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Teh APP, Pratakpiriya W, Hidaka Y, Sato H, Hirai T, Yamaguchi R. An atypical case of recurrent carotid body carcinoma in a young adult dog: Histopathological, immunohistochemical and electron microscopic study. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:714-718. [PMID: 28239052 PMCID: PMC5402192 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
A 3.5-year-old female Chihuahua was presented with complaint of neck pain, intermittent
cough and dysphagia. Physical examination and diagnostic imaging of neck region revealed a
solid and highly vascularized mass involving the retropharyngeal region. Histologically,
the mass showed an atypical zellballen pattern which comprised of high density of type I
chief cells with high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio and separated by delicate fibrovascular
stroma. Immunoreactivity for neuroendocrine markers was diffusely positive in cytoplasm of
tumor cells. Disseminated tumor emboli in external jugular vein were detected 6 months
after initial surgery. An electron microscopic study revealed numerous electron-dense
intracytoplasmic neurosecretory granules. Based on these findings, carotid body carcinoma
was diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeline Ping Ping Teh
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Gakuen-kibanadai-nishi-1-1, Miyazaki 889-2192, Japan
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2
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Bomhard DV, Luderer M, Hänichen T, Sandersleben JV. Zur Histogenese der Herzbasistumoren beim Hund: Eine histologische, histochemische und elektronenmikroskopische Studie. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.1974.tb01113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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3
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Okajima M, Shimada A, Morita T, Yoshikawa M, Nishida K. Multiple Osseous Metastases of a Carotid Body Tumor in a Dog. J Vet Med Sci 2007; 69:297-9. [PMID: 17409648 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.69.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis of malignant carotid body tumor to multiple bones was detected in a 13-year-old female Siberian husky dog. Radiographs exhibited an abnormal mass in the retropharyngeal site and osteolytic lesions in the vertebral bodies, spinous process, tibia, and ribs. At necropsy, multiple masses were observed in the bones as well as at the dorsal area of the retropharynx. Histologically, the tumor cells, arranged in sheets and clusters, had eosinophilic finely granular cytoplasm. Immunohistochemistry showed the tumor cells were positive for neuron-specific enolase and synaptophysin. Electron microscopy demonstrated a number of dense membrane-bound granules in the cytoplasm of the tumor cells. Based on these findings, this case was diagnosed as multiple bone metastases of a malignant carotid body tumor. Spinal cord damage induced by the tumor mass was the cause of the hind limb paralysis of the present dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Okajima
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Tottori University, Japan
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4
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Kim SK, Hyun CB, Cho KO. Unusual metastasis of malignant aortic body tumor to multiple bones in a dog. J Vet Med Sci 2005; 67:625-7. [PMID: 15997194 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.67.625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Unusual metastasis of malignant aortic body tumor to multiple bones was detected in a 5-year-old female English Setter dog. Radiographs exhibited an abnormal mass in the base of heart and osteolytic lesions in the bodies of T11 and L2 vertebrates, body of right femur, right proximal humoral epiphysis and infraspinous fossa near to the neck of right scapula. At necropsy, multiple tumor masses of various sizes were observed also in the bones as well as the heart base and tracheobronchial lymph node. Tumor masses of L2 and T11 protruded into the vertebral canal and compressed corresponding sites of spinal cord, leading to paraplegia. Histopathologically, the tumor cells, arranged in sheets or nests, were polyhedral, lightly eosinophilic, finely granular cytoplasm with mostly round to oval nucleus and had scattered bizarre giant cells. Ultrastructural study revealed the characteristic findings that tumor cells contained a large number of small, electron-dense, membrane-limited secretory granules in cytoplasm. This is thought to be an extremely rare case having multiple bone metastases of a malignant aortic body tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Ki Kim
- Veterinary Medical Research Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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5
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Abstract
The objective of this review is to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for perturbations of endocrine function and development of structural lesions that result in important diseases in domestic and laboratory animals. For each major category, several specific disease problems have been selected to illustrate the functional and morphologic lesions that are characteristic for either a naturally occurring endocrinopathy or endocrine disturbances induced by the administration of large doses of xenobiotic chemicals. The major pathogenic mechanisms responsible for disruption of endocrine function include primary hyperfunction, secondary hyperfunction, primary hypofunction, secondary hypofunction, endocrine hyperactivity secondary to other conditions, hypersecretion of hormones by nonendocrine tumors, failure of target cells to respond to a hormone, failure of fetal endocrine function, abnormal degradation (increased or decreased rate) of hormone, and iatrogenic syndromes of hormone excess (direct and indirect). Disorders of the endocrine system are encountered in a wide variety of domestic and laboratory animal species and often present challenging diagnostic problems. The development of proliferative lesions, usually hyperplasia and benign tumors, in endocrine organs and hormone-responsive tissues are common findings in chronic studies with high doses of many nongenotoxic xenobiotic chemicals administered to sensitive rodent species and may have limited significance for human safety assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Capen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
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Abstract
Case records of 11 dogs with histologically confirmed carotid body tumors were reviewed. Surgical excision had been attempted in ten dogs with carotid body tumors, and one dog had been euthanatized at diagnosis. There were no intraoperative deaths but perioperative mortality was 40%. Horner's syndrome and laryngeal paralysis were the most common postoperative morbidities. The median survival time after surgery alone in the four dogs that survived the perioperative period was 25.5 months (range, 12-45 months). Two dogs treated with postoperative radiation therapy had survival times of 6 and 27 months. Of the six dogs surviving the perioperative period, two dogs are still alive at 19 and 32 months postoperatively. Of the four dogs that died, one was euthanatized 12 months postoperatively for nontumor-related causes. The remaining three dogs died of distant metastases. The carotid body tumors studied were characterized by local tissue invasion, neurovascular complications after therapy, and a propensity to metastasize to multiple sites in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Obradovich
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins 80523
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9
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Callanan JJ, McNeil PE, Anderson TJ, Laird H. Metastatic aortic body tumour causing neck pain in a dog. J Small Anim Pract 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1991.tb00873.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Balaguer L, Romano J, Nieto JM, Vidal S, Alvarez C. Incidental finding of a chemodectoma in a dog: differential diagnosis. J Vet Diagn Invest 1990; 2:339-41. [PMID: 1965639 DOI: 10.1177/104063879000200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- L Balaguer
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Campus de Lugo, Spain
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11
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Capen CC, Martin SL. The effects of xenobiotics on the structure and function of thyroid follicular and C-cells. Toxicol Pathol 1989; 17:266-93. [PMID: 2675279 DOI: 10.1177/019262338901700205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian thyroid gland is composed of 2 distinct endocrine cell populations concerned with the synthesis of 2 different classes of hormones. Follicular cells secrete the metabolically active iodothyronines whereas the C-(parafollicular) cells are concerned with the production of calcitonin, a hormone that influences blood levels of calcium and phosphorus, and bone cell metabolism. The synthesis of metabolic thyroid hormones is different than in other endocrine glands because the final assembly of hormone occurs within the follicular lumen. This extracellular synthesis of thyroid hormones is made possible by thyroglobulin, a glycoprotein synthesized by follicular cells. The secretion of thyroid hormones under the influence of pituitary thyrotrophin (TSH) from stores in the luminal colloid is initiated by elongation of microvilli and formation of pseudopods. FD&C Red No. 3 is a tetraiodinated derivative of fluorescein which in lifetime studies increases the incidence of thyroid follicular cell adenomas in male Sprague-Dawley rats. The striking changes in circulating levels of thyroid hormones and morphologic evidence of follicular cell stimulation are the result of alterations in the peripheral metabolism of thyroxine. An inhibition by FD&C Red No. 3 of 5'-deiodinase in the liver and kidney would explain the lower serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels. The pituitary, sensing the lowered circulating levels of T3, increased the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone which resulted in the morphologic evidence of follicular cell stimulation in the long-term studies. Other xenobiotics increase the incidence of thyroid tumors in rodents by a direct effect on the thyroid gland to disrupt 1 of 3 or more possible steps in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones. Physiologic perturbations alone, such as iodine deficiency or partial thyroidectomy, can disrupt thyroid hormone economy in rodents and, if sustained, increase the development of thyroid tumors. The wide variety of drugs, chemicals, and physiologic perturbations which increase thyroid tumor development appear to act through a secondary (indirect) mechanism to promote tumor development by causing a long-standing hypersecretion of thyroid stimulating hormone. Nodular and/or diffuse hyperplasia of C-cells occurs with advancing age in many strains of laboratory rats and in response to long-term hypercalcemia in certain animal species and human beings. Focal or diffuse hyperplasia often precedes the development of C-cell neoplasms. Radiation and the feeding of diets high in vitamin D resulting in hypercalcemia have been reported to increase the incidence of C-cell tumors in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Capen
- Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Columbus 43210
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Hall LB, Yoshitomi K, Boorman GA. Pathologic features of abdominal and thoracic paragangliomas in F344/N rats. Vet Pathol 1987; 24:315-22. [PMID: 3617397 DOI: 10.1177/030098588702400405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen paragangliomas were identified in a retrospective review of 200 NTP/NCI carcinogenicity studies in F344/N rats that served either as control or treated animals. Most tumors were grossly visible and located in the retroperitoneum adjacent to the vertebrae and aorta near the kidneys. Three microscopically detected paragangliomas were found at the base of the heart. Microscopically, neoplastic cells were in nests separated by reticulin fibers and capillaries. Argyrophil granules were in the cytoplasm of the retroperitoneal and mediastinal paravertebral tumors. Dense granules were found in the one tumor examined ultrastructurally. Some tumors had areas of necrosis and tumor emboli were present in the lumen of the abdominal aorta and vena cava adjacent to the tumor with metastases present in pulmonary vessels. The incidence of retroperitoneal neoplasms was 3 times more frequent in male than in female F344/N rats.
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Abstract
Thoracic neoplasia comprises a heterogeneous group of diseases, many of which are distinctly uncommon in veterinary medicine. These diseases often present the clinician with diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Careful diagnostic work-up and staging are essential for consideration of therapeutic options and formulation of prognosis. Neoplastic diseases of the thorax are classified here as tracheal tumors, primary lung tumors, nonrespiratory intrathoracic tumors, and thoracic wall tumors.
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Holscher MA, Davis BW, Wilson RB, Hunt KL, Berry KK. Ectopic thyroid tumor in a dog: thyroglobulin, calcitonin, and neuron-specific enolase immunocytochemical studies. Vet Pathol 1986; 23:778-9. [PMID: 3811144 DOI: 10.1177/030098588602300619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Evans MG, Lana DP, McMichael TL. Aortic body tumour with adjacent ectopic thyroid tissue in a dog. J Comp Pathol 1986; 96:237-40. [PMID: 3009566 DOI: 10.1016/0021-9975(86)90015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A 12-year-old neutered male Husky dog had a neoplasm at the base of the heart which did not invade surrounding tissues. Microscopically, the neoplasm was composed of nests and sheets of polyhedral cells subdivided into lobules by trabeculae of fine fibrovascular stroma. Adjacent to the neoplasm was a rim of ectopic thyroid tissue that appeared histologically normal. The possible differential diagnoses for the neoplasm were aortic body tumour, ectopic thyroid tumour and ectopic parathyroid tumour; the ultrastructural characteristics revealed it to be an aortic body tumour.
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BROWNLIE SERENAE, JONES DGCLAYTON. Successful removal of a heart-base tumour in a dog with pericardial haemorrhagic effusion. J Small Anim Pract 1985. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1985.tb02100.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Spagnolo DV, Paradinas FJ. Laryngeal neuroendocrine tumour with features of a paraganglioma, intracytoplasmic lumina and acinar formation. Histopathology 1985; 9:117-31. [PMID: 2579884 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.1985.tb02975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A supraglottic laryngeal neuroendocrine tumour in a 71-year-old female is presented. In addition to the typical features of extra-adrenal paragangliomas it showed unusual, numerous intracytoplasmic lumina and occasional true acini with accumulation of alcian blue and PAS positive secretory product in them which led originally to an erroneous diagnosis of metastatic adenocarcinoma. Ultrastructurally, the tumour was composed of light and dark chief cells containing varying numbers of dense-core secretory granules. Intracytoplasmic lumina and true acini contained microvilli with glycocalyceal material and varying amounts of membranous and amorphous material, possibly secreted via small, smooth-surfaced cytoplasmic vesicles but typical mucin granules were not seen. These features have not been previously described in laryngeal paragangliomas but are seen in endocrine tumours of other sites and have been used as an argument in favour of an endodermal rather than ectodermal origin for endocrine cells in those sites. Laryngeal paragangliomas are often malignant and the presence of spasmodic pain appears to be the most reliable indication of possible malignancy, histological criteria being as yet poorly defined.
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Suzuki K, Kawaharada U, Fukuda T, Nakazato Y. Basal cell adenoma with parallel tubules in stromal cells of the parotid gland. ACTA PATHOLOGICA JAPONICA 1984; 34:1449-58. [PMID: 6084397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1984.tb00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A case of basal cell adenoma in the right parotid region of a 51 years old male was reported. The tumor measured 2.5 cm x 3 cm, was spherical and covered with a fibrous capsule. Histologically, it was a tubular monomorphic adenoma with scant edematous interstitial tissue. The stromal cells stained positively by the PAP method using anti-S-100 protein serum. Electron microscopically, the tumor cells forming tubular had many microvilli at the luminal surface, many filaments in the cytoplasm and well developed desmosomes in the intercellular junctions. Ordinary intracellular organelles of the tumor cells were small in number, and their nuclei were oval with shallow indentation. In the dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum of the stromal cells, many straight parallel tubules were found. The tubules measured from 15 nm to 25 nm thick and 3.5 micrometers long in the longitudinal sections and from 25 nm to 30 nm in diameter with electron lucent core and poor coat in the cross sections. Other cell organelles of the stromal cells were small in number, and filaments and dense attachments were found in the ectoplasm. Around the stromal cells there was a discontinuous basement membrane.
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Turk JR, Nakata YJ, Leathers CW, Gallina AM. Ultimobranchial adenoma of the thyroid gland in a horse. Vet Pathol 1983; 20:114-7. [PMID: 6849213 DOI: 10.1177/030098588302000113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
A 10.25-year-old female beagle had an invasive neoplasm at the base of the heart which metastasized to the lungs, pancreas, and kidney. The neoplasm in these locations was composed of clusters of polyhedral cells surrounded by fine fibrovascular stroma. The differential diagnoses were malignant chemodectoma, ectopic parathyroid carcinoma, and ectopic thyroid carcinoma. Based on ultrastructural features, this tumor was an ectopic thyroid carcinoma.
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Montgomery DL, Bendele R, Storts RW. Malignant aortic body tumor with metastasis to bone in a dog. Vet Pathol 1980; 17:241-4. [PMID: 6244689 DOI: 10.1177/030098588001700214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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van Zwieten MJ, Burek JD, Zurcher C, Hollander CF. Aortic body tumours and hyperplasia in the rat. J Pathol 1979; 128:99-112. [PMID: 469658 DOI: 10.1002/path.1711280208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The histologic features of aortic body neoplasia, hyperplasia, and normal aortico-pulmonary paraganglia were described for a series of 56 rats of several strains. Argyrophilic cytoplasmic granules were demonstrated in chief cells of the aortic body lesions, and electron microscopic examination disclosed the presence of electron-dense, membrane-bound granules in these cells. In a series of ageing rats, hyperplasia and neoplasia of the aortico-pulmonary paraganglia occurred more frequently in female WAG/Rij rats than in males of that strain, and more frequently than in males and females of the BN/Bi strain or of the (WAG X BN)F1 hybrid. No apparent causal relationship to chronic hypoxia could be shown, in that no correlation between the development of aortic body neoplasia or hyperplasia and cardiopulmonary disease was found. Aortic body lesions did not appear to occur as part of a multiple endocrinopathy syndrome, although hyperplasia and neoplasia of various endocrine organs occurred relatively frequently in the WAG/Rij strain.
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Verna A. Ulstrastructure of the carotid body in the mammals. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1979; 60:271-330. [PMID: 387644 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61265-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Lack EE, Stillinger RA, Colvin DB, Groves RM, Burnette DG. Aortico-pulmonary paraganglioma: report of a case with ultrastructural study and review of the literature. Cancer 1979; 43:269-78. [PMID: 83904 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0142(197901)43:1<269::aid-cncr2820430139>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The light microscopic and ultrastructural features of an aortico-pulmonary paraganglioma (A-PP) are presented. The tumor was characterized by organoid clustering of neoplastic chief cells to form Zellballen. Argyrophilic granules were demonstrated within chief cell cytoplasm using a modified Grimelus technique. Ultrastructurally, three distinct cell types were present within the tumor: endothelial cells, pericytes and neoplastic chief cells. Membrane-bound neurosecretory granules were present and measured 100 to 2000 nm in diameter. "Light" and "dark" chief cells were less distinct than previously reported in other head and neck paragangliomas. Analysis of the 36 documented A-PP reported in the English literature reveals that the tumor has been either incompletely excised or has been considered unresectable in one-third of the cases. The reported surgical mortality is 9%, or approximately equal to the incidence of malignant behavior. The treatment of choice is surgical resection but when this is not possible, radiation may be a useful adjunct in therapy.
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Hayes HH. The comparative epidemiology of selected neoplasms between dogs, cats and humans. A review. Eur J Cancer 1978; 14:1299-308. [PMID: 367792 DOI: 10.1016/0014-2964(78)90111-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Patnaik AK, MacEwen EG, Erlandson RA, Lieberman PH, Liu SK. Mediastinal parathyroid adenocarcinoma in a dog. Vet Pathol 1978; 15:55-63. [PMID: 625869 DOI: 10.1177/030098587801500107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A tumor in the anterior mediastinum was found in an adult male German Shorthaired Pointer. The dog presented with hypercalcemia that varied with the removal and recurrence of the tumor. The neoplasm was characterized by an encapsulated multilobed grey-white soft mass with stroma, and the recurrent tumor infiltrated veins and the heart. The tumor consisted of groups of clear cells with well outlined cytoplasmic boundaries separated by thin vascular stroma. These cells had few organelles, scattered clumps of glycogen, clear cytosol and prominent infolding and interdigitating plasma membranes and desmosomes. The clinical, light and electron microscopic features were consistent with a functional neoplasm of parathyroid tissue origin.
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Patnaik AK, Liu SK, Hurvitz AI, McClelland AJ. Canine chemodectoma (extra-adrenal paragangliomas)--a comparative study. J Small Anim Pract 1975; 16:785-801. [PMID: 175218 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1975.tb05813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Hayes HM. An hypothesis for the aetiology of canine chemoreceptor system neoplasms, based upon an epidemiological study of 73 cases among hospital patients. J Small Anim Pract 1975; 16:337-43. [PMID: 168430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.1975.tb05751.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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