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Wilson AB, Phillips J, L Villodas M, Parisi A, Dohler E, Ginley C. Assessing the Potential Efficacy of an Intervention for Incarcerated People With Mental Illness. Psychiatr Serv 2023; 74:1072-1076. [PMID: 37070261 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.20220355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This preliminary study tested the efficacy of an evidence-based correctional intervention (Thinking for a Change) with an adapted delivery to incarcerated people with mental illness. METHODS A small-scale randomized controlled trial (N=47 men) was conducted. Outcomes were changes in aggression, number of behavioral infractions, and days in administrative segregation. Treatment targets were impulsivity, interpersonal problem-solving skills, and attitudes supportive of crime. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine within-person and between-group differences over time, and nonparametric tests were used to examine between-group differences in criminal legal outcomes postintervention. RESULTS Statistically significant within-person differences were found for all treatment targets and for one study outcome (aggression). Statistically significant differences in impulsivity were found between the experimental and control groups (B=-7.10, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS Existing evidence-based correctional interventions can affect the lives of people with mental illness. Accelerated research in this area may benefit people with mental illness at high risk for criminal legal system involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Blank Wilson
- School of Social Work (Wilson, Dohler) and Center for Excellence in Community Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry (Ginley), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Department of Social Work, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth (Phillips); Department of Social Work, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Villodas); Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Parisi)
| | - Jonathan Phillips
- School of Social Work (Wilson, Dohler) and Center for Excellence in Community Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry (Ginley), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Department of Social Work, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth (Phillips); Department of Social Work, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Villodas); Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Parisi)
| | - Melissa L Villodas
- School of Social Work (Wilson, Dohler) and Center for Excellence in Community Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry (Ginley), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Department of Social Work, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth (Phillips); Department of Social Work, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Villodas); Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Parisi)
| | - Anna Parisi
- School of Social Work (Wilson, Dohler) and Center for Excellence in Community Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry (Ginley), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Department of Social Work, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth (Phillips); Department of Social Work, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Villodas); Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Parisi)
| | - Ehren Dohler
- School of Social Work (Wilson, Dohler) and Center for Excellence in Community Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry (Ginley), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Department of Social Work, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth (Phillips); Department of Social Work, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Villodas); Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Parisi)
| | - Caroline Ginley
- School of Social Work (Wilson, Dohler) and Center for Excellence in Community Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry (Ginley), University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill; Department of Social Work, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth (Phillips); Department of Social Work, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia (Villodas); Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Parisi)
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Ojeda VD, Berliant E, Parker T, Lyles M, Edwards TM, Jimenez C, Linke S, Hiller-Venegas S, Lister Z. Overview of a Pilot Health-focused Reentry Program for Racial/Ethnic Minority Probationers ages 18 to 26 in Southern California. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2022; 66:1303-1326. [PMID: 33980068 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x211013739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a significant gap in reentry programming that is tailored to the needs of young adults ages 18 to 26 who are in a unique developmental life stage that involves ongoing maturity in their neurobiology, cognitive development, and social and financial transitions to adulthood and independence. This article describes the structure and approach of a 6-month health-focused reentry program designed for racial/ethnic minority young adult (YA) probationers in Southern California. The UCSD RELINK program includes service navigation and an optional psychoeducation health coaching program to build health literacy, problem-solving, and executive functioning skills relevant across multiple life domains. We describe participant characteristics and service needs at intake. Between 2017 and 2019, 122 YA probationers ages 18 to 26 responded to interviewer-administered baseline surveys. Participants needed basic services including housing, nutrition assistance, employment, and educational/vocational training. Depression and anxiety symptoms, Adverse Childhood Events, trauma, and unmet physical and mental health care needs were pervasive. Given the dearth of research on reentry programming for YA, this article documents the approaches taken in this multi-pronged health-focused reentry program to ensure that the program was tailored to YA reentrants' comprehensive needs. These data serve to concretely illustrate the range of needs and how YA reentrants view their own health and social needs in the context of multiple competing demands; such data may be useful for program planners and policymakers seeking to advance service delivery for YA minority reentrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria D Ojeda
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Emily Berliant
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Tamara Parker
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Maurice Lyles
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Todd M Edwards
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
- University of San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cielo Jimenez
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | - Sarah Linke
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
| | | | - Zephon Lister
- University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, USA
- Loma Linda University, CA, USA
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Parisi A, Wilson AB, Villodas M, Phillips J, Dohler E. A Systematic Review of Interventions Targeting Criminogenic Risk Factors Among Persons With Serious Mental Illness. Psychiatr Serv 2022; 73:897-909. [PMID: 34911352 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.202000928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Individuals with serious mental illness are overrepresented in the criminal justice system. Research has found that interventions targeting risk factors for recidivism (i.e., criminogenic risks) reduce justice involvement in the general correctional population. However, more needs to be learned regarding use of these interventions among individuals with serious mental illness. To this end, this systematic review synthesized research on interventions that target criminogenic risk factors and are delivered to justice-involved individuals with serious mental illness. METHODS A systematic search of six computerized bibliographic databases from inception to 2021 yielded 8,360 potentially relevant studies. Title and abstract screening, full-text reviews, and data extraction were performed independently, and discrepancies were resolved through discussion. To identify additional articles meeting inclusion criteria, experts in the field were contacted, and reference-harvesting techniques were used. Study quality was assessed with the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. RESULTS Twenty-one studies were identified that evaluated nine interventions delivered to justice-involved individuals with serious mental illness. All identified programs targeted criminogenic risk factors, were group based, and used cognitive-behavioral strategies. Study quality was moderate to high. Interventions were associated with improvements in recidivism, violence, and criminogenic risk factors. CONCLUSIONS This review is the first to evaluate interventions targeting criminogenic risks among justice-involved individuals with serious mental illness. Findings suggest that outcomes associated with these interventions are promising. Given the overrepresentation of persons with serious mental illness in the criminal justice system, these findings provide an important step toward identifying services that curb justice involvement in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Parisi
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Parisi); School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Wilson, Villodas, Phillips, Dohler)
| | - Amy Blank Wilson
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Parisi); School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Wilson, Villodas, Phillips, Dohler)
| | - Melissa Villodas
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Parisi); School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Wilson, Villodas, Phillips, Dohler)
| | - Jon Phillips
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Parisi); School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Wilson, Villodas, Phillips, Dohler)
| | - Ehren Dohler
- Center on Mindfulness and Integrative Health Intervention Development, College of Social Work, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (Parisi); School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill (Wilson, Villodas, Phillips, Dohler)
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Van Deinse TB, Cuddeback GS, Wilson AB, Edwards D, Lambert M. Variation in Criminogenic Risks by Mental Health Symptom Severity: Implications for Mental Health Services and Research. Psychiatr Q 2021; 92:73-84. [PMID: 32458340 PMCID: PMC7957914 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-020-09782-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although a growing body of literature has demonstrated that justice-involved people with mental illnesses have criminogenic risk factors at similar or elevated rates as compared to justice-involved people without mental illnesses, more information about how criminogenic risks vary by intensity of mental health symptoms is needed. This information is particularly important for probation agencies who supervise the vast majority of justice-involved individuals with mental illnesses and who are increasingly implementing specialty mental health supervision approaches. To this end, this study examines the relationship between criminogenic risk and intensity of self-reported symptoms of mental illnesses among 201,905 individuals on probation from a large southeastern state. Self-report measures of symptoms of mental illnesses were categorized as low, moderate or high and criminogenic risks were compared among the following three groups: (1) those with no or low self-reported symptoms of mental illness; (2) those reporting moderate levels of symptoms; and (3) those reporting high or elevated levels of symptoms. Our findings suggest that the strength of relationships between symptoms of mental illnesses and criminogenic risks varies by type of criminogenic risk. Also, elevated symptoms of mental illness are associated with higher levels of criminogenic risks. More research about interventions that address mental illnesses and criminogenic risks is needed to inform practice and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tonya B Van Deinse
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 325 Pittsboro Street, CB#3550, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Gary S Cuddeback
- School of Social Work, Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 325 Pittsboro Street, CB#3550, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Amy Blank Wilson
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 325 Pittsboro Street, CB#3550, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Daniel Edwards
- Research, Planning, & Process Improvement, Missouri Department of Corrections, 2729 Plaza Dr., Jefferson City, MO, 65109, USA
| | - Michael Lambert
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 325 Pittsboro Street, CB#3550, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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Wilson AB, Ishler KJ, Morgan R, Phillips J, Draine J, Farkas KJ. Examining Criminogenic Risk Levels Among People with Mental Illness Incarcerated in US Jails and Prisons. J Behav Health Serv Res 2020:10.1007/s11414-020-09737-x. [PMID: 33155072 PMCID: PMC10016026 DOI: 10.1007/s11414-020-09737-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study examines criminogenic risk levels of individuals with serious mental illness (SMI) involved in the justice system compared to justice-involved individuals without mental illness. The sample (N = 436) consisted of ninety-three individuals with SMI incarcerated in a county jail in a mid-size Midwest city, 217 individuals with SMI incarcerated in a state prison in the US Northeast, and 126 individuals without mental illness incarcerated in a state prison in the US Southwest. Results indicated that people with SMI incarcerated in jail and prison had higher overall criminal risk levels than prison inmates without mental illness. Results further demonstrated that, on average, higher percentages of persons with SMI had high/very high criminogenic risk scores. Finally, we noted that persons with SMI scored higher on most of the eight criminogenic risk domains measured by the Level of Service Inventory. These findings are possibly the most compelling to date in the growing body of literature demonstrating that justice-involved people with SMI have elevated criminogenic risk comparable to or greater than their non-mentally ill peers involved in the justice system. Consequently, treatment programs and interventions for justice-involved individuals with SMI need to explicitly target criminogenic needs into treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Blank Wilson
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 325 Pittsboro St., Campus Box 3550, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3550, USA.
| | - Karen J Ishler
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Robert Morgan
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, PO Box 42051, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
| | - Jonathan Phillips
- School of Social Work, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 325 Pittsboro St., Campus Box 3550, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3550, USA
| | - Jeff Draine
- School of Social Work, College of Public Health Sciences, Temple University, 1301 Cecil B. Moore Ave., Philadelphia, PA, 19122, USA
| | - Kathleen J Farkas
- Jack, Joseph and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
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Abstract
This article traces the history of the way in which mental disorders were viewed and treated, from before the birth of Christ to the present day. Special attention is paid to the process of deinstitutionalization in the United States and the failure to create an adequately robust community mental health system to care for the people who, in a previous era, might have experienced lifelong hospitalization. As a result, far too many people with serious mental illnesses are living in jails and prisons that are ill-suited and unprepared to meet their needs.
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