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Piva MM, Schwertz CI, Henker LC, Bianchi RM, Kemper RT, de Almeida BA, Nagae RY, Michaelsen TR, Pavarini SP. Non-ambulatory pigs in two Brazilian growing-finishing farms: a clinic, etiological and pathological perspective on 76 cases. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:36. [PMID: 35948945 PMCID: PMC9364575 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-ambulatory pigs, colloquially known as downers or downed pigs, are animals presented with limited to no mobility, usually as a result of pre-existing neurologic or musculoskeletal conditions. Impaired ambulation is a major cause of euthanasia in pigs, leading to economic losses and animal welfare concerns. Additionally, reaching the underlying diagnosis of impaired ambulation in pigs is commonly a challenging task for swine practitioners. The aim of this necropsy-based study was to report the clinical, etiological, and pathological findings of 76 non-ambulatory grower-finisher pigs, and to correlate tail-biting lesions with the causes of death/reason for euthanasia in non-ambulatory pigs. Necropsies of downed pigs were performed during on-site visits to two pig farms in southern Brazil. Results The diagnosis of the conditions was based on the clinical, macroscopic, histopathological, bacteriological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings. The diseases diagnosed in non-ambulatory pigs in this study were suppurative arthritis (29/76), suppurative spondylitis (10/76), PVC-2 associated diseases (8/76), bone fracture (7/76), non-suppurative meningoencephalomyelitis (4/76), suppurative meningoencephalitis (6/76), fibrocartilaginous thromboembolism (3/76), epiphysiolysis (3/76), ascending bacterial myelitis (3/76), and other conditions (3/76). The frequency of suppurative arthritis, suppurative spondylitis, and ascending bacterial myelitis/meningitis was higher in pigs with tail biting lesions than controls (P < 0.001). Conclusions Non-ambulatory pigs were observed during the entire rearing period, however, the occurrence of non-ambulatory pigs increased in animals aged ≥ 150 days. Infectious diseases were the most common cause of downed pigs, mainly associated with chronic bacterial infections. Tail biting lesions were an important predisposing factor to suppurative arthritis, suppurative spondylitis, and ascending bacterial myelitis/meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoela Marchezan Piva
- Departament of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul - UFRGS, 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil.
| | - Claiton I Schwertz
- Departament of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul - UFRGS, 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Luan Cleber Henker
- Departament of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul - UFRGS, 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Michel Bianchi
- Departament of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul - UFRGS, 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Regina Tose Kemper
- Departament of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul - UFRGS, 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Bruno Albuquerque de Almeida
- Departament of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul - UFRGS, 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Yuiti Nagae
- Animal Health Laboratory, Seara Alimentos LTDA, 155 Av. Paludo, Industrial, Seara, Santa Catarina, 89770-000, Brazil
| | - Taís Regina Michaelsen
- Animal Health Laboratory, Seara Alimentos LTDA, 155 Av. Paludo, Industrial, Seara, Santa Catarina, 89770-000, Brazil
| | - Saulo Petinatti Pavarini
- Departament of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul - UFRGS, 9090 Av. Bento Gonçalves, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande Do Sul, 91540-000, Brazil
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Piva MM, Pereira PR, Schwertz CI, Hammerschmitt ME, Lorenzett MP, Henker LC, Driemeier D, Clemes YS, Pena HFJ, Pavarini SP. Outbreak of toxoplasmosis associated with muscular lesions in finishing pigs caused by an atypical Toxoplasma gondii genotype. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2022; 31:e011622. [PMID: 36327395 PMCID: PMC9901883 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612022055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii infections are usually asymptomatic in pigs, and an acute clinical disease is rare in this host. This study aimed to determine the pathological and molecular aspects of an outbreak of fatal systemic toxoplasmosis in finishing pigs in Brazil. The outbreak occurred on a commercial finishing pig farm in the state of Santa Catarina in southern Brazil. The farm had 1500 pigs and 3.8% of mortality rate during the outbreak. The pigs had fever, anorexia, apathy, and locomotor deficits. Seven pigs were necropsied. Gross findings included multifocal to coalescent pale areas in skeletal muscles, lymphadenomegaly, hepatosplenomegaly, and non-colapsed lungs. The histological findings included granulomatous lymphadenitis, hepatitis and splenitis, necrotizing myositis, and lymphoplasmacytic interstitial pneumonia. Lung and liver lesions were occasionally accompanied by T. gondii parasitic structures. Positive immunolabeling for T. gondii tachyzoites and encysted bradyzoites was detected in all examined pigs. PCR-RFLP (11 markers) and microsatellite analysis (15 markers) identified the non-archetypal genotype #278 in pigs. This is the first report of systemic toxoplasmosis in pigs with muscle lesions and additionally shows the diversity of disease-causing T. gondii genotypes circulating in animals in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoela Marchezan Piva
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Paula Reis Pereira
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Claiton Ismael Schwertz
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Márcia Elisa Hammerschmitt
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Marina Paula Lorenzett
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Luan Cleber Henker
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - David Driemeier
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Yara Souza Clemes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - FMVZ, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Hilda Fátima Jesus Pena
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia - FMVZ, Universidade de São Paulo - USP, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Saulo Petinatti Pavarini
- Setor de Patologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Neospora caninum and/or Toxoplasma gondii Seroprevalence: Vaccination against PCV2 and Muscle Enzyme Activity in Seropositive and Seronegative Pigs. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9051097. [PMID: 34065192 PMCID: PMC8160920 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii affect both humans and animals worldwide. To investigate their seroprevalence and differences in seropositivity between pigs vaccinated and unvaccinated against porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), as well as differences in muscle enzyme activity between seropositive and seronegative pigs, blood samples were collected from 380 sows. Antibodies against T. gondii and N. caninum were detected by an indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) assay, while the activities of creatine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were biochemically assessed. Out of the 364 sows finally included in the study, 4.4%, 3.5%, and 0.5% were seropositive to T. gondii, N. caninum, or both. A significantly higher percentage of seropositivity against T. gondii and/or N. caninum in PCV2 unvaccinated pigs compared with vaccinated pigs was observed. Increased serum activities of CK and AST were detected in 71.43% and 100% of only against T. gondii (T+) and 63.64% and 90.91% of only against N. caninum (N+) seropositive sows, respectively, and were significantly higher compared to seronegative animals. T. gondii and N. caninum seropositivity, especially in presumed immunocompromised pigs, and the evidence of muscle damage highlight their importance as a zoonotic pathogen and animal model of human infection, respectively.
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Piva MM, Schwertz CI, Bianchi RM, Kemper RT, Henker LC, Nagae RY, Cê TRM, Barcellos DES, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP. Causes of death in growing-finishing pigs in two technified farms in southern Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the main causes of death in growing-finishing pigs in southern Brazil. During a one-year period (from 2018 to 2019), two industrial pig herds (18 and 20 thousand pigs each farm) in southern Brazil were monitored along the four seasons of the year (12 days per season on each farm), in order to perform necropsies of all pigs that died in that period. The two farms had an average monthly mortality rate ranging from 0.94 to 3.93% in the evaluated months. At necropsy, tissues were collected, fixed in 10% formalin solution and processed routinely for histopathological examination. When necessary, samples were sent for bacterial culture and PCR to identify etiologic agents. A total of 601 necropsies were performed, with 94.9% of conclusive diagnoses. Infectious diseases corresponded to 64.4% of conclusive diagnosis and non-infectious diseases to 35.6%. The most prevalent causes of death were: pneumonia (33%), gastric ulcers (15.4%), circovirosis (9.9%), systemic bacterial embolism (5.4%), polyserositis (4.4%), dilated cardiomyopathy and torsion of abdominal organs (4.3% each), and bacterial pericarditis (3.4%). Regarding pneumonias (199/601), the main agents identified in these cases were Pasteurella multocida, Influenza A virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, mainly in associations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ricardo Y. Nagae
- Empresa Seara Alimentos, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Konradt G, Bassuino DM, Siqueira LC, Bianchi MV, Sonne L, Driemeier D, Pavarini SP. Infectious diseases dynamics in growing/finishing pigs in Southern Brazil (2005-2016). PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: This study aimed to determine the frequency and distribution of infectious diseases diagnosed through necropsy examination and histopathological analysis in growing/finishing pigs along 12 years (2005-2016) in Southern Brazil. We evaluated 1906 anatomopathological exams of pigs at growing/finishing phases, of which the infectious diseases corresponded to 75.6% of the cases (1,441/1,906). Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections were the most frequent, accounting for 51.3% of the cases (739/1,441) with a higher frequency from 2005 to 2007, characterizing an epidemic distribution, with a gradual decline after 2008. Infectious diseases affecting the respiratory system were the second major cause with 30.1% of the cases. Among these, necrotizing bronchiolitis caused by swine Influenza (15.1%, 218/1,441) and bacterial pneumonia (15%, 216/1,441) were the main conditions. Influenza was mostly diagnosed from 2010 to 2013, accounting for 43.1% (167/387) of the cases. After this period, both respiratory infectious diseases were endemic. Digestive system infectious diseases accounted for 10.5% of the diagnoses (151/1,441), with the following main conditions: Salmonella spp. enterocolitis (43.7%, 66/151), Lawsonia spp. proliferative enteropathy (41.7%, 63/151), and Brachyspira spp. colitis (14.6%, 22/151). The latter had a higher incidence from 2012 to 2014 with all cases detected in this period. Polyserositis and bacterial meningitis represented, respectively, 5.8% (84/1,441) and 2.3% (33/1,441) of the cases diagnosed, with a constant endemic character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Konradt
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade de Cruz Alta, Brazil
| | - Daniele M. Bassuino
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Universidade de Cruz Alta, Brazil
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Hai-Lan C, Hong-Lian T, Jian Y, Manling S, Heyu F, Na K, Wenyue H, Si-Yu C, Ying-Yi W, Ting-Jun H. Inhibitory effect of polysaccharide of Sargassum weizhouense on PCV2 induced inflammation in mice by suppressing histone acetylation. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 112:108741. [PMID: 30970528 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds are excellent source of bioactive compounds and seaweed-derived polysaccharides have demonstrated an array of biological effects. Here, we investigated the effect of polysaccharide of Sargassum weizhouense (PSW) on the inflammatory response in porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infected mice and the underlying mechanism was studied according to the histone acetylation. After PCV2 infection, the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MCP-1, COX-1, COX-2 and HAT in both serum and spleen were significantly increased (P <0.05). The mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and NF-κB p65 were elevated in PCV2 infected mice (P <0.05). The HDAC content in both serum and spleen as well the mRNA expression of HDAC1 were greatly decreased (P <0.05). PSW treatment dramatically inhibited the secretions of inflammatory cytokines and HATs, reduced mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10 and NF-κB p65, but promoted HDAC secretion and mRNA expression of HDAC1 in PCV2-infected mice. The acetylation of both H3 and H4 was significantly up-regulated in PCV2-infected mice, and strongly inhibited by PSW treatment (P <0.01). These results suggested that PCV2 mediate the equilibrium between HATs and HDACs, alternate the histone acetylation and thus DNA packaging, and then activate the transcription of inflammatory cytokines. PSW could inhibit the histone acetylation and the production of inflammatory cytokines, showing excellent potentials in improving the resistance of host against PCV2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Hai-Lan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - Tan Hong-Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China; Guangxi Academy of Fishery Science, Nanning, Guangxi, 530021, China
| | - Yang Jian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - Song Manling
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - Feng Heyu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - Kuang Na
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China
| | - Hu Wenyue
- School of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Chen Si-Yu
- Laboratory of Land Ecology, Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi 9896711, Japan
| | - Wei Ying-Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
| | - Hu Ting-Jun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530005, China.
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