The effects of ω-3 fish oil emulsion-based parenteral nutrition plus combination treatment for acute paraquat poisoning

Inhaled paraquat-induced lung injury in rat, improved by the extract of Zataria multiflora boiss and PPARγ agonist, pioglitazone

The effects of a PPAR-γ agonist, pioglitazone and Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) on inhaled paraquat (PQ)-induced lung oxidative stress, inflammation, pathological changes and tracheal responsiveness were examined. The study was carried out in control rats exposed to normal aerosol of saline, PQl and PQh groups exposed to aerosols of 27 and 54 mg/m3 PQ, groups exposed to high PQ concentration (PQh) and treated with 200 and 800 mg/kg/day Z. multiflora, 5 and 10 mg/kg/day pioglitazone, low doses of Z. multiflora + pioglitazone, and 0.03 mg/kg/day dexamethasone. Increased tracheal responsiveness, transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) and lung pathological changes due to PQh were significantly improved by high doses of Z. multiflora and pioglitazone, dexamethasone and extract + pioglitazone, (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). In group treated with low doses of the extract + pioglitazone, the improvements of most measured variables were significantly higher than the low dose of two agents alone (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Z. multiflora improved lung injury induced by inhaled PQ similar to dexamethasone and pioglitazone which could be mediated by PPAR-γ receptor.

[Parenteral supplementation with EPA/DHA omega-3 fatty acids improves recovery prognosis in critically ill patients]

Introduction

Introduction: the decision to supplement total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with emulsions of omega-3 (Ω3) eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) fatty acids (FA) of marine origin is based on the clinical benefits obtained in different medical situations and surgical procedures, among which reductions in hospital stay, days of mechanical ventilation, incidence of infections and mortality stand out. However, the evidence in critically ill patients remains contradictory. Objective: the objective of this clinical trial was to analyze the effect of supplementation with EPA/DHA Ω3 FAs on clinical prognostic markers - medical, nutritional and biochemical - in critically ill patients, relating to outcome. Method: a clinical, controlled, randomized, single-center trial in 64 critically ill adult patients, of which 47 patients were randomized to receive TPN supplemented with EPA/DHA Ω3 FAs in doses of 0.1 g/kg/day (n = 23) and 0.2 g/kg/day (n = 24), compared with a historical control group with TPN without supplementation (n = 17). Clinical prognosis markers were determined at baseline and at the end of nutritional support (medical, nutritional and biochemical). Results: the two groups with supplementation showed a statistically significant reduction in mortality (p < 0.005); the clinical prognostic markers SOFA, APACHE II, SAPS 3, NUTRIC, RTL and CRS were consistent in showing a significant improvement (p < 0.005), of prognosis with doses of 0.1 and 0.2 g/kg/day of EPA/DHA Ω3 FAs, respectively. Conclusion: supplementation of parenteral nutrition with EPA/DHA Ω3 fatty acids at doses of 0.1 g and 0.2 g/kg/day improves recovery prognosis and the probability of survival in critically ill patients.

Cytokine changes in fatal cases of paraquat poisoning

Cytokine-mediated inflammation is involved in the pathophysiology of paraquat toxicity. Nevertheless, few human studies have examined fluctuations in circulating cytokine levels. Blood samples were obtained from 21 patients with paraquat poisoning and compared to those of 18 healthy controls. All paraquat patients received a standard detoxification protocol composed of hemoperfusion, pulse therapies of methylprednisolone and cyclophosphamide, followed by dexamethasone therapy. Nonsurvivors not only had higher scores for the severity index of paraquat poisoning (P=0.004) but also presented with higher white blood cell counts (P=0.046) than survivors. Multiplex immunoassays revealed higher circulating levels of interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 9 (IL-9), interleukin 10 (IL-10) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1β) in survivors than in healthy controls. Furthermore, the circulating levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), IL-2, interleukin 5 (IL-5), interleukin 8 (IL-8), IL-9, IL-10, interleukin 12 (IL-12 p70), interleukin 17A (IL-17A), eotaxin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10) and MIP-1β were higher in nonsurvivors than in healthy controls. Finally, the circulating levels of IL-1β and MCP-1 were higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors. Therefore, the observation of cytokine-mediated inflammation is in line with the detoxification protocol because glucocorticoids and cyclophosphamide are potent anti-inflammatory agents. Additionally, circulating levels of IL-1β and MCP-1 could serve as promising prognostic markers for patients with paraquat poisoning.

Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by inhaled paraquat in rat improved by carvacrol, possible role of PPARγ receptors

Control rats were exposed to saline aerosol, two groups were exposed to paraquat (PQ), 27 (PQ-L) and 54 (PQ-H) mg/m3 aerosols and six groups were treated with carvacrol, 20 (C-L) and 80 (C-H) mg/kg/day, pioglitazone, 5 (Pio-L) and 10 (Pio-H) mg/kg/day, C-L+Pio-L and dexamethasone, 0.03 mg/kg/day, for 16 days after the end of exposure to PQ-H. Different variables were measured after the end of treatment period. Total and differential white blood cells counts, nitrite, malondialdehyde, interleukin (IL)-10, and interferon-gamma levels were significant increased, but thiol, superoxide dismutase, catalase, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were decreased in the blood due to both doses of PQ (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). Most measured parameters were significantly improved in treated groups with both doses of carvacrol, pioglitazone, the combination of C-L+Pio-L and dexamethasone compared to PQ-H group (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). Treatment with C-L+Pio-L showed significantly higher effects compared to each one alone (p < 0.05-p < 0.001). Systemic oxidative stress and inflammation due to inhaled PQ were improved by carvacrol and pioglitazone. Higher effects of C-L+Pio-L than each one alone suggests carvacrol modulating PPAR-γ receptors.

Zataria multiflora and Pioglitazone Affect Systemic Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Induced by Inhaled Paraquat in Rats

The effects of Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) and pioglitazone (a PPAR-γ agonist) alone and in combination, on systemic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by inhaled paraquat (PQ) as a herbicide, which induced inflammation in rats, were examined. Rats were exposed to (1) saline (control) and (2) 54 mg/m3 PQ aerosols (8 times, every other day, each time for 30 min) without treatment or treated with (3 and 4) two doses of Z. multiflora (200 and 800 mg/kg/day), (5 and 6) two doses of pioglitazone (5 and 10 mg/kg/day), (7) low doses of Z.multiflora + pioglitazone, (Pio-5+Z-200 mg/kg/day) or (8) dexamethasone (0.03 mg/kg/day) for 16 days, after the last PQ exposure. Different variables were measured at the end of the treatment period. Exposure to PQ significantly increased total and differential white blood cells (WBC) counts, serum levels of nitrite (NO2), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin- (IL) 17, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), but reduced thiol, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), IL-10, and interferon-gamma (INF-γ) (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Most measured parameters were significantly improved in groups treated with either doses of the extract, pioglitazone, Pio-5+Z-200 mg/kg/day, or dexamethasone compared to the PQ group (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). The combination of low doses of Pio-5+Z-200 mg/kg/day showed significantly higher effects compared to each one alone (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Systemic oxidative stress and inflammation due to inhaled PQ were improved by Z. multiflora and pioglitazone. Higher effects of Pio-5+Z-200 mg/kg/day compared to each one alone suggest modulation of PPAR-γ receptors by the plant extract, but further studies using PPAR-γ antagonists need to be done in this regard.

Carvacrol and PPARγ agonist, pioglitazone, affects inhaled paraquat-induced lung injury in rats

Exposed rats to normal saline and paraquat (PQ) aerosol as control and PQ group, rats exposed to PQ and treated with 20 and 80 mg/kg/day carvacrol, 5 and 10 mg/kg/day pioglitazone, low dose of pioglitazone + carvacrol and 0.03 mg/kg/day dexamethasone (Dexa) for 16 days after the end of PQ exposure were studied (n = 6 in each group). Lung pathological changes, tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and ovalbumin (OVA) as well as transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and interleukin (IL)-6 level in the lung tissue homogenize as well as TGF-β, IL-6, oxidant and antioxidant levels oxidant and antioxidants were increased in PQ group (p < 0.01 to p < 0.001). Lung pathological changes, tracheal responsiveness to methacholine and OVA as well as TGF-β, IL-6 oxidant and antioxidant levels were improved in all treated groups except lung pathological changes in treated group with low dose of pioglitazone (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). The effects of low dose of pioglitazone and carvacrol alone were significantly lower than in the combination group of low dose of pioglitazone + carvacrol (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Carvacrol treatment improved inhaled PQ-induced lug injury similar to the effects of dexamethasone. The synergic effect of carvacrol and pioglitazone suggests PPAR-γ receptor mediated effects of carvacrol on inhaled PQ-induced lung injury.

Paraquat-induced systemic inflammation and increased oxidative markers in rats improved by Zataria multiflora extract and carvacrol

OBJECTIVE

Paraquat (PQ) is a herbicide which induces oxidative stress and inflammation. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects were shown for Zataria multiflora (Z. multiflora) and carvacrol previously. The effects of Z. multiflora hydroalcoholic extract and carvacrol on systemic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by inhaled PQ were examined in this study.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Six groups of male rats used in this study were as follows: control group exposed to normal saline aerosol, one group exposed to PQ 54 mg/m3 aerosol, animals exposed to PQ 54 mg/m3 and treated with Z. multiflora (200 and 800 mg/kg/day) or carvacrol (20 and 80 mg/kg/day) for 16 days after the end of exposure to PQ. Exposure to PQ was performed 8 times, every other day, each time for 30 min. After the end of the treatment period, different variables were measured.

RESULTS

Significant increases in nitrite (NO2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and interleukin (IL)-6 serum levels but significant reduction of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) serum levels as well as IFN-γ/IL-6 ratio were observed in PQ-exposed compared to control group (p<0.01 for MDA and IL-6, p<0.001 for other cases). Treatment with both doses of the extract and carvacrol specially at high dose, reduced MDA, NO2, and IL-6 but increased IFN-γ and IFN-γ/IL-6 ratio compared to un-treated PQ exposed group (p<0.05 to p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Treatment with Z. multiflora and carvacrol improved systemic inflammation oxidative biomarkers induced by inhaled PQ which may indicate therapeutic potential of the plant and its constituent, carvacrol in systemic inflammation and oxidative biomarkers induced by inhaled PQ.

Carvacrol and Zataria multiflora influenced the PPARγ agonist effects on systemic inflammation and oxidative stress induced by inhaled paraquat in rat

OBJECTIVES

The effects of PPAR-γ agonist alone and in combination with carvacrol and Zataria multiflora on inhaled paraquat (PQ) induced-systemic inflammation and oxidative stress were examined.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Control group exposed to normal saline aerosol, one group exposed to 54 mg/m3 PQ aerosol and four groups exposed to PQ aerosol and treated with 5 mg/kg/day pioglitazone, pioglitazone + 200 mg/kg/day Z. multiflora extract, pioglitazone + 20 mg/kg/day carvacrol, and 0.03 mg /kg/day dexamethasone for 16 days after the end of exposure to PQ were studied. Exposure to normal saline or PQ was performed every other days for 30 min (8 times). Different variables were measured after the end of treatment period.

RESULTS

PQ exposure significantly increased serum levels of NO2, MDA and IL-6 but dexreased CAT and IFN-γ levels and IFN-γ/IL-6 ratio compared to control group (P<0.01 to P<0.001). Treatment with pioglitazone only improved serum level of MDA (P<0.01). Treatment with combination of pioglitazone and carvacrol as well as treatment with dexamethasone improved all measured variables compared to PQ exposed group (P<0.05 to P<0.001). The effects of pioglitazone + Z. multiflura and pioglitazone + carvacrol on almost all measured variables were significantly higher than pioglitazone alone (P<0.05 to P<0.001).

CONCLUSION

The effects of combination therapy of pioglitazone with Z. multiflora or carvacrol on inhaled paraquat (PQ) induced-oxidative stress and systemic inflammation were higher than the effects of pioglitazone alone. These results suggested that the effects of the extract and carvacrol may mediated through PPAR-γ receptors.