnic contexts, we focus on volitional imagined contact as a potential method to increase individuals’ readiness to voluntarily initiate intergroup contact and engage in responses with implications for reconciliation. In Study 1, we used a quasi-experimental design to determine the causal role of volitional (vs. non-volitional) valenced imagined contact with a refugee on downstream processes. Irrespective of volition, positive visualizations led to more positive outgroup emotions, action tendencies, and contact seeking; however, manipulated volition amplified the differential impact of valenced contact on outgroup emotions: negative contact was more detrimental when freely chosen, than forced, whereas positive contact was equally beneficial irrespective of volition. Study 2 investigated factors driving individuals’ choices for positive (vs. negative) imagined contact in conflict-laden Cyprus and assessed immediate and longer-term consequences of such choices for interethnic contact seeking. In both studies, participants chose to engage in imagined contact of a valence that aligned with their prior contact histories consistent with an evaluative fit mechanism. Volitional valenced imagery predicted participants’ active and self-initiated contact seeking immediately and after a 2-week period. Hence, volitional intergroup imagery as a “mental contact script” prepares individuals for actual intergroup contact and behaviors with implications for intergroup reconciliation and cohesion.
Collapse
|
7
|
Kuglerová N, Popper M, Poslon XD. Intergroup trust as a mediator between compassion and positive attitudes toward sexual minorities. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1015595. [PMID: 36544455 PMCID: PMC9760852 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1015595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nurturing compassion is not only beneficial for one's well-being in terms of feelings and cognitions directed toward oneself, but it can also have positive effects on attitudes toward other people through associated humanity and recognition of the universality of suffering. Having compassion toward others may be particularly beneficial in intergroup relations, as minority and stigmatized groups often experience a lack of compassion from the majority. The present study (N = 244) examines the relation between self-compassion, compassion toward others, and the level of trust and positive attitudes toward members of sexual minorities. The results of path analysis suggest that the relationship between compassion for others and attitudes toward people belonging to sexual minorities is mediated by intergroup trust. Fostering compassion could therefore play an important role in increasing trust and improving attitudes toward the people belonging to stigmatized minorities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Kuglerová
- Faculty of Social and Economical Sciences, Institute of Applied Psychology, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia,*Correspondence: Nikoleta Kuglerová,
| | - Miroslav Popper
- Institute for Research in Social Communication, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Xenia Daniela Poslon
- Institute for Research in Social Communication, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Oľhová S, Lášticová B, Kundrát J, Kanovský M. Using fiction to improve intergroup attitudes: Testing indirect contact interventions in a school context. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11218-022-09708-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention using indirect intergroup contact for improving intergroup attitudes in schools, in particular anti-Roma prejudice. Vicarious contact—a form of indirect intergroup contact—can be experienced through fictional book characters, who can serve as positive role models in terms of intergroup attitude improvement. A vicarious contact experiment was conducted with sixth grade students (N = 177) from three Slovak elementary schools, using passages from the Harry Potter series. A three-group pretest-posttest design was adopted; experimental condition 1 involved reading passages without subsequent discussion, experimental condition 2 involved reading the same passages followed by a discussion, while the control group was not involved in any activities. There was a significant improvement of intergroup attitudes in experimental condition 2 compared to the control group, while condition 1 did not show any such improvement. The first contribution of the study is in tackling conceptually distinct mediators of the intervention’s effect – perspective taking and narrative transportation. The second contribution is in demonstrating the added value of discussion in interventions focused on prejudice reduction in schools.
Collapse
|
9
|
Effects of group-based experience on intergroup trust within Chinese cultures. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
10
|
Rupar M, Graf S, Voca S. Contact with former adversaries through mass‐media is linked to forgiveness after dyadic and multi‐ethnic conflicts. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Rupar
- Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic
- Jagiellonian University Kraków Poland
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Sargent RH, Caselli AJ, Machia LV, Newman LS. General perceptions of police mediate relationships between police contact and anticipated police behavior in imagined roadside encounters. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
12
|
Zhang H, Xin S, Liu G. The effect of the perception of group members’ identity diversity on intragroup trust. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-020-00720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
Voca S, Graf S, Rupar M. Victimhood beliefs are linked to willingness to engage in intergroup contact with a former adversary through empathy and trust. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302221084859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
After intergroup conflicts end, beliefs about past suffering of the ingroup compared to an outgroup influence relations between former adversaries. In Kosovo and Bosnia and Herzegovina, we simultaneously examined the effects of inclusive victimhood (i.e., a belief that both the ingroup and a former adversary suffered similarly) and competitive victimhood (i.e., a belief that the ingroup suffered more than a former adversary) on willingness to engage in contact with a former adversary, a precursor of positive changes in postconflict societies. In one correlational ( nAlbanians = 159; nCroat s = 227) and two experimental studies ( NAlbanians = 161; NCroats = 341, preregistered), inclusive victimhood was linked to higher willingness to engage in contact with former adversaries through higher empathy (Studies 1 to 3) and trust (Studies 1 and 2). In contrast, competitive victimhood was associated with lower willingness to engage in contact through lower empathy (Study 1) and trust (Studies 1 and 3). We discuss the practical implications of our findings for interventions in postconflict societies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mirjana Rupar
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic
- Jagiellonian University, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Turner R, Wildschut T, Sedikides C. Reducing social distance caused by weight stigma: Nostalgia changes behavior toward overweight individuals. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon Turner
- Centre for Identity and Intergroup Relations, School of Psychology Queen's University Belfast Belfast UK
| | - Tim Wildschut
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology University of Southampton Southampton UK
| | - Constantine Sedikides
- Centre for Research on Self and Identity, School of Psychology University of Southampton Southampton UK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Memory of Conflicts and Perceived Threat as Relevant Mediators of Interreligious Conflicts. RELIGIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rel13030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated to what extent memory of conflict and perceived threat explain the relation between religiosity and supporting interreligious conflicts between Muslims and Christians in Indonesia. We employed data from the survey of the interreligious conflicts in 2017, involving 2026 adults from five hotspot regions: Aceh Singkil, South Lampung, Bekasi, Poso, and Kupang. Our confirmatory factor analysis and measurement invariance demonstrated that all employed scales were valid and reliable across religious groups. Our structural equation modelling showed that while the memory of conflicts was only positively related to supporting lawful protests, the perceived threat was shown to be strongly related to supporting both lawful and violent protests. This shows that memory of past physical injuries is not highly susceptible to exclusive behaviours against the religious outgroup. However, it is the individuals’ evaluation of the religious outgroup as a result of past conflicts which encourages exclusionary behaviours against them. These findings provide empirical insights into the importance of the aftermath of interreligious conflicts and how they can be used to avoid future clashes.
Collapse
|
16
|
It's only discrimination when
they
do it to
us
: When White men use ingroup‐serving double standards in definitional boundaries of discrimination. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
|
17
|
Taylor LK, O’Driscoll D, Merrilees CE, Goeke-Morey M, Shirlow P, Cummings EM. Trust, Forgiveness, and Peace: The Influence of Adolescent Social Identity in a Setting of Intergroup Conflict. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2022; 46:101-111. [PMID: 35783662 PMCID: PMC9248412 DOI: 10.1177/01650254211066768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Following the signing of peace agreements, post-accord societies often remain deeply divided across group lines. There is a need to identify antecedents of youth's support for peace and establish more constructive intergroup relations. This article explored the effect of out-group trust, intergroup forgiveness and social identity on support for the peace process among youth from the historic majority and minorities communities in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The sample comprised of 667 adolescents (49% male; M=15.74, SD=1.99 years old) across two time points. Results from the structural equation model suggested that out-group trust was related to intergroup forgiveness over time, while forgiveness related to later support for the peace process. Strength of in-group social identity differentially moderated how out-group trust and intergroup forgiveness relate to later support for peace among youth from the conflict-related groups (i.e., Protestants and Catholics). Implications for consolidating peace in Northern Ireland are discussed, which may be relevant to other settings affected by intergroup conflict.
Collapse
|
18
|
Swaab RI, Lount RB, Chung S, Brett JM. Setting the stage for negotiations: How superordinate goal dialogues promote trust and joint gain in negotiations between teams. ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND HUMAN DECISION PROCESSES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
19
|
Rychlowska M, van der Schalk J, Niedenthal P, Martin J, Carpenter SM, Manstead ASR. Dominance, reward, and affiliation smiles modulate the meaning of uncooperative or untrustworthy behaviour. Cogn Emot 2021; 35:1281-1301. [PMID: 34229575 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2021.1948391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of different types of smiles on the perception of uncooperative or untrustworthy behaviour. In five studies, participants assigned to one group played an economic game with a representative of another group. In an initial round, the representative acted uncooperatively by favouring their group and then displayed a dominance, reward, or affiliation smile. Participants rated the motives of the representative and played a second round of the game with a different member of the same outgroup. Following uncooperative or untrustworthy behaviour, affiliation smiles communicated less positivity and superiority, and a greater desire to both repair the relationship between groups and change the uncooperative decision than reward or dominance smiles. Perceptions of a desire to repair the relationship and to change the decision were associated with trust and cooperation in a subsequent round of the game. Together, these findings show that smiles that are subtly different in their morphology can convey different messages and highlight the importance of these expressions in influencing the perceptions of others' intentions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Job van der Schalk
- Institute of Education and Child Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Paula Niedenthal
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jared Martin
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Thai M, O'Donnell AW, Turner RN, Barlow FK. An Investigation of the Relationship Between Cross-Race Friendships and Attraction. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 48:901-922. [PMID: 34219551 DOI: 10.1177/01461672211026130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Four studies investigated the link between cross-race friendships and attraction. In Study 1, White Australian participants (N = 240) who reported friendships with racial outgroup members were more likely to report attraction to the members of the racial group their friends belonged to. Studies 2a (N = 300 White American participants) and 2b (N = 303 White British participants) showed that experiences of cross-race non-verbal intimacy, perceived cross-race reciprocity in attraction, positive perceived ingroup norms about dating cross-racially, and warmth toward the racial outgroup were particularly important in explaining the friendship-attraction link in majority samples. Study 3 (N = 292 Black British participants) showed that in addition to the mediators above, self-disclosure was key to explaining the friendship-attraction link for racial minority group members. These findings extend the contact literature by exploring the specificity and mediators of the link between contact and attraction in the context of race relations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Thai
- The University of Queensland, Australia.,Flinders University, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Gandolfo L. Navigating Trust and Distrust in the Refugee Community of Malta. JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION AND INTEGRATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12134-021-00824-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis article considers how trust is constructed in the refugee community of Malta, against the backdrop of ongoing and recurrent unrest in Libya. As social trust is re-evaluated, social spaces have become sites of tension where divisions re-emerge along political, ideological, and economic lines. By focusing on the Libyan diaspora, the article presents an insight into the ways that conflict trauma shapes trust-building, and considers the challenges faced by civil society organisations and government bodies in their efforts to facilitate support and community-building on the island. The article is based on 14 interviews conducted in 2015 with members of the Libyan diaspora, and Maltese civil society organisations and government bodies. The interviewees discussed the multifaceted aspects of trust-building, including the legacy of 42 years of political distrust during the regime of the former Libyan leader, Muammar Gaddafi, regional affiliations and divisions, and the continuum of trauma that unfolds in the Maltese Open Centres and in the host community. The findings of the study indicate that there are additional structural impediments that extend beyond the ongoing conflict, including the Maltese detention process, the redrawing of political boundaries around social spaces in the towns, and the role of identity, which present determining factors in the building of social trust. Collectively, these aspects hold implications for integration into the diaspora community on the island, while in the long term, individual recovery from conflict trauma is dependent on the trust-networks that are constructed, or joined, by the refugees.
Collapse
|
22
|
Setiawan T, De Jong EBP, Scheepers PLH, Sterkens CJA. Support for interreligious conflict in Indonesia. JOURNAL OF PACIFIC RIM PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1834490921993295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aims to extend knowledge on interreligious conflicts in Indonesia by investigating the extent to which perceived threat, outgroup distrust, and interreligious contact mediate the relationship between majority–minority affiliation and support for interreligious conflict in Indonesia. We employed two modes of support, lawful and violent protests, to represent support for interreligious conflict. We collected survey data, covering random samples of ordinary citizens (N = 2,055, Muslims and Christians) across the archipelago. Our results reveal that perceived threat is the strongest mediator in the relationship between majority–minority affiliation and support for interreligious conflict. In contrast, interreligious contact shows no significance in explaining the relationship of interest. Overall, our study highlights the importance of focusing on support for both lawful and violent protests to describe and explain latent interreligious conflict in Indonesia, while taking into account relevant concepts resulting from prolonged interreligious conflict (namely perceived threat and outgroup distrust) on the one hand and different traits of interreligious contact as highly potential solutions on the other.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tery Setiawan
- Radboud University, The Netherlands
- Maranatha Christian University, Indonesia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Bagci SC, Guvensoy I, Turner RN, White FA, Piyale ZE. Investigating the role of E‐contact and self‐disclosure on improving Turkish‐Kurdish interethnic relations. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabahat C. Bagci
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences Sabanci University Istanbul Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Reimer NK, Love A, Wölfer R, Hewstone M. Building Social Cohesion Through Intergroup Contact: Evaluation of a Large-Scale Intervention to Improve Intergroup Relations Among Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:1049-1067. [PMID: 33599936 PMCID: PMC8116240 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Past research has found intergroup contact to be a promising intervention to reduce prejudice and has identified adolescence as the developmental period during which intergroup contact is most effective. Few studies, however, have tested whether contact-based interventions can be scaled up to improve intergroup relations at a large scale. The present research evaluated whether and when the National Citizen Service, a large-scale contact-based intervention reaching one in six 15- to 17-year-olds in England and Northern Ireland, builds social cohesion among adolescents from different ethnic backgrounds. In a diverse sample of adolescents (N = 2099; Mage = 16.37, age range: 15-17 years; 58% female), this study used a pretest-posttest design with a double pretest to assess the intervention's effectiveness. Controlling for test-retest effects, this study found evidence that the intervention decreased intergroup anxiety and increased outgroup perspective-taking-but not that it affected intergroup attitudes, intergroup trust, or perceptions of relative (dis-)advantage. These (small) effects were greater for adolescents who had experienced less positive contact before participating and who talked more about group differences while participating. These findings suggest that the intervention might not immediately improve intergroup relations-but that it has the potential to prepare adolescents, especially those with less positive contact experiences before the intervention, for more positive intergroup interactions in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Wölfer
- University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Deutsches Zentrum für Integrations- und Migrationsforschung, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Achbari W, Geys B, Doosje B. Comparing the effect of cross-group friendship on generalized trust to its effect on prejudice: The mediating role of threat perceptions and negative affect. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245983. [PMID: 33544735 PMCID: PMC7864407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intergroup relations theory posits that cross-group friendship reduces threat perceptions and negative emotions about outgroups. This has been argued to mitigate the negative effects of ethnic diversity on generalized trust. Yet, direct tests of this friendship-trust relation, especially including perceptions of threat and negative affect as mediators, have remained rare at the individual level. In this article, we bridge this research gap using representative data from eight European countries (Group-Focused Enmity). We employ structural equation modelling (SEM) to model mediated paths of cross-group friendship on generalized trust via perceptions of threat and negative affect. We find that both the total effect as well as the (mediated) total indirect effect of cross-group friendship on generalized trust are weak when compared with similar paths estimated for prejudice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wahideh Achbari
- Department of Political Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Benny Geys
- Department of Applied Economics, Free University Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Economics, BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bertjan Doosje
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Is this a Real Choice? Critical Exploration of the Social License to Operate in the Oil Extraction Context of the Ecuadorian Amazon. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12208416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this research was to critically analyze the social license to operate (SLO) for an oil company operating in Block 10, an oil concession located in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The specific study area is an important biodiversity hotspot, inhabited by indigenous villages. A mixed-methods approach was used to support a deeper understanding of SLO, grounded in participants’ direct experience. Semi-structured interviews (N = 53) were conducted with village leaders and members, indigenous associations, State institutions, and oil company staff, while household surveys were conducted with village residents (N = 346). The qualitative data informed a modified version of Moffat and Zhang’s SLO model, which was tested through structural equation modelling (SEM) analyses. Compared to the reference model, our findings revealed a more crucial role of procedural fairness in building community trust, as well as acceptance and approval of the company. Procedural fairness was found to be central in mediating the relationship between trust and the effects of essential services provided by the company (medical assistance, education, house availability) and sources of livelihoods (i.e., fishing, hunting, harvesting, cultivating, and waterway quality). The main results suggested that the concept of SLO may not appropriately apply without taking into account a community’s autonomy to decline company operation. To enhance procedural fairness and respect for the right of community self-determination, companies may need to consider the following: Establishing a meaningful and transparent dialogue with the local community; engaging the community in decision-making processes; enhancing fair distribution of project benefits; and properly addressing community concerns, even in the form of protests. The respect of the free prior informed consent procedure is also needed, through the collaboration of both the State and companies. The reduction of community dependence on companies (e.g., through the presence of developmental alternatives to oil extraction) is another important requirement to support an authentic SLO in the study area.
Collapse
|
27
|
Farkač B, Scott Z, Šerek J. Tolerance more than equality? Two facets of tolerance towards immigrants among Czech adolescents. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2020.1724534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bronislav Farkač
- Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Scott
- Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šerek
- Faculty of Social Studies, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Çakal H, Halabi S, Cazan AM, Eller A. Intergroup contact and endorsement of social change motivations: The mediating role of intergroup trust, perspective-taking, and intergroup anxiety among three advantaged groups in Northern Cyprus, Romania, and Israel. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219885163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Three studies investigated the effect of intergroup contact and social identification on social change among three advantaged groups in Cyprus, Romania, and Israel. In Study 1 ( n = 340, Turkish Cypriots), intergroup contact with disadvantaged immigrant Turks positively predicted endorsement of their social change motivations directly, and via intergroup trust and perspective-taking indirectly. In Study 2 ( n = 200, Romanians), contact with the ethnic minority Hungarians positively predicted endorsement of their social change motivations via intergroup trust, perspective-taking, and intergroup anxiety, while ingroup identification negatively predicted endorsement of Hungarian ethnic minority’s collective action tendencies via perspective-taking and anxiety. In Study 3 ( n = 240, Israeli Jews), intergroup contact positively predicted, while ingroup identification negatively predicted, endorsement of disadvantaged Israeli Palestinian citizens’ social change motivations via perspective-taking, anxiety, and trust. Across three studies, results show that intergroup contact led the advantaged groups to attitudinally support social change motivations of the disadvantaged outgroups through increased trust, perspective-taking, and reduced anxiety, whereas ingroup identification weakened their intention to support social change motivations via perspective-taking and intergroup anxiety in Study 2, and via intergroup trust, perspective-taking, and intergroup anxiety in Study 3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anja Eller
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Urbanska K, Huet S, Guimond S. Does increased interdisciplinary contact among hard and social scientists help or hinder interdisciplinary research? PLoS One 2019; 14:e0221907. [PMID: 31483810 PMCID: PMC6726372 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientists across disciplines must often work together to address pressing global issues facing our societies. For interdisciplinary projects to flourish, scientists must recognise the potential contribution of other disciplines in answering key research questions. Recent research suggested that social sciences may be appreciated less than hard sciences overall. Building on the extensive evidence of ingroup bias and ethnocentrism in intergroup relations, however, one could also expect scientists, especially those belonging to high status disciplines, to play down the contributions of other disciplines to important research questions. The focus of the present research was to investigate how hard and social scientists perceive one another and the impact of interdisciplinary collaborations on these perceptions. We surveyed 280 scientists at Wave 1 and with 129 of them followed up at Wave 2 to establish how ongoing interdisciplinary collaborations underpinned perceptions of other disciplines. Based on Wave 1 data, scientists who report having interdisciplinary experiences more frequently are also more likely to recognise the intellectual contribution of other disciplines and perceive more commonalities with them. However, in line with the intergroup bias literature, group membership in the more prestigious hard sciences is related to a stronger tendency to downplay the intellectual contribution of social science disciplines compared to other hard science disciplines. This bias was not present among social scientists who produced very similar evaluation of contribution of hard and social science disciplines. Finally, using both waves of the survey, the social network comparison of discipline pairs shows that asymmetries in the evaluation of other disciplines are only present among discipline pairs that do not have any experience of collaborating with one another. These results point to the need for policies that incentivise new collaborations between hard and social scientists and foster interdisciplinary contact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Urbanska
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Sylvie Huet
- Laboratory of Engineering for Complex Systems, Irstea, Aubière, France
| | - Serge Guimond
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale et Cognitive, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Birtel MD, Reimer NK, Wölfer R, Hewstone M. Change in school ethnic diversity and intergroup relations: The transition from segregated elementary to mixed secondary school for majority and minority students. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle D. Birtel
- School of Human Sciences University of Greenwich London UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Nils K. Reimer
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Ralf Wölfer
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | - Miles Hewstone
- Department of Experimental Psychology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- School of Psychology University of Newcastle Callaghan New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Vezzali L, Birtel MD, Di Bernardo GA, Stathi S, Crisp RJ, Cadamuro A, Visintin EP. Don’t hurt my outgroup friend: A multifaceted form of imagined contact promotes intentions to counteract bullying. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219852404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of research has shown that imagined intergroup contact can improve outgroup attitudes. The aim of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of a multifaceted form of imagined contact in counteracting bullying in school children, and additionally to test the underlying processes of this effect. Two hundred and fifteen Italian elementary school children took part in a 3-week intervention, where they were asked to imagine a scenario in which they become friends with an unknown disabled child, interact in various social settings, and react to forms of discrimination toward the newly acquired friend. After each session, they discussed collectively what they had imagined. The dependent measures were administered 1 week after the last session. Results revealed that inclusion of an outgroup member in the self mediated the effect of imagined contact on intentions to counteract social exclusion and bullying of disabled children, as well as helping intentions. Imagined contact also promoted greater willingness for outgroup contact via more positive outgroup attitudes and empathy. Our findings are important in delineating new forms of imagined contact, and understanding ways to promote behaviors that defend victims of social exclusion and bullying in school environments.
Collapse
|
32
|
Paterson JL, Turner RN, Hodson G. Receptivity to dating and marriage across the religious divide in Northern Ireland: The role of intergroup contact. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gordon Hodson
- Department of Psychology Brock University St. Catharines Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sedikides C, Wildschut T. The sociality of personal and collective nostalgia. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2019.1630098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Wildschut
- Psychology Department, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yucel D, Psaltis C. Intergroup contact and willingness for renewed cohabitation in Cyprus: Exploring the mediating and moderating mechanisms. GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1368430219845053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
One of the major challenges in divided societies is finding ways to overcome geographical partition by increasing readiness for cohabitation in mixed areas. Cyprus has faced a protracted situation of division (between Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots) for the last 44 years. In this paper, we explore the role of intergroup contact (both quantity and quality of contact) in enhancing the willingness of members of these two communities to reestablish cohabitation, using representative survey samples from both communities. We hypothesize that such an effect is mediated by a decrease in the levels of prejudice between the two communities and an increase in the levels of trust. In addition, we hypothesize that the direct effect of intergroup contact and the indirect effect of intergroup contact through trust and prejudice are both moderated by age. To explore these hypotheses, we collected data from a representative sample of 502 Greek Cypriots and 504 Turkish Cypriots. The hypotheses are tested among the Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot samples separately. In both samples, the results show that the positive effect of intergroup contact on willingness for renewed cohabitation is mediated by both trust and prejudice. There is also some support for the moderating effect of age for both the direct and indirect effects of intergroup contact.
Collapse
|
35
|
Zezelj I, Milošević-Đorđević J, Van Niekerk J, Pavlović Z. How to address the caveat of avoiding direct contact: Reducing prejudice towards gay and lesbian people in five Balkan countries. The Journal of Social Psychology 2019; 160:190-203. [PMID: 31116685 DOI: 10.1080/00224545.2019.1611531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In the Balkans, contact with gays and lesbians is typically hostile or avoided. Drawing from probability samples of young people from five Balkan countries (N = 1046), we examined whether it is possible to transfer the effects of contact with other marginalized outgroups (largest ethnic minority in every country, Roma, the extremely poor and physically disabled) to acceptance of gays and lesbians (secondary outgroup), and whether this relationship could be explained by attitude generalization and increased intergroup trust. Path analyses supported the secondary transfer effect: it confirmed that, while controlling for direct contact, contact with other marginalized groups was related to more acceptance of a secondary group; this relationship was mediated by trust. This was found across all primary groups in the combined samples, while the effect varied for different groups in country samples. The results add to the value of intergroup contact as a mean of prejudice-reduction.
Collapse
|
36
|
Campo M, Mackie DM, Sanchez X. Emotions in Group Sports: A Narrative Review From a Social Identity Perspective. Front Psychol 2019; 10:666. [PMID: 30984077 PMCID: PMC6450421 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, novel lines of research have developed to study the influence of identity processes in sport-related behaviors. Yet, whereas emotions in sport are the result of a complex psychosocial process, little attention has been paid to examining the mechanisms that underlie how group membership influences athletes' emotional experiences. The present narrative review aims at complementing the comprehensive review produced by Rees et al. (2015) on social identity in sport by reporting specific work on identity-based emotions in sport. To that end, we firstly overview the different terminology currently used in the field of emotions in groups to clarify the distinct nature of emotions that result from an individual's social identity. Secondly, we discuss key concepts of social identity to better understand the mechanisms underlying identity-based emotions. Thirdly, we address existing knowledge on identity-based emotions in sport. We close the present narrative review by suggesting future research perspectives based on existing meta-theories of social identity. Evidence from the social psychology literature is discussed alongside existing works from the sport literature to propose a crucial theoretical approach to better understand emotions in sport.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Campo
- Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Laboratoire Psy-DREPI: Psychologie – Dynamiques Relationnelles Et Processus Identitaires (EA-7458), Dijon, France
| | - Diane M. Mackie
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States
| | - Xavier Sanchez
- Center of Research on Welfare, Health and Sport, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mashuri A, Zaduqisti E. Explaining Muslims’ Aggressive Tendencies Towards the West: The Role of Negative Stereotypes, Anger, Perceived Conflict and Islamic Fundamentalism. PSYCHOLOGY AND DEVELOPING SOCIETIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0971333618819151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current research was to investigate what psychological factors predict Muslims’ negative stereotypes of the West, and the underlying mechanism by which the negative stereotypes can translate into Muslims’ aggressive tendencies towards the West. A correlational survey among a sample of Indonesian Muslims ( N = 360) demonstrated that the more participants negatively stereotyped the West, the more they thought that Muslims should aggress the latter group. We also found as expected that Muslims’ negative stereotypes of the West were positively predicted by the perceived conflict between Islam and the West, and this perceived intergroup conflict in turn mediated the role of Islamic fundamentalism in predicting the negative stereotypes. These findings in sum highlight the role of contextual and individual factors in predicting Muslims’ negative stereotypes of the West, as well as the impact of these stereotypes on Muslims’ aggressive tendencies towards the West. Theoretical implications and research limitations of these empirical findings are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mashuri
- Department of Psychology, University of Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Esti Zaduqisti
- Department of Islamic Counselling, State Islamic Institute of Pekalongan (IAIN Pekalongan), Pekalongan, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mirza A, Birtel MD, Pyle M, Morrison AP. Cultural Differences in Psychosis: The Role of Causal Beliefs and Stigma in White British and South Asians. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022118820168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
While previous research has demonstrated the negative impact of stigma in individuals with mental health problems, little is known about cross-cultural differences in experiences and explanations of mental health, in particular in young people, despite the first episode of psychosis often occurring in adolescence. Aim of this study was to examine cultural differences in causal beliefs and stigma toward mental health, in particular psychosis. White British and South Asian young people ( N = 128) from two schools and colleges in the United Kingdom, aged 16 to 20 years, completed a cross-sectional survey. Results revealed significant associations between ethnic group and our dependent measures. White British reported more previous contact with a mental health service as well as with people with mental health problems than South Asians. They also reported lower stigma in form of a greater intentions to engage in contact with people with mental health problems. Furthermore, South Asians reported higher beliefs in supernatural causes of psychosis than White British. Psychotic experiences moderated the effect of ethnic group on supernatural beliefs, with South Asians reporting higher supernatural beliefs than White British when their own psychotic experiences were low to moderate. We discuss the implications of the findings, arguing that a greater culture-sensitive understanding of mental health is important to reach ethnic minorities with psychosis, and to challenge stigma toward psychosis from an early age on.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melissa Pyle
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester West Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Anthony P. Morrison
- University of Manchester, UK
- Psychosis Research Unit, Greater Manchester West Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rupar M, Graf S. Different forms of intergroup contact with former adversary are linked to distinct reconciliatory acts through symbolic and realistic threat. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana Rupar
- Department of Psychology Masaryk University Brno Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Graf
- Institute of Psychology Czech Academy of Sciences Brno Czech Republic
- Department of Psychology University of Bern Bern Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Bowman JW, West K. Prime and prejudice: Brief stereotypical media representations can increase prejudicial attitudes and behaviour towards people with schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Keon West
- Department of PsychologyGoldsmiths, University of London London UK
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
West K. Does Contact Matter?: The Relative Importance of Contact in Predicting Anti-Gay Prejudice in Jamaica. JOURNAL OF HOMOSEXUALITY 2018; 67:468-488. [PMID: 30526442 DOI: 10.1080/00918369.2018.1547559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Jamaica has been called one of the world's most anti-gay countries. However, little empirical research has investigated methods of reducing this prejudice. Intergroup contact-(positive) interaction with someone from a different social group-is one of the most widely tested and strongly favored methods of reducing prejudice. However, the role of contact in this specific context is not clear, particularly the relative importance of contact compared to other variables that predict (less) prejudice. This current cross-sectional research investigated that question using a large, representative sample of Jamaican participants (N = 942). As in prior research, contact predicted less anti-gay prejudice, and the (negative) relationship between contact and anti-gay behaviors was mediated by intergroup anxiety and attitudes, even when other important predictors were taken into account. However, contact was a less important predictor than gender, education, or religiosity. Implications for intergroup contact and prejudice-reduction strategies in Jamaica are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keon West
- Psychology Department, Goldsmiths, University of London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Jasinskaja-Lahti I, Celikkol G, Renvik TA, Eskelinen V, Vetik R, Sam DL. When psychological contract is violated: Revisiting the Rejection-Disidentification Model of immigrant integration. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.5964/jspp.v6i2.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated how perceived ethnic discrimination is related to attitudes towards the national majority group and willingness to confront injustice to promote the social standing of a minority group. We examined this relationship via two mediating factors; national (dis)identification from and out-group (dis)trust of the national majority group. The Rejection-Disidentification Model (RDIM) was refined, first, to account for willingness to confront injustice as a consequence of perceived rejection, and second, intergroup (dis)trust was examined as an additional mediating mechanism that can explain attitudinal and behavioural reactions to perceived rejection simultaneously with national disidentification. The model was tested in a comparative survey data of Russian-speaking minority in Estonia (N = 482), Finland (N = 254), and Norway (N = 219). In all three countries, the more Russian-speakers identified as Russians and the more they perceived ethnic discrimination, the more negative were their attitudes toward the national majority groups and the more willing they were to engage in action to confront group-based injustice. Whereas disidentification from and distrust of national majority group accounted for the discrimination-attitude link to a large extent, both factors had demobilizing effects on willingness to confront injustice, making Russian-speaking immigrants more passive but hostile. The findings are discussed in relation to the risks involved in politicization of immigrants struggling with perceived inequalities.
Collapse
|
43
|
Bagci SC, Turnuklu A, Bekmezci E. Cross-group friendships and psychological well-being: A dual pathway through social integration and empowerment. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 57:773-792. [PMID: 29993132 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the associations between cross-group friendships and psychological well-being among a sample of physically disabled adults. A total of 269 disabled people (Mage = 39.13, SD = 13.80; 114 females, 152 males, 3 unknown) completed questionnaires including the quality of their friendships with non-disabled people, perceived majority group's attitudes towards the minority group, collective self-esteem, collective action tendencies, own outgroup attitudes, and psychological well-being. Findings demonstrated that disabled people's cross-group friendships were directly and indirectly associated with higher levels of psychological well-being via two routes: one by promoting perceived majority attitudes which consequently led to more positive own outgroup attitudes (well-being through social integration hypothesis) and the other by leading to higher levels of collective self-esteem which enhanced collective action tendencies (well-being through empowerment hypothesis). Findings offer important insights into the study of cross-group friendships in relation to the psychological well-being of stigmatized minority group members.
Collapse
|
44
|
White FA, Turner RN, Verrelli S, Harvey LJ, Hanna JR. Improving intergroup relations between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland via E-contact. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fiona A. White
- School of Psychology; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | | | - Stefano Verrelli
- School of Psychology; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Lauren J. Harvey
- School of Psychology; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Hässler T, González R, Lay S, Lickel B, Zagefka H, Tropp LR, Brown R, Manzi Astudillo J, Bernardino M. With a little help from our friends: The impact of cross-group friendship on acculturation preferences. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto González
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile; Santiago de Chile Chile
| | - Siugmin Lay
- Royal Holloway, University of London; Egham UK
| | - Brian Lickel
- University of Massachusetts Amherst; Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | | | - Linda R. Tropp
- University of Massachusetts Amherst; Amherst Massachusetts USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Abstract. This research investigated whether multicultural experiences impact identification with humanity within a broader prejudice-reduction framework. Results suggest two components of multicultural experiences – experiences with cultural elements and contact with cultural members – were negatively associated with ethnic (Study 1) and immigrant prejudice (Studies 2 and 3) through stronger identification with humanity. When controlling for their overlapping variance, overall findings suggest experiences with cultural elements and contact with cultural members both uniquely predicted less prejudice through identification with humanity. In Study 3, frequent, positive intercultural contact predicted less prejudice and greater concern for human rights through identification with humanity. Meta-analytic evidence suggests the negative association between experiences with cultural elements and prejudice (r = −.30) was stronger than for contact (r = −.20).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Sparkman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Scott Eidelman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ioannou M, Al Ramiah A, Hewstone M. An experimental comparison of direct and indirect intergroup contact. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
48
|
Zhou S, Page-Gould E, Aron A, Moyer A, Hewstone M. The Extended Contact Hypothesis: A Meta-Analysis on 20 Years of Research. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2018; 23:132-160. [PMID: 29671374 DOI: 10.1177/1088868318762647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
According to the extended contact hypothesis, knowing that in-group members have cross-group friends improves attitudes toward this out-group. This meta-analysis covers the 20 years of research that currently exists on the extended contact hypothesis, and consists of 248 effect sizes from 115 studies. The aggregate relationship between extended contact and intergroup attitudes was r = .25, 95% confidence interval (CI) = [.22, .27], which reduced to r = .17, 95% CI = [.14, .19] after removing direct friendship's contribution; these results suggest that extended contact's hypothesized relationship to intergroup attitudes is small-to-medium and exists independently of direct friendship. This relationship was larger when extended contact was perceived versus actual, highlighting the importance of perception in extended contact. Current results on extended contact mostly resembled their direct friendship counterparts, suggesting similarity between these contact types. These unique insights about extended contact and its relationship with direct friendship should enrich and spur growth within this literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shelly Zhou
- 1 University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,2 Stony Brook University, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
McKeown S, Taylor LK. Perceived peer and school norm effects on youth antisocial and prosocial behaviours through intergroup contact in Northern Ireland. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 57:652-665. [PMID: 29663432 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In adolescence, youth spend a high proportion of their time with their peers and in school; it is hardly surprising therefore that perceptions of peer and school norms have a strong influence on their attitudes and behaviours. These norms, however, do not always influence youth in the same way. Building on past research, the present study examines the role of peer norms and school norms in influencing the quantity and quality of intergroup contact, as well as the impact of such contact on positive and negative intergroup behaviours. Youth (aged 14-16) living in Northern Ireland (N = 466, evenly split by religion and gender) were recruited through their school as part of a two-wave study and completed a series of survey measures including intergroup contact (quality and quantity), norms (peer and school), and participation in sectarian antisocial behaviour and outgroup prosocial behaviour. Mediation analysis was conducted in Mplus. Controlling for wave 1 responses on contact and behavioural outcomes, findings demonstrate that more positive peer norms are associated with less participation in antisocial behaviour and more participation in prosocial outgroup behaviours through increased and better quality intergroup contact. Positive school norms were also associated with increased prosocial behaviour, but only though better quality contact. Findings demonstrate the relative importance of peer norms compared to school norms for this age group. The results have implications for school-based interventions that aim to improve intergroup relations and highlight the importance of peer networks to promote more positive outgroup behaviours in divided societies such as Northern Ireland.
Collapse
|
50
|
Choma BL, Jagayat A, Hodson G, Turner R. Prejudice in the wake of terrorism: The role of temporal distance, ideology, and intergroup emotions. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|