Physical interpretation of diaphanograms using the computer-controlled image scanner OSIRIS

Digitization of electrocardiograms by desktop optical scanner

The fidelity of a semiautomated technique for converting paper electrocardiogram (ECG) tracings to digital form by optical scanning was examined. Sample tracings from one nonmechanical and three mechanical ECG writers (recorders) were used. The optically scanned signals were compared with the digitized version (402 Hz, 12-bit precision) of the original analog signals using time- and frequency-domain correlation coefficients and root mean square error. A total of 261 QRS complexes and 207 RR intervals were examined in 21 leads acquired from 8 patients. When data were low-pass filtered at 25 Hz, the correlation coefficients for the 261 QRS complexes were 0.997 +/- 0.005 (mean +/- SD) for the time domain data, 0.992 +/- 0.010 for the complex frequency domain (amplitude and phase) data, and 0.998 +/- 0.002 for the power spectrum. The corresponding correlations for the 207 RR intervals were 0.993 +/- 0.008, 0.992 +/- 0.008, and 0.993 +/- 0.009. The RMS errors, normalized for signal amplitude, were 2.62 +/- 1.28 (percent +/- SD) for QRS complexes and 1.82 +/- 0.87 for RR intervals. The correlations for the mechanical ECG recorder tracings were the same or better than those of the nonmechanical recorder, and the RMS errors were generally smaller. When data were low-pass filtered at 105 Hz, the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.984 to 0.996 for the QRS complexes and 0.982 to 0.988 for RR intervals. Root mean square errors were 4.54 +/- 2.03 and 2.38 +/- 1.14, respectively. For purposes of arrhythmia analysis by QRS classification, digitization of ECG signals by optical scanning appears equivalent to acquisition via standard analog-to-digital conversion.

Breast carcinoma and benign breast lesions. Diaphanography and quantitative evaluation using the computer-controlled image scanner OSIRIS

A total of 110 diaphanograms from women with breast carcinoma and 154 diaphanograms from women with benign breast disorders were quantitatively evaluated using the OSIRIS image scanner. Optical density values in the green and red spectral bands were recorded. The malignant and the benign groups, were statistically evaluated using linear discriminant analysis. Correct classification was obtained in 73.5 per cent of women with breast carcinoma and in 84.6 per cent of women with benign breast disorders. Visual interpretation of the findings alone classified 84.5 per cent of the malignant lesions correctly and 90.8 per cent of the benign lesions correctly. Quantitative evaluation combined with visual interpretation improved the accuracy of classification of breast carcinoma (91.8%), but not of benign breast disorders, which was about the same (83.8%).