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Wendland RJ, Conway MT, Worthington KS. Evaluating the polymerization effectiveness and biocompatibility of bio-sourced, visible light-based photoinitiator systems. J Biomed Mater Res A 2024. [PMID: 38572856 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The use of photopolymerization is expanding across a multitude of biomedical applications, from drug delivery to bioprinting. Many of these current and emerging photopolymerization systems employ visible light, as motivated by safety and energy efficiency considerations. However, the "library" of visible light initiators is limited compared with the wealth of options available for UV polymerization. Furthermore, the synthesis of traditional photoinitiators relies on diminishing raw materials, and several traditional photoinitiators are considered emerging environmental contaminants. As such, there has been recent focus on identifying and characterizing biologically sourced, visible light-based photoinitiator systems that can be effectively used in photopolymerization applications. In this regard, several bio-sourced molecules have been shown to act as photoinitiators, primarily through Type II photoinitiation mechanisms. However, whether bio-sourced molecules can also act as effective synergists in these reactions remains unknown. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of bio-sourced synergist candidates, with a focus on amino acids, due to their amine functional groups, in combination with two bio-sourced photoinitiator molecules: riboflavin and curcumin. We tested the effectiveness of these photoinitiator systems under both violet (405 nm) and blue (460-475 nm) light using photo-rheology. We found that several synergist candidates, namely lysine, arginine, and histidine, increased the polymerization effectiveness of riboflavin when used with both violet and blue light. With curcumin, we found that almost all tested synergist candidates slightly decreased the polymerization effectiveness compared with curcumin alone under both light sources. These results show that bio-sourced molecules have the potential to be used as synergists with bio-sourced photoinitiators in visible light photopolymerization. However, more work must be done to fully characterize these reactions and to investigate more synergist candidates. Ultimately, this information is expected to expand the range of available visible light-based photoinitiator systems and increase their sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rion J Wendland
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Matthew T Conway
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kristan S Worthington
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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2
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Novel Tuning of PMMA Orthopedic Bone Cement Using TBB Initiator: Effect of Bone Cement Extracts on Bioactivity of Osteoblasts and Osteoclasts. Cells 2022; 11:cells11243999. [PMID: 36552761 PMCID: PMC9776632 DOI: 10.3390/cells11243999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone cement containing benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a polymerization initiator are commonly used to fix orthopedic metal implants. However, toxic complications caused by bone cement are a clinically significant problem. Poly (methyl methacrylate) tri-n-butylborane (PMMA-TBB), a newly developed material containing TBB as a polymerization initiator, was found to be more biocompatible than conventional PMMA-BPO bone cements due to reduced free radical generation during polymerization. However, free radicals might not be the only determinant of cytotoxicity. Here, we evaluated the response and functional phenotypes of cells exposed to extracts derived from different bone cements. Bone cement extracts were prepared from two commercial PMMA-BPO cements and an experimental PMMA-TBB. Rat bone marrow-derived osteoblasts and osteoclasts were cultured in a medium supplemented with bone cement extracts. More osteoblasts survived and attached to the culture dish with PMMA-TBB extract than in the culture with PMMA-BPO extracts. Osteoblast proliferation and differentiation were higher in the culture with PMMA-TBB extract. The number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells was significantly lower in the culture with PMMA-TBB extract. There was no difference in osteoclast-related gene expression in response to different bone cement extracts. In conclusion, PMMA-TBB extract was less toxic to osteoblasts than PMMA-BPO extracts. Although extracts from the different cement types did not affect osteoclast function, PMMA-TBB extract seemed to reduce osteoclastogenesis, a possible further advantage of PMMA-TBB cement. These implied that the reduced radical generation during polymerization is not the only determinant for the improved biocompatibility of PMMA-TBB and that the post-polymerization chemical elution may also be important.
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3
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Atogwe ID, Bhandari S, Balasubramanian P, Ronderos DM. Nail Polish Remover Induced Methemoglobinemia: An Uncommon Occurrence. Cureus 2022; 14:e32107. [PMID: 36601139 PMCID: PMC9805361 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Methemoglobinemia, defined as hemoglobin's impaired oxygen-carrying capacity due to oxidation from the ferrous (Fe2+) state to the ferric (Fe3+) state, has many well-documented etiologies. One example of an uncommon cause of acquired methemoglobinemia is the ingestion of nail polish remover, which can contain methemoglobin generators such as nitroethane, N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine, and isobutyl nitrite. We present a case of methemoglobinemia in an 81-year-old male following accidental ingestion of isobutyl nitrite-containing nail polish remover, commonly used as a recreational inhalant. Furthermore, we review potentially toxic substances found in commercially available nail products. This case was designed to identify and efficiently treat a rather uncommon cause of methemoglobinemia induced in this case by a common household item, nail polish remover.
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Glycine derivatives with closed carboxyl group as effective co-initiators for radical photopolymerization in the presence of camphorquinone. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04074-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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5
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Padunglappisit C, Posaya-Anuwat S, Sompoch V, Piyawiwattanakoon P, Panpisut P. Effects of Different Amine Activators on the Monomer Conversion, Biaxial Flexural Strength, and Color Stability of Experimental Provisional Dental Restorations. Eur J Dent 2021; 15:488-494. [PMID: 33535248 PMCID: PMC8382472 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1721908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective
The aim was to assess the effect of different amine activators including N, N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) or Na-N-tolyglycine glycidyl methacrylate (NTGGMA) on chemical-activated monomer conversion, biaxial flexural strength (BFS), and color stability of composites for provisional dental restorations.
Materials and Methods
Two formulations of composites containing either DMPT (D-temp) or NTGGMA (N-temp) were prepared. The degree of monomer conversion was assessed. The BFS of the materials was tested using the ball-on-ring testing jig. The color difference (∆E
00
) of the materials after immersion in water was also determined. The commercial comparisons were Unifast (UF), Protemp (PT), Luxacrown, and Luxatemp (LT).
Results
The monomer conversion of D-temp (57.4 ± 1.3%) was comparable to that of N-temp (59.0 ± 1.3%). The conversion of both D-temp and N-temp were higher than that of PT (48.1 ± 3.4%) and LT (48.0 ± 1.6%). BFS of both D-temp (164.2 ± 18.1 MPa) and N-temp (168.6 ± 8.9 MPa) were comparable but higher than that of UF (119.8 ± 13.6 MPa). ∆E
00
of D-temp (2.7 ± 0.7) and N-temp (2.5 ± 0.8) were comparable but higher than that of other commercial materials (0.6–1.2).
Conclusion
The use of DMPT or NTGGMA showed negligible effect on monomer conversion, BFS, and color stability of the experimental provisional restorations. The conversion and BFS of the experimental materials were in the range of that obtained from commercial bis-acryl-based materials. However, the color stability of the experimental materials was lower than that of commercial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Varisara Sompoch
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | | | - Piyaphong Panpisut
- Faculty of Dentistry, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand.,Research Unit in Dental and Bone Substitute Biomaterials, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
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6
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Arar A, Wisson L, Lalevée J. New Pure Organic and Peroxide-Free Redox Initiating Systems for Polymerization in Mild Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020301. [PMID: 33477848 PMCID: PMC7832862 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Redox initiating systems (RISs) are highly worthwhile for polymerization in mild conditions (at room temperature—RT) without external thermal or light activation. With high performance redox initiating systems RIS, the free radical polymerization FRP can even be carried out under air and without inhibitors/stabilizers removal from the monomers/resins. However, efficient RISs are still based on peroxides or metal complexes. In this work, a pure organic and peroxide-free RIS is presented based on the interaction of a well-selected triarylamine derivative (T4epa) with iodonium salt used as reducing and oxidizing agents, respectively. The redox polymerization (Redox FRP) was followed through pyrometry and thermal imaging experiments. Remarkably, a full control of the work time as well as a high reactivity is observed for mild conditions.
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7
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Arar A, Mousawi AA, Boyadjian C, Garra P, Fouassier JP, Lalevée J. Diphenylsilane‐Manganese Acetylacetonate Redox Initiating Systems: Toward Amine‐Free and Peroxide‐Free Systems. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202000058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Arar
- Université de Haute‐AlsaceCNRS IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse F‐68100 France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg F‐67081 France
| | - Assi Al Mousawi
- Université de Haute‐AlsaceCNRS IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse F‐68100 France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg F‐67081 France
- American University of BeirutMaroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and ArchitectureBaha & Walid Bassatne Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Energy P. O. Box 11‐0236 Riad El‐Solh Beirut 1107 2020 Lebanon
| | - Cassia Boyadjian
- American University of BeirutMaroun Semaan Faculty of Engineering and ArchitectureBaha & Walid Bassatne Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Energy P. O. Box 11‐0236 Riad El‐Solh Beirut 1107 2020 Lebanon
| | - Patxi Garra
- Université de Haute‐AlsaceCNRS IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse F‐68100 France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg F‐67081 France
| | - Jean Pierre Fouassier
- Université de Haute‐AlsaceCNRS IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse F‐68100 France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg F‐67081 France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute‐AlsaceCNRS IS2M UMR 7361 Mulhouse F‐68100 France
- Université de Strasbourg Strasbourg F‐67081 France
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8
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Pratap B, Gupta RK, Bhardwaj B, Nag M. Resin based restorative dental materials: characteristics and future perspectives. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2019; 55:126-138. [PMID: 31687052 PMCID: PMC6819877 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review article compiles the characteristics of resin based dental composites and an effort is made to point out their future perspectives. Recent research studies along with few earlier articles were studied to compile the synthesis schemes of commonly used monomers, their characteristics in terms of their physical, mechanical and polymerization process with selectivity towards the input parameters of polymerization process. This review covers surface modification processes of various filler particles using silanes, wear behaviour, antimicrobial behaviour along with its testing procedures to develop the fundamental knowledge of various characteristics of resin based composites. In the end of this review, possible areas of further interests are pointed out on the basis of literature review on resin based dental materials.
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Key Words
- 4-EDMAB, Ethyl-4-dimethyl amino benzoate
- Antimicrobial properties
- BPA, Bisphenol-A
- BPO, Benzoyl peroxide
- Bis-EMA, Ethoxylatedbisphenol-A-dimethacrylate
- Bis-GMA, Bisphenol A-glycidyl methacrylate
- CQ, Camphorquinone
- DC, Degree of conversion
- DHEPT, Dihydroxy ethyl-para-toluidine
- DMAEMA, Dimethyl amino ethyl methacrylate
- DMAP, Dimethyl amino pyridine
- Dental composites
- EGDMA, Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
- HEMA, 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate
- LED, Light emitting diode
- PPD, 1-phenyl-1,2 propanedione
- PS, Polymerization Shrinkage
- RBCs, Resin based composites
- Self-healing
- Surface modification of filler particles
- TEG, Triethylene glycol
- TEGDMA, Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
- TPO, Diphenyl phosphine oxide
- UDMA, Urethane dimethacrylate
- Wear
- γ-MPS, 3-(Trimethoxysilyl) Propyl Methacrylate
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhanu Pratap
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | - Ravi Kant Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
| | | | - Meetu Nag
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Manipal University Jaipur, Jaipur, India
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9
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Wang D, Garra P, Szillat F, Fouassier JP, Lalevée J. Silane Based Redox Initiating Systems: Toward a Safer Amine-Free, Peroxide-Free, and Metal-Free Approach. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dengxia Wang
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67081, France
- Shandong Institute of Nonmetallic Materials, Jinan 250031, China
| | - Patxi Garra
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67081, France
| | | | | | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France
- Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg F-67081, France
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10
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Wu H, Yuan C, Zeng C, Luo Z. Quantum Tunneling Tautomer of N, N-Dimethyl- p-toluidine Dehydrogenates Identified by Deep-UV Laser Ionization Mass Spectroscopy. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:10743-10747. [PMID: 31459191 PMCID: PMC6645372 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing customized deep-ultraviolet laser ionization mass spectroscopy, here we report a finding of remarkable dehydrogenation product of N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMT). The DMT dehydrogenates find comparable mass abundance with the DMT molecule ions showing decent stability at the loss of one electron and one H atom from the DMT molecule. First-principles calculation reveals that the dehydrogenation most readily occurs at the N-connected methyl group. Furthermore, at the removal of a hydrogen atom, a neighboring hydrogen atom on the other methyl come close and interact with the dehydrogenated methylene group, pertaining to C-H···C weak interactions which give rises to a resonant structure (C···H-C) on a basis of hydrogen atom quantum tunneling effect. The quantum tunneling tautomer of DMT dehydrogenates displays reversible donor-acceptor charge-transfer interactions as demonstrated by natural bonding orbital analysis and vibrational spectroscopy. It is worth noting that the novel dehydrogenation product was also observed for another small organic molecule o-phenylenediamine, which bears two neighboring amino groups and the subsequent dehydrogenation product pertains to resonant structures of N-H···N and N···H-N. The deep ultraviolet laser not only produces fragmentation-free mass spectra for such small organic molecules but also tailors the interesting quantum tunneling tautomer from such specific molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiming Wu
- State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R.
China
| | - Chengqian Yuan
- State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R.
China
| | - Chenghui Zeng
- State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhixun Luo
- State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
CAS Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- University
of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R.
China
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11
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Nan X, Huang Y, Shao J, Yan H, Wu M, Yao Y. Co-initiating function of silk peptide in free radical photopolymerization. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuying Nan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hainan Normal University; Haikou 571158 People's Republic of China
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Yi Huang
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Jianzhong Shao
- Engineering Research Center for Eco-Dyeing and Finishing of Textiles, Ministry of Education; Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Huiqiong Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hainan Normal University; Haikou 571158 People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshu Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hainan Normal University; Haikou 571158 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhua Yao
- School of Mathematics and Statistics; Hainan Normal University; Haikou 571158 People's Republic of China
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12
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Dunnick JK, Shockley KR, Morgan DL, Brix A, Travlos GS, Gerrish K, Michael Sanders J, Ton TV, Pandiri AR. Hepatic transcriptomic alterations for N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT) and p-toluidine after 5-day exposure in rats. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1685-1696. [PMID: 27638505 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1831-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
N,N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT), an accelerant for methyl methacrylate monomers in medical devices, was a liver carcinogen in male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice in a 2-year oral exposure study. p-Toluidine, a structurally related chemical, was a liver carcinogen in mice but not in rats in an 18-month feed exposure study. In this current study, liver transcriptomic data were used to characterize mechanisms in DMPT and p-toluidine liver toxicity and for conducting benchmark dose (BMD) analysis. Male F344/N rats were exposed orally to DMPT or p-toluidine (0, 1, 6, 20, 60 or 120 mg/kg/day) for 5 days. The liver was examined for lesions and transcriptomic alterations. Both chemicals caused mild hepatic toxicity at 60 and 120 mg/kg and dose-related transcriptomic alterations in the liver. There were 511 liver transcripts differentially expressed for DMPT and 354 for p-toluidine at 120 mg/kg/day (false discovery rate threshold of 5 %). The liver transcriptomic alterations were characteristic of an anti-oxidative damage response (activation of the Nrf2 pathway) and hepatic toxicity. The top cellular processes in gene ontology (GO) categories altered in livers exposed to DMPT or p-toluidine were used for BMD calculations. The lower confidence bound benchmark doses for these chemicals were 2 mg/kg/day for DMPT and 7 mg/kg/day for p-toluidine. These studies show the promise of using 5-day target organ transcriptomic data to identify chemical-induced molecular changes that can serve as markers for preliminary toxicity risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- June K Dunnick
- Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Daniel L Morgan
- NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Amy Brix
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Gregory S Travlos
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Kevin Gerrish
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - J Michael Sanders
- National Cancer Institute at NIEHS, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - T V Ton
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Arun R Pandiri
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, P. O. Box 12233, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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13
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Dunnick JK, Merrick BA, Brix A, Morgan DL, Gerrish K, Wang Y, Flake G, Foley J, Shockley KR. Molecular Changes in the Nasal Cavity after N, N-dimethyl-p-toluidine Exposure. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:835-47. [PMID: 27099258 DOI: 10.1177/0192623316637708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
N, N-dimethyl-p-toluidine (DMPT; Cas No. 99-97-8), an accelerant for methyl methacrylate monomers in medical devices, is a nasal cavity carcinogen according to a 2-yr cancer study of male and female F344/N rats, with the nasal tumors arising from the transitional cell epithelium. In this study, we exposed male F344/N rats for 5 days to DMPT (0, 1, 6, 20, 60, or 120 mg/kg [oral gavage]) to explore the early changes in the nasal cavity after short-term exposure. Lesions occurred in the nasal cavity including hyperplasia of transitional cell epithelium (60 and 120 mg/kg). Nasal tissue was rapidly removed and preserved for subsequent laser capture microdissection and isolation of the transitional cell epithelium (0 and 120 mg/kg) for transcriptomic studies. DMPT transitional cell epithelium gene transcript patterns were characteristic of an antioxidative damage response (e.g., Akr7a3, Maff, and Mgst3), cell proliferation, and decrease in signals for apoptosis. The transcripts of amino acid transporters were upregulated (e.g., Slc7a11). The DMPT nasal transcript expression pattern was similar to that found in the rat nasal cavity after formaldehyde exposure, with over 1,000 transcripts in common. Molecular changes in the nasal cavity after DMPT exposure suggest that oxidative damage is a mechanism of the DMPT toxic and/or carcinogenic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- June K Dunnick
- Toxicology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - B Alex Merrick
- Biomolecular Screening Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy Brix
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel L Morgan
- NTP Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kevin Gerrish
- Molecular Genomics Core, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yu Wang
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gordon Flake
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Julie Foley
- Cellular and Molecular Pathology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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