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Kumar AA, Yeo N, Whittaker M, Attra P, Barrick TR, Bridges LR, Dickson DW, Esiri MM, Farris CW, Graham D, Lin WL, Meijles DN, Pereira AC, Perry G, Rosene DL, Shtaya AB, Van Agtmael T, Zamboni G, Hainsworth AH. Vascular Collagen Type-IV in Hypertension and Cerebral Small Vessel Disease. Stroke 2022; 53:3696-3705. [PMID: 36205142 PMCID: PMC9698121 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.037761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) is common in older people and causes lacunar stroke and vascular cognitive impairment. Risk factors include old age, hypertension and variants in the genes COL4A1/COL4A2 encoding collagen alpha-1(IV) and alpha-2(IV), here termed collagen-IV, which are core components of the basement membrane. We tested the hypothesis that increased vascular collagen-IV associates with clinical hypertension and with SVD in older persons and with chronic hypertension in young and aged primates and genetically hypertensive rats. METHODS We quantified vascular collagen-IV immunolabeling in small arteries in a cohort of older persons with minimal Alzheimer pathology (N=52; 21F/31M, age 82.8±6.95 years). We also studied archive tissue from young (age range 6.2-8.3 years) and older (17.0-22.7 years) primates (M mulatta) and compared chronically hypertensive animals (18 months aortic stenosis) with normotensives. We also compared genetically hypertensive and normotensive rats (aged 10-12 months). RESULTS Collagen-IV immunolabeling in cerebral small arteries of older persons was negatively associated with radiological SVD severity (ρ: -0.427, P=0.005) but was not related to history of hypertension. General linear models confirmed the negative association of lower collagen-IV with radiological SVD (P<0.017), including age as a covariate and either clinical hypertension (P<0.030) or neuropathological SVD diagnosis (P<0.022) as fixed factors. Reduced vascular collagen-IV was accompanied by accumulation of fibrillar collagens (types I and III) as indicated by immunogold electron microscopy. In young and aged primates, brain collagen-IV was elevated in older normotensive relative to young normotensive animals (P=0.029) but was not associated with hypertension. Genetically hypertensive rats did not differ from normotensive rats in terms of arterial collagen-IV. CONCLUSIONS Our cross-species data provide novel insight into sporadic SVD pathogenesis, supporting insufficient (rather than excessive) arterial collagen-IV in SVD, accompanied by matrix remodeling with elevated fibrillar collagen deposition. They also indicate that hypertension, a major risk factor for SVD, does not act by causing accumulation of brain vascular collagen-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apoorva A. Kumar
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
- Neurology (A.A.K., A.C.P., A.H.H.), St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Yeo
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
| | - Max Whittaker
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
| | - Priya Attra
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
| | - Thomas R. Barrick
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
| | - Leslie R. Bridges
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
- Cellular Pathology (L.R.B.), St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis W. Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (D.W.D., W.L.L.)
| | - Margaret M. Esiri
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, United Kingdom (M.M.E., G.Z.)
| | - Chad W. Farris
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (C.W.F., D.L.R.)
| | - Delyth Graham
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., T.V.A.)
| | - Wen Lang Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL (D.W.D., W.L.L.)
| | - Daniel N. Meijles
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
| | - Anthony C. Pereira
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
- Neurology (A.A.K., A.C.P., A.H.H.), St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Perry
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
| | - Douglas L. Rosene
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, MA (C.W.F., D.L.R.)
| | - Anan B. Shtaya
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
| | - Tom Van Agtmael
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom (D.G., T.V.A.)
| | - Giovanna Zamboni
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, United Kingdom (M.M.E., G.Z.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Italy (G.Z.)
| | - Atticus H. Hainsworth
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George’s University of London, United Kingdom (A.A.K., N.Y., M.W., P.A., T.R.B., L.R.B., D.N.M., A.C.P., G.P., A.B.S., A.H.H.)
- Neurology (A.A.K., A.C.P., A.H.H.), St George’s University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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2
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Liao Y, Wang J, Guo C, Bai M, Ju B, Ran Z, Hu J, Yang J, Wen A, Ding Y. Combination of Systems Pharmacology and Experimental Evaluation to Explore the Mechanism of Synergistic Action of Frankincense-Myrrh in the Treatment of Cerebrovascular Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:796224. [PMID: 35082676 PMCID: PMC8784887 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.796224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Frankincense-Myrrh is a classic drug pair that promotes blood circulation, and eliminates blood stasis. The combination of the two drugs has a definite clinical effect on the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases (CBVDs), but its mechanism of action and compatibility have not been elucidated. In this study, the bioactive components, core targets, and possible synergistic mechanisms of Frankincense-Myrrh in the treatment of CBVDs are explored through systems pharmacology combined with in vivo and in vitro experiments. Comparing target genes of components in Frankincense and Myrrh with CBVD-related genes, common genes were identified; 15 core target genes of Frankincense-Myrrh for the treatment of CBVDs were then identified using protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis. It was also predicted through Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis that the molecular mechanism of Frankincense-Myrrh action on CBVDs was mainly related to the regulation of neurotrophic factors and inflammatory responses. Frankincense-Myrrh significantly improved neurological function, decreased infarct volume, alleviated histopathological damage, inhibited microglial expression, and promoted the expression of neurons in middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-induced rats. The results of this study not only provide important theoretical support and experimental basis for the synergistic effect of Frankincense-Myrrh, but also provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of cerebral ischemic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucheng Liao
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Bowei Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zheng Ran
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Junping Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jianhua Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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3
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Pokhilko A, Brezzo G, Handunnetthi L, Heilig R, Lennon R, Smith C, Allan SM, Granata A, Sinha S, Wang T, Markus HS, Naba A, Fischer R, Van Agtmael T, Horsburgh K, Cader MZ. Global proteomic analysis of extracellular matrix in mouse and human brain highlights relevance to cerebrovascular disease. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:2423-2438. [PMID: 33730931 PMCID: PMC8392779 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x211004307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key interface between the cerebrovasculature and adjacent brain tissues. Deregulation of the ECM contributes to a broad range of neurological disorders. However, despite this importance, our understanding of the ECM composition remains very limited mainly due to difficulties in its isolation. To address this, we developed an approach to extract the cerebrovascular ECM from mouse and human post-mortem normal brain tissues. We then used mass spectrometry with off-line high-pH reversed-phase fractionation to increase the protein detection. This identified more than 1000 proteins in the ECM-enriched fraction, with > 66% of the proteins being common between the species. We report 147 core ECM proteins of the human brain vascular matrisome, including collagens, laminins, fibronectin and nidogens. We next used network analysis to identify the connection between the brain ECM proteins and cerebrovascular diseases. We found that genes related to cerebrovascular diseases, such as COL4A1, COL4A2, VCAN and APOE were significantly enriched in the cerebrovascular ECM network. This provides unique mechanistic insight into cerebrovascular disease and potential drug targets. Overall, we provide a powerful resource to study the functions of brain ECM and highlight a specific role for brain vascular ECM in cerebral vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Pokhilko
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Gaia Brezzo
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | | | - Raphael Heilig
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rachel Lennon
- Division of Cell-Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Department of Paediatric Nephrology, Royal Manchester Children's Hospital, Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Colin Smith
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Alessandra Granata
- Clinical Neurosciences Department, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Tao Wang
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hugh S Markus
- Department of Neurology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alexandra Naba
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Roman Fischer
- Discovery Proteomics Facility, Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tom Van Agtmael
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Karen Horsburgh
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M Zameel Cader
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Zhou G, Sun S, Yuan Q, Zhang R, Jiang P, Li G, Wang Y, Li X. Multiple-Tissue and Multilevel Analysis on Differentially Expressed Genes and Differentially Correlated Gene Pairs for HFpEF. Front Genet 2021; 12:668702. [PMID: 34306013 PMCID: PMC8296822 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.668702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a complex disease characterized by dysfunctions in the heart, adipose tissue, and cerebral arteries. The elucidation of the interactions between these three tissues in HFpEF will improve our understanding of the mechanism of HFpEF. In this study, we propose a multilevel comparative framework based on differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially correlated gene pairs (DCGs) to investigate the shared and unique pathological features among the three tissues in HFpEF. At the network level, functional enrichment analysis revealed that the networks of the heart, adipose tissue, and cerebral arteries were enriched in the cell cycle and immune response. The networks of the heart and adipose tissues were enriched in hemostasis, G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand, and cancer-related pathway. The heart-specific networks were enriched in the inflammatory response and cardiac hypertrophy, while the adipose-tissue-specific networks were enriched in the response to peptides and regulation of cell adhesion. The cerebral-artery-specific networks were enriched in gene expression (transcription). At the module and gene levels, 5 housekeeping DEGs, 2 housekeeping DCGs, 6 modules of merged protein–protein interaction network, 5 tissue-specific hub genes, and 20 shared hub genes were identified through comparative analysis of tissue pairs. Furthermore, the therapeutic drugs for HFpEF-targeting these genes were examined using molecular docking. The combination of multitissue and multilevel comparative frameworks is a potential strategy for the discovery of effective therapy and personalized medicine for HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Zhou
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Shaoyan Sun
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Qiuyue Yuan
- CEMS, NCMIS, MDIS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Run Zhang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Guangyu Li
- CEMS, NCMIS, MDIS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- CEMS, NCMIS, MDIS, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Department of Cardiovascular, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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5
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Fang S, Cheng Y, Deng F, Zhang B. RNF34 ablation promotes cerebrovascular remodeling and hypertension by increasing NADPH-derived ROS generation. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 156:105396. [PMID: 34015492 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebrovascular remodeling is the most common cause of hypertension and stroke. Ubiquitin E3 ligase RING finger protein 34 (RNF34) is suggested to be associated with the development of multiple neurological diseases. However, the importance of RNF34 in cerebrovascular remodeling and hypertension is poorly understood. Herein, we used mice with a global RNF34 knockout as well as RNF34 floxed mice to delete RNF34 in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Our results showed that global RNF34 knockout mice substantially promoted angiotensin II (AngII)-induced middle cerebral artery (MCA) remodeling, hypertension, and neurological dysfunction. Endothelial cell RNF34 did not regulate the development of hypertension. Rather, SMC RNF34 expression is a critical regulator of hypertension and MCA remodeling. Loss of RNF34 enhanced AngII-induced mouse brain vascular SMCs (MBVSMCs) proliferation, migration and invasion. Furthermore, MCA and MBVSMCs from SMC RNF34-deficient mice showed increased superoxide anion and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as well as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity, but exhibited no marked effect on mitochondria-derived ROS. Knockout of RNF34 promoted p22phox expression, leading to increased binding of p22phox/p47phox and p22phox/NOX2, and eventually NADPH oxidase complex formation. Immunoprecipitation assay identified that RNF34 interacted with p22phox. RNF34 deletion increased p22phox protein stability by inhibiting ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Blockade of NADPH oxidase activity or knockdown of p22phox significantly abolished the effects of RNF34 deletion on cerebrovascular remodeling and hypertension. Collectively, our study demonstrates that SMC RNF34 deficiency promotes cerebrovascular SMC hyperplasia and remodeling by increased NADPH-derived ROS generation via reducing p22phox ubiquitin-dependent degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaokuan Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Teaching Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yingying Cheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Teaching Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Fang Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Teaching Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Beilin Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Teaching Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, Jilin, China.
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6
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Presa JL, Saravia F, Bagi Z, Filosa JA. Vasculo-Neuronal Coupling and Neurovascular Coupling at the Neurovascular Unit: Impact of Hypertension. Front Physiol 2020; 11:584135. [PMID: 33101063 PMCID: PMC7546852 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.584135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Components of the neurovascular unit (NVU) establish dynamic crosstalk that regulates cerebral blood flow and maintain brain homeostasis. Here, we describe accumulating evidence for cellular elements of the NVU contributing to critical physiological processes such as cerebral autoregulation, neurovascular coupling, and vasculo-neuronal coupling. We discuss how alterations in the cellular mechanisms governing NVU homeostasis can lead to pathological changes in which vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell, pericyte and astrocyte function may play a key role. Because hypertension is a modifiable risk factor for stroke and accelerated cognitive decline in aging, we focus on hypertension-associated changes on cerebral arteriole function and structure, and the molecular mechanisms through which these may contribute to cognitive decline. We gather recent emerging evidence concerning cognitive loss in hypertension and the link with vascular dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. Collectively, we summarize how vascular dysfunction, chronic hypoperfusion, oxidative stress, and inflammatory processes can uncouple communication at the NVU impairing cerebral perfusion and contributing to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Presa
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Flavia Saravia
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires and Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Zsolt Bagi
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica A Filosa
- Department of Physiology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
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7
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Brognara F, Felippe ISA, Salgado HC, Paton JFR. Autonomic innervation of the carotid body as a determinant of its sensitivity: implications for cardiovascular physiology and pathology. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 117:1015-1032. [PMID: 32832979 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The motivation for this review comes from the emerging complexity of the autonomic innervation of the carotid body (CB) and its putative role in regulating chemoreceptor sensitivity. With the carotid bodies as a potential therapeutic target for numerous cardiorespiratory and metabolic diseases, an understanding of the neural control of its circulation is most relevant. Since nerve fibres track blood vessels and receive autonomic innervation, we initiate our review by describing the origins of arterial feed to the CB and its unique vascular architecture and blood flow. Arterial feed(s) vary amongst species and, unequivocally, the arterial blood supply is relatively high to this organ. The vasculature appears to form separate circuits inside the CB with one having arterial venous anastomoses. Both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves are present with postganglionic neurons located within the CB or close to it in the form of paraganglia. Their role in arterial vascular resistance control is described as is how CB blood flow relates to carotid sinus afferent activity. We discuss non-vascular targets of autonomic nerves, their possible role in controlling glomus cell activity, and how certain transmitters may relate to function. We propose that the autonomic nerves sub-serving the CB provide a rapid mechanism to tune the gain of peripheral chemoreflex sensitivity based on alterations in blood flow and oxygen delivery, and might provide future therapeutic targets. However, there remain a number of unknowns regarding these mechanisms that require further research that is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Brognara
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton Auckland 1023, New Zealand.,Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor S A Felippe
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - Helio C Salgado
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julian F R Paton
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, 85 Park Road, Grafton Auckland 1023, New Zealand
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Guyenet PG, Stornetta RL, Souza GMPR, Abbott SBG, Brooks VL. Neuronal Networks in Hypertension: Recent Advances. Hypertension 2020; 76:300-311. [PMID: 32594802 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenic hypertension is associated with excessive sympathetic nerve activity to the kidneys and portions of the cardiovascular system. Here we examine the brain regions that cause heightened sympathetic nerve activity in animal models of neurogenic hypertension, and we discuss the triggers responsible for the changes in neuronal activity within these regions. We highlight the limitations of the evidence and, whenever possible, we briefly address the pertinence of the findings to human hypertension. The arterial baroreflex reduces arterial blood pressure variability and contributes to the arterial blood pressure set point. This set point can also be elevated by a newly described cerebral blood flow-dependent and astrocyte-mediated sympathetic reflex. Both reflexes converge on the presympathetic neurons of the rostral medulla oblongata, and both are plausible causes of neurogenic hypertension. Sensory afferent dysfunction (reduced baroreceptor activity, increased renal, or carotid body afferent) contributes to many forms of neurogenic hypertension. Neurogenic hypertension can also result from activation of brain nuclei or sensory afferents by excess circulating hormones (leptin, insulin, Ang II [angiotensin II]) or sodium. Leptin raises blood vessel sympathetic nerve activity by activating the carotid bodies and subsets of arcuate neurons. Ang II works in the lamina terminalis and probably throughout the brain stem and hypothalamus. Sodium is sensed primarily in the lamina terminalis. Regardless of its cause, the excess sympathetic nerve activity is mediated to some extent by activation of presympathetic neurons located in the rostral ventrolateral medulla or the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Increased activity of the orexinergic neurons also contributes to hypertension in selected models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice G Guyenet
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (P.G.G., R.L.S., G.M.P.R.S., S.B.G.A.)
| | - Ruth L Stornetta
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (P.G.G., R.L.S., G.M.P.R.S., S.B.G.A.)
| | - George M P R Souza
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (P.G.G., R.L.S., G.M.P.R.S., S.B.G.A.)
| | - Stephen B G Abbott
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville (P.G.G., R.L.S., G.M.P.R.S., S.B.G.A.)
| | - Virginia L Brooks
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health & Sciences University, Portland (V.L.B.)
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9
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Guyenet PG, Stornetta RL, Holloway BB, Souza GMPR, Abbott SBG. Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla and Hypertension. Hypertension 2019; 72:559-566. [PMID: 30354763 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.10921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrice G Guyenet
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Ruth L Stornetta
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Benjamin B Holloway
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - George M P R Souza
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Stephen B G Abbott
- From the Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
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