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Planas AM. Role of microglia in stroke. Glia 2024; 72:1016-1053. [PMID: 38173414 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Microglia play key roles in the post-ischemic inflammatory response and damaged tissue removal reacting rapidly to the disturbances caused by ischemia and working to restore the lost homeostasis. However, the modified environment, encompassing ionic imbalances, disruption of crucial neuron-microglia interactions, spreading depolarization, and generation of danger signals from necrotic neurons, induce morphological and phenotypic shifts in microglia. This leads them to adopt a proinflammatory profile and heighten their phagocytic activity. From day three post-ischemia, macrophages infiltrate the necrotic core while microglia amass at the periphery. Further, inflammation prompts a metabolic shift favoring glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate shunt, and lipid synthesis. These shifts, combined with phagocytic lipid intake, drive lipid droplet biogenesis, fuel anabolism, and enable microglia proliferation. Proliferating microglia release trophic factors contributing to protection and repair. However, some microglia accumulate lipids persistently and transform into dysfunctional and potentially harmful foam cells. Studies also showed microglia that either display impaired apoptotic cell clearance, or eliminate synapses, viable neurons, or endothelial cells. Yet, it will be essential to elucidate the viability of engulfed cells, the features of the local environment, the extent of tissue damage, and the temporal sequence. Ischemia provides a rich variety of region- and injury-dependent stimuli for microglia, evolving with time and generating distinct microglia phenotypes including those exhibiting proinflammatory or dysfunctional traits and others showing pro-repair features. Accurate profiling of microglia phenotypes, alongside with a more precise understanding of the associated post-ischemic tissue conditions, is a necessary step to serve as the potential foundation for focused interventions in human stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Planas
- Cerebrovascular Research Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas de Barcelona (IIBB), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Cerebrovascular Diseases, Area of Clinical and Experimental Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)-Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Munan S, Mondal A, Shailja S, Pati S, Samanta A. Unique Synthetic Strategy for Probing in Situ Lysosomal NO for Screening Neuroinflammatory Phenotypes against SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Phagocytotic Microglia. Anal Chem 2024; 96:7479-7486. [PMID: 38689560 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of microglia, brain immune cells promote nitrergic stress by overproducing nitric oxide (NO), leading to neuroinflammation. Furthermore, NO has been linked to COVID-19 progression, which has caused significant morbidity and mortality. SARS-CoV-2 infection activates inflammation by releasing excess NO and causing cell death in human microglial clone 3 (HMC3). In addition, NO regulates lysosomal functions and complex machinery to neutralize pathogens through phagocytosis. Therefore, developing lysosome-specific NO probes to monitor phagocytosis in microglia during the COVID-19 infection would be a significant study. Herein, a unique synthetic strategy was adopted to develop a NO selective fluorescent probe, PDM-NO, which can discriminate activated microglia from their resting state. The nonfluorescent PDM-NO exhibits a turn-on response toward NO only at lysosomal pH (4.5-5.5). Quantum chemical calculations (DFT/TD-DFT/PCM) and photophysical study revealed that the photoinduced electron transfer (PET) process is pivotal in tuning optical properties. PDM-NO demonstrated good biocompatibility and lysosomal specificity in activated HMC3 cells. Moreover, it can effectively map the dynamics of lysosomal NO against SARS-CoV-2 RNA-induced neuroinflammation in HMC3. Thus, PDM-NO is a potential fluorescent marker for detecting RNA virus infection and monitoring phagocytosis in HMC3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subrata Munan
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics (MST) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University (SNIoE), Delhi NCR, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Abir Mondal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University (SNIoE), Delhi NCR, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Singh Shailja
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Soumya Pati
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University (SNIoE), Delhi NCR, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
| | - Animesh Samanta
- Molecular Sensors and Therapeutics (MST) Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence Deemed to be University (SNIoE), Delhi NCR, NH 91, Tehsil Dadri, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201314, India
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3
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Yuan J, Liao YS, Zhang TC, Tang YQ, Yu P, Liu YN, Cai DJ, Yu SG, Zhao L. Integrating Bulk RNA and Single-Cell Sequencing Data Unveils Efferocytosis Patterns and ceRNA Network in Ischemic Stroke. Transl Stroke Res 2024:10.1007/s12975-024-01255-8. [PMID: 38678526 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-024-01255-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Excessive inflammatory response following ischemic stroke (IS) injury is a key factor affecting the functional recovery of patients. The efferocytic clearance of apoptotic cells within ischemic brain tissue is a critical mechanism for mitigating inflammation, presenting a promising avenue for the treatment of ischemic stroke. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying efferocytosis in the brain after IS and its impact on brain injury and recovery are poorly understood. This study explored the roles of inflammation and efferocytosis in IS with bioinformatics. Three Gene Expression Omnibus Series (GSE) (GSE137482-3 m, GSE137482-18 m, and GSE30655) were obtained from NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) and GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were processed for GSEA (Gene Set Enrichment Analysis), GO (Gene Ontology Functional Enrichment Analysis), and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway analyses. Efferocytosis-related genes were identified from the existing literature, following which the relationship between Differentially Expressed Genes (DEGs) and efferocytosis-related genes was examined. The single-cell dataset GSE174574 was employed to investigate the distinct expression profiles of efferocytosis-related genes. The identified hub genes were verified using the dataset of human brain and peripheral blood sample datasets GSE56267 and GSE122709. The dataset GSE215212 was used to predict competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network, and GSE231431 was applied to verify the expression of differential miRNAs. At last, the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) model was established to validate the efferocytosis process and the expression of hub genes. DEGs in two datasets were significantly enriched in pathways involved in inflammatory response and immunoregulation. Based on the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analyses, we identified hub efferocytosis-related genes (Abca1, C1qc, Ptx3, Irf5, and Pros1) and key transcription factors (Stat5). The scRNA-seq analysis showed that these hub genes were mainly expressed in microglia and macrophages which are the main cells with efferocytosis function in the brain. We then identified miR-125b-5p as a therapeutic target of IS based on the ceRNA network. Finally, we validated the phagocytosis and clearance of dead cells by efferocytosis and the expression of hub gene Abca1 in MCAO mice models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yuan
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu-Sha Liao
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Tie-Chun Zhang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yu-Qi Tang
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Pei Yu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ya-Ning Liu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ding-Jun Cai
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Shu-Guang Yu
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Acupuncture and Tuina School, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, Sichuan Province, China.
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4
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Wu C, Zhang S, Sun H, Li A, Hou F, Qi L, Liao H. STING inhibition suppresses microglia-mediated synapses engulfment and alleviates motor functional deficits after stroke. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:86. [PMID: 38584255 PMCID: PMC11000342 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03086-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of adult disability. Ischemia leads to progressive neuronal death and synapse loss. The engulfment of stressed synapses by microglia further contributes to the disruption of the surviving neuronal network and related brain function. Unfortunately, there is currently no effective target for suppressing the microglia-mediated synapse engulfment. Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an important participant in innate immune response. In the brain, microglia are the primary cell type that mediate immune response after brain insult. The intimate relationship between STING and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation has been gradually established. However, whether STING affects other functions of microglia remains elusive. In this study, we found that STING regulated microglial phagocytosis of synapses after photothrombotic stroke. The treatment of STING inhibitor H151 significantly improved the behavioral performance of injured mice in grid-walking test, cylinder test, and adhesive removal test after stroke. Moreover, the puncta number of engulfed SYP or PSD95 in microglia was reduced after consecutive H151 administration. Further analysis showed that the mRNA levels of several complement components and phagocytotic receptors were decreased after STING inhibition. Transcriptional factor STAT1 is known for regulating most of the decreased molecules. After STING inhibition, the nucleus translocation of phosphorylated STAT1 was also suppressed in microglia. Our data uncovered the novel regulatory effects of STING in microglial phagocytosis after stroke, and further emphasized STING as a potential drug-able target for post-stroke functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoran Wu
- New Drug Screening Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- New Drug Screening Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hao Sun
- New Drug Screening Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ao Li
- New Drug Screening Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Fengsheng Hou
- New Drug Screening Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Long Qi
- New Drug Screening Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Hong Liao
- New Drug Screening Center, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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5
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Uruk G, Mocanu E, Shaw AE, Bamburg JR, Swanson RA. Cofilactin rod formation mediates inflammation-induced neurite degeneration. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113914. [PMID: 38451813 PMCID: PMC11068216 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke, trauma, and neurodegenerative disorders cause loss of neurites (axons and dendrites) in addition to neuronal death. Neurite loss may result directly from a primary insult, secondary to parental neuron death, or secondary to a post-injury inflammatory response. Here, we use lipopolysaccharide and the alarmin S100β to selectively evaluate neurite loss caused by the inflammatory response. Activation of microglia and infiltrating macrophages by these stimuli causes neurite loss that far exceeds neuronal death, both in vitro and in vivo. Neurite loss is accompanied by the formation of cofilactin rods and aggregates (CARs), which are polymers of cofilin-1 and actin induced by oxidative stress and other factors. Mice deficient in either cofilin-1 or the superoxide-generating enzyme NADPH oxidase-2 show reduced CAR formation, neurite loss, and motor impairment. The findings identify a mechanism by which inflammation leads to neurite loss via CAR formation and highlight the relevance of neurite loss to functional impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Uruk
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ebony Mocanu
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alisa E Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - James R Bamburg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Raymond A Swanson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Neurology Service, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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6
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Ferreira C, Vieira P, Sá H, Malva J, Castelo-Branco M, Reis F, Viana S. Polyphenols: immunonutrients tipping the balance of immunometabolism in chronic diseases. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1360065. [PMID: 38558823 PMCID: PMC10978763 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1360065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence progressively appreciates the vital interplay between immunity and metabolism in a wide array of immunometabolic chronic disorders, both autoimmune and non-autoimmune mediated. The immune system regulates the functioning of cellular metabolism within organs like the brain, pancreas and/or adipose tissue by sensing and adapting to fluctuations in the microenvironment's nutrients, thereby reshaping metabolic pathways that greatly impact a pro- or anti-inflammatory immunophenotype. While it is agreed that the immune system relies on an adequate nutritional status to function properly, we are only just starting to understand how the supply of single or combined nutrients, all of them termed immunonutrients, can steer immune cells towards a less inflamed, tolerogenic immunophenotype. Polyphenols, a class of secondary metabolites abundant in Mediterranean foods, are pharmacologically active natural products with outstanding immunomodulatory actions. Upon binding to a range of receptors highly expressed in immune cells (e.g. AhR, RAR, RLR), they act in immunometabolic pathways through a mitochondria-centered multi-modal approach. First, polyphenols activate nutrient sensing via stress-response pathways, essential for immune responses. Second, they regulate mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) balance in immune cells and are well-tolerated caloric restriction mimetics. Third, polyphenols interfere with the assembly of NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) in endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria contact sites, inhibiting its activation while improving mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Finally, polyphenols impact chromatin remodeling and coordinates both epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. This work moves beyond the well-documented antioxidant properties of polyphenols, offering new insights into the multifaceted nature of these compounds. It proposes a mechanistical appraisal on the regulatory pathways through which polyphenols modulate the immune response, thereby alleviating chronic low-grade inflammation. Furthermore, it draws parallels between pharmacological interventions and polyphenol-based immunonutrition in their modes of immunomodulation across a wide spectrum of socioeconomically impactful immunometabolic diseases such as Multiple Sclerosis, Diabetes (type 1 and 2) or even Alzheimer's disease. Lastly, it discusses the existing challenges that thwart the translation of polyphenols-based immunonutritional interventions into long-term clinical studies. Overcoming these limitations will undoubtedly pave the way for improving precision nutrition protocols and provide personalized guidance on tailored polyphenol-based immunonutrition plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ferreira
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Pedro Vieira
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Helena Sá
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Malva
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Miguel Castelo-Branco
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT)/Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Flávio Reis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sofia Viana
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Pharmacy, Coimbra, Portugal
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7
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Fadoul G, Ikonomovic M, Zhang F, Yang T. The cell-specific roles of Nrf2 in acute and chronic phases of ischemic stroke. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14462. [PMID: 37715557 PMCID: PMC10916447 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke refers to the sudden loss of blood flow in a specific area of the brain. It is the fifth leading cause of mortality and the leading cause of permanent disability. The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) controls the production of several antioxidants and protective proteins and it has been investigated as a possible pharmaceutical target for reducing harmful oxidative events in brain ischemia. Each cell type exhibits different roles and behaviors in different phases post-stroke, which is comprehensive yet important to understand to optimize management strategies and goals for care for stroke patients. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the protective effects of Nrf2 in experimental ischemic stroke, emphasizing the role of Nrf2 in different cell types including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and endothelial cells during acute and chronic phases of stroke and providing insights on the neuroprotective role of Nrf2 on each cell type throughout the long term of stroke care. We also highlight the importance of targeting Nrf2 in clinical settings while considering a variety of important factors such as age, drug dosage, delivery route, and time of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Fadoul
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and RecoveryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Milos Ikonomovic
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare SystemPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and RecoveryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Tuo Yang
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and RecoveryUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical CenterPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
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8
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Zhang BW, Sun KH, Liu T, Zou W. The Crosstalk Between Immune Cells After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Neuroscience 2024; 537:93-104. [PMID: 38056621 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory mechanism of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has been widely studied, and it is believed that the regulation of this mechanism is of great significance to the prognosis. In the early stage of the acute phase of ICH, the release of a large number of inflammatory factors around the hematoma can recruit more inflammatory cells to infiltrate the area, further release inflammatory factors, cause an inflammatory cascade reaction, aggravate the volume of cerebral hematoma and edema and further destroy the blood-brain barrier (BBB), according to this, the crosstalk between cells may be of great significance in secondary brain injury (SBI). Because most of the cells recruited are inflammatory immune cells, this paper mainly discusses the cells based on the inflammatory mechanism to discuss their functions after ICH, we found that among the main cells inherent in the brain, glial cells account for the majority, of which microglia are the most widely studied and it can interact with a variety of cells, which is reflected in the literature researches on its pathogenesis and treatment. We believe that exploring multi-mechanism and multi-cell regulated drugs may be the future development trend, and the existing research, the comparison and unification of modeling methods, and the observation of long-term efficacy may be the first problem that researchers need to solve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Wen Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Ke-Han Sun
- Rehabilitation Department, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Xing-an League, Ulanhot City, Inner Mongolia 137400, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Rehabilitation Department, Pengzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chengdu 611930, China
| | - Wei Zou
- The Third Acupuncture Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin 150040, China.
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9
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Gao X, Su G, Chai M, Shen M, Hu Z, Chen W, Gao J, Li R, Ma T, An Y, Zhang Z. Research progress on mechanisms of ischemic stroke: Regulatory pathways involving Microglia. Neurochem Int 2024; 172:105656. [PMID: 38081419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Microglia, as the intrinsic immune cells in the brain, are activated following ischemic stroke. Activated microglia participate in the pathological processes after stroke through polarization, autophagy, phagocytosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, apoptosis, and necrosis, thereby influencing the injury and repair following stroke. It has been established that polarized M1 and M2 microglia exhibit pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects, respectively. Autophagy and phagocytosis in microglia following ischemia are dynamic processes, where moderate levels promote cell survival, while excessive responses may exacerbate neurofunctional deficits following stroke. Additionally, pyroptosis and ferroptosis in microglia after ischemic stroke contribute to the release of harmful cytokines, further aggravating the damage to brain tissue due to ischemia. This article discusses the different functional states of microglia in ischemic stroke research, highlighting current research trends and gaps, and provides insights and guidance for further study of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Gang Su
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Miao Chai
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Minghui Shen
- Medical Laboratories, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Zhenzhen Hu
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Juan Gao
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Ruixin Li
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Tianfei Ma
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Yang An
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China
| | - Zhenchang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730030, China.
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10
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Li F, Gallego J, Tirko NN, Greaser J, Bashe D, Patel R, Shaker E, Van Valkenburg GE, Alsubhi AS, Wellman S, Singh V, Padill CG, Gheres KW, Bagwell R, Mulvihill M, Kozai TDY. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS) modulates microglial activation following intracortical microelectrode implantation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.05.570162. [PMID: 38105969 PMCID: PMC10723293 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.570162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are important players in surveillance and repair of the brain. Their activation mediates neuroinflammation caused by intracortical microelectrode implantation, which impedes the application of intracortical brain-computer interfaces (BCIs). While low-intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulation (LIPUS) can attenuate microglial activation, its potential to modulate the microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and enhance the bio-integration of microelectrodes remains insufficiently explored. We found that LIPUS increased microglia migration speed from 0.59±0.04 to 1.35±0.07 µm/hr on day 1 and enhanced microglia expansion area from 44.50±6.86 to 93.15±8.77 µm 2 /min on day 7, indicating improved tissue healing and surveillance. Furthermore, LIPUS reduced microglial activation by 17% on day 6, vessel-associated microglia ratio from 70.67±6.15 to 40.43±3.87% on day 7, and vessel diameter by 20% on day 28. Additionally, microglial coverage of the microelectrode was reduced by 50% in week 1, indicating better tissue-microelectrode integration. These data reveal that LIPUS helps resolve neuroinflammation around chronic intracortical microelectrodes.
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11
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Loppi SH, Tavera-Garcia MA, Scholpa NE, Maiyo BK, Becktel DA, Morrison HW, Schnellmann RG, Doyle KP. Boosting Mitochondrial Biogenesis Diminishes Foam Cell Formation in the Post-Stroke Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16632. [PMID: 38068955 PMCID: PMC10706318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Following ischemic stroke, the degradation of myelin and other cellular membranes surpasses the lipid-processing capabilities of resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages. This imbalance leads to foam cell formation in the infarct and areas of secondary neurodegeneration, instigating sustained inflammation and furthering neurological damage. Given that mitochondria are the primary sites of fatty acid metabolism, augmenting mitochondrial biogenesis (MB) may enhance lipid processing, curtailing foam cell formation and post-stroke chronic inflammation. Previous studies have shown that the pharmacological activation of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) stimulates MB. Consequently, our study sought to discern the effects of intensified β2-AR signaling on MB, the processing of brain lipid debris, and neurological outcome using a mouse stroke model. To achieve this goal, aged mice were treated with formoterol, a long-acting β2-AR agonist, daily for two and eight weeks following stroke. Formoterol increased MB in the infarct region, modified fatty acid metabolism, and reduced foam cell formation. However, it did not reduce markers of post-stroke neurodegeneration or improve recovery. Although our findings indicate that enhancing MB in myeloid cells can aid in the processing of brain lipid debris after stroke, it is important to note that boosting MB alone may not be sufficient to significantly impact stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna H. Loppi
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.H.L.); (M.A.T.-G.); (B.K.M.); (D.A.B.)
| | - Marco A. Tavera-Garcia
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.H.L.); (M.A.T.-G.); (B.K.M.); (D.A.B.)
| | - Natalie E. Scholpa
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (N.E.S.); (R.G.S.)
| | - Boaz K. Maiyo
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.H.L.); (M.A.T.-G.); (B.K.M.); (D.A.B.)
| | - Danielle A. Becktel
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.H.L.); (M.A.T.-G.); (B.K.M.); (D.A.B.)
| | | | - Rick G. Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (N.E.S.); (R.G.S.)
- BIO5 Institute, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- R. Ken Coit Center for Longevity and Neurotherapeutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Kristian P. Doyle
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; (S.H.L.); (M.A.T.-G.); (B.K.M.); (D.A.B.)
- BIO5 Institute, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Arizona Center on Aging, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Department of Psychology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
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12
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Zompola A, Korfiati A, Theofilatos K, Mavroudi S. Omics-CNN: A comprehensive pipeline for predictive analytics in quantitative omics using one-dimensional convolutional neural networks. Heliyon 2023; 9:e21165. [PMID: 38027840 PMCID: PMC10658203 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and objective The development of machine learning-based models that can be used for the prediction of severe diseases has been one of the main concerns of the scientific community. The current study seeks to expand a highly sophisticated tool, the Convolutional Neural Networks, making it applicable in multidimensional omics data classification problems and testing the newly introduced method on publicly available transcriptomics and proteomics data. Methods In this study, we introduce Omics-CNN, a Convolutional Neural Network-based pipeline, which couples Convolutional Neural Networks with dimensionality reduction, preprocessing, clustering, and explainability techniques to make them suitable to build highly accurate and interpretable classification models from high-throughput omics data. The developed tool has the potential to classify patients depending on the expression of genetic and clinical factors and identify features that can act as diagnostic biomarkers. Regarding dimensionality reduction, univariate and multivariate techniques were explored and compared. Gradient Weighted Class Activation Mapping analysis was performed to determine the most important features in the classification of the samples after training the model. Results The newly introduced pipeline was applied to one transcriptomics and one proteomics dataset for the identification of diagnostic models and biosignatures for Ischemic Stroke (IS) and COVID-19 infection, reporting highly accurate biosignatures with accuracies of 96 % and 95.41 %, respectively. Meanwhile, classification models based solely on a small part of attributes provided lower predictive accuracy, but identified compact transcript biosignature (KRT15, VPRBP, TNFRSF4, GORASP2) for Ischemic Stroke and protein biosignature (ADGRB3, VNN2, AGER, CIAPIN1) for Covid-19 infection diagnosis, respectively. Conclusions Omics-CNN, overcame the inherent problems of applying Convolutional Neural Networks for the training diagnostic models with quantitative omics data, outperforming previous models of machine learning developed using the same datasets for Ischemic Stroke and Covid-19 infection diagnosis, determining the most contributing biomarkers for both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Zompola
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | | | | | - Seferina Mavroudi
- Department of Nursing, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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13
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Ren H, Pan Y, Wang D, Hao H, Han R, Qi C, Zhang W, He W, Shi FD, Liu Q. CD22 blockade modulates microglia activity to suppress neuroinflammation following intracerebral hemorrhage. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106912. [PMID: 37696483 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are first responders to acute brain insults and initiate neuroinflammation to drive secondary tissue injury. Yet the key molecular switches in control of the inflammatory activity of microglia remain poorly understood. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a devastating stroke subtype whereby a hematoma is formed within the brain parenchyma and associated with high mortality. Using a mouse model of ICH, we found upregulation of CD22 that predominantly occurred in microglia. Antibody blockade of CD22 led to a reduction in neurological deficits, brain lesion and hematoma volume. This was accompanied by reduced inflammatory activity, increased expression of alternative activation markers (CD206 and IL-10) and enhanced phagocytosis activity in microglia after ICH. CD22 blockade also led to an increase of phosphorylated SYK and AKT after ICH. Notably, the benefits of CD22 blockade were ablated in ICH mice subjected to microglial depletion with a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor PLX5622. Additionally, the protective effects of CD22 blockade was diminished in ICH mice receiving a SYK inhibitor R406. Together, our findings highlight CD22 as a key molecular switch to control the detrimental effects of microglia after acute brain injury, and provide a novel strategy to improve the outcome of ICH injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Ren
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Danni Wang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Hongying Hao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Ranran Han
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Caiyun Qi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Wenyan He
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Institute of Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Haihe Laboratory of Cell Ecosystem, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China; Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250033, Shandong, China.
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14
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Cheng J, Wang W, Xia Y, Li Y, Jia J, Xiao G. Regulators of phagocytosis as pharmacologic targets for stroke treatment. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1122527. [PMID: 37601043 PMCID: PMC10433754 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1122527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, causes massive cell death in the brain, which is followed by secondary inflammatory injury initiated by disease-associated molecular patterns released from dead cells. Phagocytosis, a cellular process of engulfment and digestion of dead cells, promotes the resolution of inflammation and repair following stroke. However, professional or non-professional phagocytes also phagocytose stressed but viable cells in the brain or excessively phagocytose myelin sheaths or prune synapses, consequently exacerbating brain injury and impairing repair following stroke. Phagocytosis includes the smell, eating and digestion phases. Notably, efficient phagocytosis critically depends on phagocyte capacity to take up dead cells continually due to the limited number of phagocytes vs. dead cells after injury. Moreover, phenotypic polarization of phagocytes occurring after phagocytosis is also essential to the proresolving and prorepair properties of phagocytosis. Much has been learned about the molecular signals and regulatory mechanisms governing the sense and recognition of dead cells by phagocytes during the smell and eating phase following stroke. However, some key areas remain extremely understudied, including the mechanisms involved in digestion regulation, continual phagocytosis and phagocytosis-induced phenotypic switching following stroke. Here, we summarize new discoveries related to the molecular mechanisms and multifaceted effects of phagocytosis on brain injury and repair following stroke and highlight the knowledge gaps in poststroke phagocytosis. We suggest that advancing the understanding of poststroke phagocytosis will help identify more biological targets for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Cheng
- Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yiqing Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Li
- Academy of Pharmacy, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guodong Xiao
- Suzhou Clinical Research Center of Neurological Disease, Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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15
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Ma Y, Liu Z, Jiang L, Wang L, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang Y, Yang GY, Ding J, Zhang Z. Endothelial progenitor cell transplantation attenuates synaptic loss associated with enhancing complement receptor 3-dependent microglial/macrophage phagocytosis in ischemic mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:379-392. [PMID: 36457150 PMCID: PMC9941864 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221135841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) transplantation has therapeutic effects in cerebral ischemia. However, how EPCs modulate microglial activity remains unclear. In the study, we explored whether EPCs modulated microglial/macrophage activity and facilitated injured brain repair. Adult male mice (n = 184) underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, and EPCs were transplanted into the brain immediately after ischemia. Microglial/macrophage activity and complement receptor 3 (CR3) expression were evaluated in ischemic brains and cultured microglia. CR3 agonist leukadherin-1 was administrated into mice immediately after ischemia to imitate the effects of EPCs. Synaptophysin and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) expressions were detected in EPC- and leukadherin-1 treated mice. We found that EPC transplantation increased the number of M2 microglia/macrophage-phagocytizing apoptotic cells and CR3 expression in ischemic brains at 3 days after ischemia (p < 0.05). EPC-conditional medium or cultured EPCs increased microglial migration and phagocytosis and upregulated CR3 expression in cultured microglia under oxygen-glucose deprivation condition (p < 0.05). Leukadherin-1 reduced brain atrophy volume and neurological deficits at 14 days after ischemia (p < 0.05). Both EPC transplantation and leukadherin-1 increased synaptophysin and PSD-95 expression at 14 days after ischemia (p < 0.05). EPC transplantation promoted CR3-mediated microglial/macrophage phagocytosis and subsequently attenuated synaptic loss. Our study provided a novel therapeutic mechanism for EPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Lu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Liping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine,
Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongfang Li
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Yanqun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military
Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongting Wang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai,
China
| | - Jing Ding
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University,
Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine and
School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai,
China
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16
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Morrison VE, Bix GJ. The meal Maketh the Microglia: Why studying microglial phagocytosis is critical to stroke research. Neurochem Int 2023; 164:105488. [PMID: 36707032 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vivianne E Morrison
- Tulane University School of Medicine Center for Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, United States
| | - Gregory J Bix
- Tulane University School of Medicine Center for Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, United States.
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17
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Yu W, Gong E, Liu B, Zhou L, Che C, Hu S, Zhang Z, Liu J, Shi J. Hydrogel-mediated drug delivery for treating stroke. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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18
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Li X, Chen G. CNS-peripheral immune interactions in hemorrhagic stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:185-197. [PMID: 36476130 PMCID: PMC9903219 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x221145089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a sudden and rapidly progressing ischemic or hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease. When stroke damages the brain, the immune system becomes hyperactive, leading to systemic inflammatory response and immunomodulatory disorders, which could significantly impact brain damage, recovery, and prognosis of stroke. Emerging researches suggest that ischemic stroke-induced spleen contraction could activate a peripheral immune response, which may further aggravate brain injury. This review focuses on hemorrhagic strokes including intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and discusses the central nervous system-peripheral immune interactions after hemorrhagic stroke induction. First, inflammatory progression after ICH and SAH is investigated. As a part of this review, we summarize the various kinds of inflammatory cell infiltration to aggravate brain injury after blood-brain barrier interruption induced by hemorrhagic stroke. Then, we explore hemorrhagic stroke-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and discuss the interactions of CNS and peripheral inflammatory response. In addition, potential targets related to inflammatory response for ICH and SAH are discussed in this review, which may lead to novel therapeutic strategies for hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Institute of Stroke Research, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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19
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Tao T, Chen X, Zhou Y, Zheng Q, Gao S, Wang J, Ding P, Li X, Peng Z, Lu Y, Gao Y, Zhuang Z, Hang C, Li W. Continued P2X7 activation leads to mitochondrial fission and compromising microglial phagocytosis after subarachnoid haemorrhage. J Neurochem 2022; 163:419-437. [PMID: 36269673 PMCID: PMC9828135 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) has a high rate of disability and mortality. Extremely damaging molecules, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), are released from extravasated red blood cells and nerve cells, which activate microglia and induce sterile tissue injury and organ dysfunction. P2X purinoceptor 7 (P2X7) is one of the most important purine receptors on the microglial surface and is involved in the proinflammatory activation of microglia. While P2X7 can also affect microglial phagocytosis, the mechanism is not clear. Here, we demonstrated that microglial phagocytosis is progressively impaired under continued BzATP exposure and P2X7 activation. Furthermore, we found that P2X7 activation leads to increased intracellular Ca2+ levels and activates Calcineurin, which dephosphorylates dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) S637. The dephosphorylation of DRP1 at S637 leads to increased mitochondrial fission and decreased mitochondrial function, which may be responsible for the decreased microglial phagocytosis. Finally, we pharmacologically inhibited P2X7 activation in mice, which resulted in rescue of mitochondrial function and decreased microglial proliferation, but improved phagocytosis after SAH. Our study confirmed that P2X7 activation after SAH leads to the impairment of microglial phagocytosis through mitochondrial fission and verified that P2X7 inhibition restores microglial phagocytosis both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Department of NeurosurgeryNanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Xiangxin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Qiang Zheng
- Department of NeurosurgeryNanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Sen Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Jinwei Wang
- Department of NeurosurgeryNanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Pengfei Ding
- Department of NeurosurgeryNanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Xiaojian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Zheng Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Yongyue Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Zong Zhuang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Chun‐hua Hang
- Department of NeurosurgeryNanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina,Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
| | - Wei Li
- Department of NeurosurgeryNanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina,Department of Neurosurgery, Nanjing Drum Tower HospitalThe Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical SchoolNanjingJiangsu ProvinceChina
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20
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Zhang Z, Lv M, Zhou X, Cui Y. Roles of peripheral immune cells in the recovery of neurological function after ischemic stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1013905. [PMID: 36339825 PMCID: PMC9634819 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1013905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and long-term disability worldwide, with limited spontaneous repair processes occurring after injury. Immune cells are involved in multiple aspects of ischemic stroke, from early damage processes to late recovery-related events. Compared with the substantial advances that have been made in elucidating how immune cells modulate acute ischemic injury, the understanding of the impact of the immune system on functional recovery is limited. In this review, we summarized the mechanisms of brain repair after ischemic stroke from both the neuronal and non-neuronal perspectives, and we review advances in understanding of the effects on functional recovery after ischemic stroke mediated by infiltrated peripheral innate and adaptive immune cells, immune cell-released cytokines and cell-cell interactions. We also highlight studies that advance our understanding of the mechanisms underlying functional recovery mediated by peripheral immune cells after ischemia. Insights into these processes will shed light on the double-edged role of infiltrated peripheral immune cells in functional recovery after ischemic stroke and provide clues for new therapies for improving neurological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolong Zhang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Mengfei Lv
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Cui
- Institute of Neuroregeneration and Neurorehabilitation, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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21
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Wang Y, Leak RK, Cao G. Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity after stroke. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:980722. [PMID: 36052339 PMCID: PMC9426757 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.980722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a major cause of long-term disability and mortality worldwide. The immune system plays an important role in determining the condition of the brain following stroke. As the resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system, microglia are the primary responders in a defense network covering the entire brain parenchyma, and exert various functions depending on dynamic communications with neurons, astrocytes, and other neighboring cells under both physiological or pathological conditions. Microglia activation and polarization is crucial for brain damage and repair following ischemic stroke, and is considered a double-edged sword for neurological recovery. Microglia can exist in pro-inflammatory states and promote secondary brain damage, but they can also secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and neurotrophic factors and facilitate recovery following stroke. In this review, we focus on the role and mechanisms of microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and neuroplasticity after ischemia and relevant potential microglia-based interventions for stroke therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Guodong Cao Yuan Wang
| | - Rehana K. Leak
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Guodong Cao
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Guodong Cao Yuan Wang
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22
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Raffaele S, Fumagalli M. Dynamics of Microglia Activation in the Ischemic Brain: Implications for Myelin Repair and Functional Recovery. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:950819. [PMID: 35899017 PMCID: PMC9309466 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.950819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a neurological disorder representing a leading cause of death and permanent disability world-wide, for which effective regenerative treatments are missing. Oligodendrocyte degeneration and consequent myelin disruption are considered major contributing factors to stroke-associated neurological deficits. Therefore, fostering myelin reconstruction by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach to enhance functional recovery in stroke patients. A pivotal role in regulating remyelination is played by microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain. Early after stroke, microglial cells exert beneficial functions, promoting OPC recruitment toward the ischemic lesion and preserving myelin integrity. However, the protective features of microglia are lost during disease progression, contributing to remyelination failure. Unveiling the mechanisms driving the pro-remyelination properties of microglia may provide important opportunities for both reducing myelin damage and promoting its regeneration. Here, we summarize recent evidence describing microglia activation kinetics in experimental models of ischemic injury, focusing on the contribution of these innate immune cells to myelin damage and repair. Some molecular signals regulating the pro-regenerative functions of microglia after stroke have been highlighted to provide new possible therapeutic targets involved in the protective functions of these cells. Finally, we analyzed the impact of microglia-to-OPCs communication via extracellular vesicles on post-stroke remyelination and functional recovery. The results collected in this review underline the importance of supporting the pro-remyelination functions of microglial cells after stroke.
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