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Maksimoski M, Noble AR, Smith DF. Does ChatGPT Answer Otolaryngology Questions Accurately? Laryngoscope 2024; 134:4011-4015. [PMID: 38545679 DOI: 10.1002/lary.31410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigate the accuracy of ChatGPT in the manner of medical questions related to otolaryngology. METHODS A ChatGPT session was opened within which 93 questions were asked related to otolaryngology topics. Questions were drawn from all major domains within otolaryngology and based upon key action statements (KAS) from clinical practice guidelines (CPGs). Twenty-one "patient-level" questions were also asked of the program. Answers were graded as either "correct," "partially correct," "incorrect," or "non-answer." RESULTS Correct answers were given at a rate of 45.5% (71.4% correct in patient-level, 37.3% CPG); partially correct answers at 31.8% (28.6% patient-level, 32.8% CPG); incorrect at 21.6% (0% patient-level, 28.4% CPG); and 1.1% non-answers (% patient-level, 1.5% CPG). There was no difference in the rate of correct answers between CPGs published before or after the period of data collection cited by ChatGPT. CPG-based questions were less likely to be correct than patient-level questions (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION Publicly available artificial intelligence software has become increasingly popular with consumers for everything from story-telling to data collection. In this study, we examined the accuracy of ChatGPT responses to questions related to otolaryngology over 7 domains and 21 published CPGs. Physicians and patients should understand the limitations of this software as it applies to otolaryngology, and programmers in future iterations should consider giving greater weight to information published by well-established journals and written by national content experts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A Laryngoscope, 134:4011-4015, 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Maksimoski
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, USA
| | - Anisha Rhea Noble
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, USA
| | - David F Smith
- Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of Cincinnati, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, USA
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, U.S.A
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Giotakis AI, Mariolis L, Koulentis I, Mpoutris C, Giotakis EI, Apostolopoulou A, Papaefstathiou E. The Benefit of Air Conduction Pure-Tone Audiometry as a Screening Method for Hearing Loss over the VAS Score. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 14:79. [PMID: 38201388 PMCID: PMC10802147 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is commonly encountered by general practitioners. We aimed to evaluate the screening benefit of air conduction pure-tone audiometry over visual analogue scale (VAS) scores for hearing loss. Moreover, we intended to perform the first cross-sectional study in Greece to assess hearing loss with pure-tone audiometry in young adults of the general population. We evaluated Greeks between 15 and 40 years old in a high school in Karditsa, Greece, and a primary health care unit in a nearby community. Subjects filled out a VAS score sheet and underwent pure-tone audiometry in a room without sound isolation, with air conduction only. We named the latter procedure modified pure-tone audiometry (mPTA). Subjects with pathologic results were examined via otoscopy and standardized pure-tone audiometry (sPTA). Of the 286 subjects evaluated, the VAS score revealed 5 subjects (1.7%) with hearing loss. mPTA (100 s duration) doubled this percentage (in total 3.8%; Pearson Chi-Square test; p < 0.001). Based on sPTA, the sensitivity and positive predictive value of the VAS score were 40% and 13%, respectively. For mPTA, they were 100% and 37%, respectively. mPTA filtered out pathologic cases in a proper, rapid, cheap and simple way and may be considered a proper screening method for hearing loss in primary health care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aris I. Giotakis
- First Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Metropolitan General, 15562 Athens, Greece
| | - Lambros Mariolis
- First Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Metropolitan General, 15562 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Koulentis
- First Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Metropolitan General, 15562 Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Mpoutris
- First Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Metropolitan General, 15562 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos I. Giotakis
- First Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hippocrateion General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Apostolopoulou
- Laboratory of Hygiene, Social & Preventive Medicine and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Efstathios Papaefstathiou
- Second Department of Urology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, General Hospital ‘Papageorgiou’, 56403 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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Elam T, Raiculescu S, Biswal S, Zhang Z, Orestes M, Ramanathan M. Air Pollution Exposure and the Development of Chronic Rhinosinusitis in the Active Duty Population. Mil Med 2022; 188:usab535. [PMID: 35015888 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It has been shown that combat environment exposure, including burn pits that produce particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5), is associated with lower respiratory tract disease in the military population with increased hypothetical risk of upper respiratory disease, but no study has been done that examines the effects of non-combat environmental exposures on the development of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in the active duty population. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate how air pollution exposure correlates to the development of CRS in active duty service members in the United States. METHODS The military electronic medical record was queried for active duty service members diagnosed with CRS by an otolaryngologist between January 2016 and January 2018, who have never deployed, stationed in the United States from 2015 to 2018 (n = 399). For each subject, the 1-year mean exposure of PM2.5, particulate matter 10 (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and ozone was calculated. The control group was comprised of the same criteria except these patients were diagnosed with cerumen impaction and matched to the case group by age and gender (n = 399). Pollution exposure was calculated based on the Environmental Protection Agency's data tables for each subject. Values were calculated using chi-square test for categorical variables and the Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables. RESULTS Matched cases and controls (n = 399) with 33.1% male showed a statistically significant odds ratio (OR) of 5.99 (95% CI, 2.55-14.03) for exposure of every 5 µg/m3 of PM2.5 increase and the development of CRS when controlling for age, gender, and diagnosis year. When further adjusting for smoking status, the OR was still statistically significant at 3.15 (95% CI, 1.03-9.68). Particulate matter 10, ozone, and NO2 did not show any statistical significance. Odds ratios remained statistically significant when further adjusting for PM10 and ozone, but not NO2. Dose-dependent curves largely did not show a statistical significance; however, they did trend towards increased exposure of PM2.5 leading to an elevated OR. CONCLUSION This study showed that PM2.5 exposure is a major independent contributor to the development of CRS. Exposure to elevated levels produced statistically significant odds even among smokers and remained significant when controlling for other measured pollutants. There is still much to be understood about the genesis of CRS. From a pollution exposure perspective, a prospective cohort study would better elucidate the risk of the development of CRS among those exposed to other pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor Elam
- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth, Portsmouth, VA 23708, USA
| | - Sorana Raiculescu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Shyam Biswal
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael Orestes
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
- Department of Surgery, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Murugappan Ramanathan
- Department of otolaryngology/head and neck surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Mozaffari M, Nash R, Tucker AS. Anatomy and Development of the Mammalian External Auditory Canal: Implications for Understanding Canal Disease and Deformity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 8:617354. [PMID: 33553153 PMCID: PMC7857502 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.617354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian ear is made up of three parts (the outer, middle, and inner ear), which work together to transmit sound waves into neuronal signals perceived by our auditory cortex as sound. This review focuses on the often-neglected outer ear, specifically the external auditory meatus (EAM), or ear canal. Within our complex hearing pathway, the ear canal is responsible for funneling sound waves toward the tympanic membrane (ear drum) and into the middle ear, and as such is a physical link between the tympanic membrane and the outside world. Unique anatomical adaptations, such as its migrating epithelium and cerumen glands, equip the ear canal for its function as both a conduit and a cul-de-sac. Defects in development, or later blockages in the canal, lead to congenital or acquired conductive hearing loss. Recent studies have built on decades-old knowledge of ear canal development and suggest a novel multi-stage, complex and integrated system of development, helping to explain the mechanisms underlying congenital canal atresia and stenosis. Here we review our current understanding of ear canal development; how this biological lumen is made; what determines its location; and how its structure is maintained throughout life. Together this knowledge allows clinical questions to be approached from a developmental biology perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Mozaffari
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Nash
- Department of Paediatric Otolaryngology, Cochlear Implants, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
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Zhang S, Jin M, Zhou G, Zhang Y. Cerumen impaction was composed of abnormal exfoliation of keratinocytes that was correlated with infection. Am J Otolaryngol 2020; 41:102340. [PMID: 31735444 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2019.102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated the exact composition and tried to be helpful in explaining the etiologic mechanism of cerumen impaction in the external auditory canal (EAC). METHODS A hundred impacted cerumen samples and 15 normal cerumen samples were collected by manual removal and divided into 2 groups. All samples were examined via microbial culture, hematoxylin-eosin staining, periodic acid-Schiff staining, and fungal fluorescent staining. RESULTS Eighty-eight patients in group 1 were in the habit of using cotton buds. Forty-seven impacted cerumen samples tested positive for microbes, while only 1 sample of normal cerumen tested positive for microbes (p < .05). The most commonly isolated bacterium and fungus was Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus terreus respectively. All cerumen samples were composed of exfoliated keratinocytes and microorganisms assessed via pathologic examination. However, unlike normal cerumen, impacted cerumen contained nucleated keratinocytes and infiltrated neutrophils. Recurrent impaction was found only among patients who tested mold culture-positive. CONCLUSION Impacted cerumen is composed of abnormal exfoliated keratinocytes that was correlated with microbial-induced neutrophil-mediated inflammation. Mold infection is highly correlated with recurrent cerumen impaction. Microbial culture of removed impacted cerumen is strongly recommended. Ear cleaning with cotton buds, particularly when the EAC is wet might be one of the important causes of cerumen impaction which is need further studied. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoude Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 3 Qingchun East Road, Hangzhou 310000, China.
| | - Mao Jin
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guojin Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuejiao Zhang
- Nursing Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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Meyer F, Preuß R, Angelow A, Chenot JF, Meyer E, Kiel S. Cerumen Impaction Removal in General Practices: A Comparison of Approved Standard Products. J Prim Care Community Health 2020; 11:2150132720973829. [PMID: 33334227 PMCID: PMC7750758 DOI: 10.1177/2150132720973829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ear irrigation is a commonly used method for removing earwax in general practice. There is no firm evidence if no pre-treatment is as good as pre-treatment with various standard preparations. AIM To assess the effectiveness of no pre-treatment compared to pre-treatment with commercially available cerumenolytics and to assess which preparation is best suited for pre-treatment. METHODS This is a pragmatic observational study of patients with cerumen treated from a single GP with 3 different preparations or no preparation prior to standardized ear irrigation. Generalized linear mixed models with logit link function were performed to assess the effectiveness of pre-treatment with different preparations and no pre-treatment. The models were adjusted for age group (<70, ≥70) and sex. RESULTS A total of 168 patients (298 ears, 58 % female, median age 65 years) consulted for obstructive cerumen, some of them several times. The cerumen was successfully removed in 70% (208/298). Comparing any preparation to no preparation (aggregated comparison), the odds ratio for complete clearance was 1.35 (95%confidence interval: 0.69-2.65). Comparing the preparations individually, the odds ratio of the docusate-sodium-based preparation was 1.87 (95% CI: 0.79-4.42) indicating a higher effectiveness. Although, not statistically significant. Ear irrigation was less successful for patients aged ≥ 70 years (OR = 0.48, 95% CI: 0.23-0.98). CONCLUSIONS The aggregated comparison indicates a slight trend toward a higher effectiveness of any pre-treatment compared to no pre-treatment. The effect-size of docusate-sodium-based pre-treatment indicates a higher effectiveness of cerumen impaction removal. Nevertheless, superiority could not be shown conclusively according to the statistical significance given the restricted sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebekka Preuß
- University Medicine, Greifswald,
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - Aniela Angelow
- University Medicine, Greifswald,
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | | | | | - Simone Kiel
- University Medicine, Greifswald,
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
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Demant MN, Jensen RG, Bhutta MF, Laier GH, Lous J, Homøe P. Smartphone otoscopy by non-specialist health workers in rural Greenland: A cross-sectional study. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2019; 126:109628. [PMID: 31445480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Greenland has one of the highest prevalences of otitis media in the world. However, access to ear specialists throughout Greenland is limited and currently there are no national guidelines for treatment or prevention. Tele-otoscopy may be beneficial in optimizing diagnosis and treatment. The smartphone otoscopy device, Cupris®, has previously been validated when used by medical doctors on a population primarily consisting of adults. In this study we evaluated the usability of the Cupris® otoscope when used by local health care workers with different levels of training and education, examining children aged 1-6 years. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study in three Greenlandic towns. Health care personnel were asked to perform video-otoscopy on children contacting the health clinic for any reason. The videos were sent for remote evaluation by three ear specialists who rated the videos on a five-point Likert scale and provided information on challenges with the videos. The dichotomous outcome "not useful/useful" was defined as 1-3 and 4-5 on the Likert scale, respectively. RESULTS In total, 142 videos were recorded on 84 patients. Mean proportion of useful videos was 18.1%, with a modified Fleiss' Kappa interrater agreement coefficient of 0.67 95% CI [0.57-0.76] corresponding to substantial agreement among the three raters. CONCLUSIONS In this study the usefulness of the Cupris® TYM otoscope did not prove to be sufficient with the presented instruction in the hands of local health care workers when examining Greenlandic children. Focus on training and education of local health personnel is crucial and warranted before advantageous implementation for non-specialist health care workers can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene Nøhr Demant
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600, Køge, Denmark; University of Greenland, Ilisimatusarfik, Manutooq 1, 3905, Nuussuaq, Greenland.
| | - Ramon Gordon Jensen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery & Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mahmood F Bhutta
- Ear, Nose and Throat Department, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals, Eastern Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN2 5BE, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jørgen Lous
- Institute of Public Health, Research Unit for General Practice, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Preben Homøe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, Lykkebækvej 1, 4600, Køge, Denmark; University of Greenland, Ilisimatusarfik, Manutooq 1, 3905, Nuussuaq, Greenland; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Assessing patient satisfaction with a microsuction service in general practice: a comparative study. BJGP Open 2019; 3:bjgpopen19X101649. [PMID: 31366680 PMCID: PMC6662878 DOI: 10.3399/bjgpopen19x101649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the UK, about 2.3 million people each year require intervention for wax impaction, while otitis externa accounts for just over 1% of general practice consultations. Aural microsuction of debris from the ear canal is a commonly performed procedure within the ear, nose, and throat (ENT) outpatient clinic. This article examines the patient acceptability of an aural microsuction service delivered in general practice. Aim To determine patient satisfaction following the introduction of a new microsuction service in general practice compared with a hospital-delivered service. Design & setting This is a prospective comparative study in two rural general practices in Ireland and the emergency department (ED) of the Royal Victoria Eye and Ear Hospital (RVEEH), Dublin. Method A 3-month period of data collection on usual care of 56 patients in general practice was followed by a 3-month period of GP-intervention data collection on 67 patients. Comparative data were collected on 37 patients who attended the RVEEH for the same intervention procedure. Patients completed a validated patient satisfaction questionnaire (PSQ-18). Results Both general practice groups scored significantly higher in all seven aspects of medical care than the RVEEH cohort. Patients in the GP-intervention group scored significantly higher in terms of satisfaction with procedure technique compared with the usual care GP group. Conclusion The provision of microsuction as a service in general practice confers as much or more patient satisfaction as the provision of the service in a hospital setting.
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Shope TR, Chen CP, Liu H, Shaikh N. Randomized Trial of Irrigation and Curetting for Cerumen Removal in Young Children. Front Pediatr 2019; 7:216. [PMID: 31245333 PMCID: PMC6563688 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2019.00216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To gather preliminary data on the effectiveness and feasibility of cerumen removal using three irrigation methods and a metal curette in young children. Study design: Pilot study conducted as a randomized clinical trial of well and ill children age 6 months to 6 years with ≥25% cerumen occlusion in at least one ear. Children were stratified by age and randomized to one of four methods of cerumen removal: syringe with attached angiocath tubing, Elephant Ear Washer Bottle System®, OtoClear® Spray Wash Kit, or metal curette. Clinicians, blinded from treatment assignment, assessed the degree of cerumen occlusion before and after the procedure. Outcomes included reduction in cerumen occlusion, successful removal, time until completion and parental satisfaction. Rules for stopping procedures were established a priori. Results: Thirty-eight children underwent procedures (59 ears). There were no significant differences in reduction in cerumen and successful removal among the methods. Overall, 36 (61%) of 59 of procedures were successful. The syringe with angiocath tubing took the most time (P = 0.04) and resulted in the most stopped procedures (P < 0.01). Parental satisfaction scores were not significantly different. Conclusions: Irrigation methods performed comparably to cerumen removal with curette; the SA method had drawbacks. Irrigation can be performed by non-clinicians, which is potentially a significant advantage. (Clinical trial registration: http://www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN74402562).
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Shope
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Cathy P Chen
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Hui Liu
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nader Shaikh
- Division of General Academic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Füeßl HS. [Not Available]. MMW Fortschr Med 2017; 159:34. [PMID: 28550554 DOI: 10.1007/s15006-017-9699-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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