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Colacci A, Corvi R, Ohmori K, Paparella M, Serra S, Da Rocha Carrico I, Vasseur P, Jacobs MN. The Cell Transformation Assay: A Historical Assessment of Current Knowledge of Applications in an Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment for Non-Genotoxic Carcinogens. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065659. [PMID: 36982734 PMCID: PMC10057754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The history of the development of the cell transformation assays (CTAs) is described, providing an overview of in vitro cell transformation from its origin to the new transcriptomic-based CTAs. Application of this knowledge is utilized to address how the different types of CTAs, variously addressing initiation and promotion, can be included on a mechanistic basis within the integrated approach to testing and assessment (IATA) for non-genotoxic carcinogens. Building upon assay assessments targeting the key events in the IATA, we identify how the different CTA models can appropriately fit, following preceding steps in the IATA. The preceding steps are the prescreening transcriptomic approaches, and assessment within the earlier key events of inflammation, immune disruption, mitotic signaling and cell injury. The CTA models address the later key events of (sustained) proliferation and change in morphology leading to tumor formation. The complementary key biomarkers with respect to the precursor key events and respective CTAs are mapped, providing a structured mechanistic approach to represent the complexity of the (non-genotoxic) carcinogenesis process, and specifically their capacity to identify non-genotoxic carcinogenic chemicals in a human relevant IATA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Colacci
- Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, Emilia-Romagna (Arpae), Via Po 5, I-40139 Bologna, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Raffaella Corvi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), I-21027 Ispra, Italy
| | - Kyomi Ohmori
- Chemical Division, Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Chigasaki 253-0087, Japan
- Research Initiatives and Promotion Organization, Yokohama National University, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Martin Paparella
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innbruck, Austria
| | - Stefania Serra
- Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, Emilia-Romagna (Arpae), Via Po 5, I-40139 Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Paule Vasseur
- Universite de Lorraine, CNRS UMR 7360 LIEC, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, 57070 Metz, France
| | - Miriam Naomi Jacobs
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Chilton OX11 0RQ, UK
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Mascolo MG, Perdichizzi S, Vaccari M, Rotondo F, Zanzi C, Grilli S, Paparella M, Jacobs MN, Colacci A. The transformics assay: first steps for the development of an integrated approach to investigate the malignant cell transformation in vitro. Carcinogenesis 2019; 39:955-967. [PMID: 29554273 PMCID: PMC6031005 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of alternative methods to animal testing is a priority in the context of regulatory toxicology. Carcinogenesis is a field where the demand for alternative methods is particularly high. The standard rodent carcinogenicity bioassay requires a large use of animals, high costs, prolonged duration and shows several limitations, which can affect the comprehension of the human relevance of animal carcinogenesis. The cell transformation assay (CTA) has long been debated as a possible in vitro test to study carcinogenesis. This assay provides an easily detectable endpoint of oncotransformation, which can be used to anchor the exposure to the acquisition of the malignant phenotype. However, the current protocols do not provide information on either molecular key events supporting the carcinogenesis process, nor the mechanism of action of the test chemicals. In order to improve the use of this assay in the integrated testing strategy for carcinogenesis, we developed the transformics method, which combines the CTA and transcriptomics, to highlight the molecular steps leading to in vitro malignant transformation. We studied 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MCA), a genotoxic chemical able to induce in vitro cell transformation, at both transforming and subtransforming concentrations in BALB/c 3T3 cells and evaluated the gene modulation at critical steps of the experimental protocol. The results gave evidence for the potential key role of the immune system and the possible involvement of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway as the initial steps of the in vitro transformation process induced by 3-MCA, suggesting that the initiating events are related to non-genotoxic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Mascolo
- Center for Environmental Toxicology, Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, Emilia-Romagna, Viale Filopanti, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefania Perdichizzi
- Center for Environmental Toxicology, Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, Emilia-Romagna, Viale Filopanti, Bologna, Italy
| | - Monica Vaccari
- Center for Environmental Toxicology, Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, Emilia-Romagna, Viale Filopanti, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Rotondo
- Center for Environmental Toxicology, Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, Emilia-Romagna, Viale Filopanti, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Zanzi
- Center for Environmental Toxicology, Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, Emilia-Romagna, Viale Filopanti, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sandro Grilli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Section of Cancerology, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Martin Paparella
- Chemicals and Biocides, Environment Agency Austria, Vienna, Austria
| | - Miriam N Jacobs
- Department of Toxicology, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards Public Health England, Chilton, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Annamaria Colacci
- Center for Environmental Toxicology, Agency for Prevention, Environment and Energy, Emilia-Romagna, Viale Filopanti, Bologna, Italy
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Petkov PI, Patlewicz G, Schultz TW, Honma M, Todorov M, Kotov S, Dimitrov SD, Donner EM, Mekenyan OG. A feasibility study: Can information collected to classify for mutagenicity be informative in predicting carcinogenicity? Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 72:17-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Regulatory toxicology in the twenty-first century: challenges, perspectives and possible solutions. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:823-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Antimutagenic compounds and their possible mechanisms of action. J Appl Genet 2014; 55:273-85. [PMID: 24615570 PMCID: PMC3990861 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-014-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutagenicity refers to the induction of permanent changes in the DNA sequence of an organism, which may result in a heritable change in the characteristics of living systems. Antimutagenic agents are able to counteract the effects of mutagens. This group of agents includes both natural and synthetic compounds. Based on their mechanism of action among antimutagens, several classes of compounds may be distinguished. These are compounds with antioxidant activity; compounds that inhibit the activation of mutagens; blocking agents; as well as compounds characterized with several modes of action. It was reported previously that several antitumor compounds act through the antimutagenic mechanism. Hence, searching for antimutagenic compounds represents a rapidly expanding field of cancer research. It may be observed that, in recent years, many publications were focused on the screening of both natural and synthetic compounds for their beneficial muta/antimutagenicity profile. Thus, the present review attempts to give a brief outline on substances presenting antimutagenic potency and their possible mechanism of action. Additionally, in the present paper, a screening strategy for mutagenicity testing was presented and the characteristics of the most widely used antimutagenicity assays were described.
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Scott K, Saul J, Crooks I, Camacho OM, Dillon D, Meredith C. The resolving power of in vitro genotoxicity assays for cigarette smoke particulate matter. Toxicol In Vitro 2013; 27:1312-9. [PMID: 23499632 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2013.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity assays are often used to compare tobacco smoke particulate matter (PM) from different cigarettes. The quantitative aspect of the comparisons requires appropriate statistical methods and replication levels, to support the interpretation in terms of power and significance. This paper recommends a uniform statistical analysis for the Ames test, mouse lymphoma mammalian cell mutation assay (MLA) and the in vitro micronucleus test (IVMNT); involving a hierarchical decision process with respect to slope, fixed effect and single dose comparisons. With these methods, replication levels of 5 (Ames test TA98), 4 (Ames test TA100), 10 (Ames test TA1537), 6 (MLA) and 4 (IVMNT) resolved a 30% difference in PM genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Scott
- British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton SO15 8TL, UK.
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Balls M, Combes RD, Bhogal N. The use of integrated and intelligent testing strategies in the prediction of toxic hazard and in risk assessment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 745:221-53. [PMID: 22437821 PMCID: PMC7122993 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3055-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing concern that insurmountable differences between humans and laboratory animals limit the relevance and reliability for hazard identification and risk assessment purposes of animal data produced by traditional toxicity test procedures. A way forward is offered by the emerging new technologies, which can be directly applied to human material or even to human beings themselves. This promises to revolutionise the evaluation of the safety of chemicals and chemical products of various kinds and, in particular, pharmaceuticals. The available and developing technologies are summarised and it is emphasised that they will need to be used selectively, in integrated and intelligent testing strategies, which, in addition to being scientifically sound, must be manageable and affordable. Examples are given of proposed testing strategies for general chemicals, cosmetic ingredients, candidate pharmaceuticals, inhaled substances, nanoparticles and neurotoxicity.
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Doktorova TY, Pauwels M, Vinken M, Vanhaecke T, Rogiers V. Opportunities for an alternative integrating testing strategy for carcinogen hazard assessment? Crit Rev Toxicol 2011; 42:91-106. [DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2011.623151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Benigni R, Bossa C. Alternative strategies for carcinogenicity assessment: an efficient and simplified approach based on in vitro mutagenicity and cell transformation assays. Mutagenesis 2011; 26:455-60. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/ger004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Benigni R, Bossa C. Mechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity: A Review with Implications for Predictive Toxicology. Chem Rev 2011; 111:2507-36. [PMID: 21265518 DOI: 10.1021/cr100222q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romualdo Benigni
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita’, Environment and Health Department, Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bossa
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita’, Environment and Health Department, Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy
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Benigni R, Bossa C, Worth A. Structural analysis and predictive value of the rodent in vivo micronucleus assay results. Mutagenesis 2010; 25:335-41. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geq010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Ellison CM, Madden JC, Judson P, Cronin MT. Using In Silico Tools in a Weight of Evidence Approach to Aid Toxicological Assessment. Mol Inform 2010; 29:97-110. [DOI: 10.1002/minf.200900006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Young D, Martin T, Venkatapathy R, Harten P. Are the Chemical Structures in Your QSAR Correct? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/qsar.200810084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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