Relationships between executive functions and occupational performance of children with medulloblastoma

Conflicting Definitions of Self-Regulation in Occupational Therapy: A Scoping Review

AIMS

To understand how occupational therapy literature conceptualizes, discusses, describes, implies, and operationalizes self-regulation.

METHODS

The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) and JBI methodology guided the review. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsychInfo and ERIC databases were searched with studies from 2000 - June 2023 deemed eligible. Two reviewers extracted data with results presented in figurative, tabular, and narrative synthesis. Critical appraisal was conducted using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme checklist for systematic reviews. Content analysis of construct descriptions was conducted.

RESULTS

A total 4159 articles were screened for eligibility, and eighty-one assessed at full text. Nine additional studies were retrieved through hand-searching. Sixty-four studies were included and underwent critical appraisal. Content analysis revealed five self-regulation constructs and associated terms in the occupational therapy literature, including self-regulation, executive function, emotion regulation, interoception and social-emotional learning.

CONCLUSIONS

Five distinct self-regulation constructs were analyzed in the occupational therapy literature, with various terms used to describe and define these. Self-regulation and executive function were often described as linked constructs. Similarly, lack of congruence between self-regulation measures, identified interventions and the underlying self-regulation construct was identified.

A Virtual Reality Platform for Evaluating Deficits in Executive Functions in Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children-Relation to Daily Function and to Quality of Life

Background: Childhood hearing loss is a common chronic condition that may have a broad impact on children's communication and motor and cognitive development, resulting in functional challenges and decreased quality of life (QoL). Objectives: This pilot study aimed to compare executive functions (EFs) as expressed in daily life and QoL between deaf and hard-of-hearing (D/HH) children and children with typical hearing. Furthermore, we examined the relationship between EFs and QoL in D/HH children. Methods: The participants were 76 children aged 7-11 yr: 38 D/HH and 38 with typical hearing. Parents completed the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), while the child performed a shopping task in the virtual action planning supermarket (VAP-S) to reflect the use of EFs in daily activity. Results: D/HH children showed significantly poorer EFs (as measured by BRIEF and VAP-S) and reduced QoL. Difficulties in EFs were correlated with lower QoL. BRIEF scores were significant predictors of QoL domains. Conclusions: Difficulties in EFs may characterize children with D/HH and reduce their QoL. Therefore, EFs should be screened and treated. VAP-S and BRIEF are feasible tools for evaluating EFs that reflect children's challenges due to EF difficulties in real-life contexts.

Ensemble learning based functional independence ability estimator for pediatric brain tumor survivors

A history of brain tumor strongly affects children’s cognitive abilities, performance of daily activities, quality of life, and functional outcomes. In light of the difficulties in cognition, communication, physical skills, and behavior that these patients may encounter, occupational therapists should perform a comprehensive needs-led assessment of their global functioning after recovery. Such an assessment would ensure that the patients receive adequate support and services at school, at home, and in the community. By predicting the functional activity performance of children with a history of brain tumor, clinical workers can determine the progress of their ability recovery and the optimal treatment plan. We selected several features for testing and employed common machine learning models to predict Functional Independence Measure (WeeFIM) scores. The ensemble learning models exhibited stronger predictive performance than did the individual machine learning models. The ensemble learning models effectively predicted WeeFIM scores. Machine learning models can help clinical workers predict the functional assessment scores of patients with childhood brain tumors. This study used machine learning models to predict the WeeFIM scores of patients with childhood brain tumors and to demonstrate that ensemble machine learning models are more suitable for this task than are individual machine learning models.

Effect of Occupation Performance Coaching with Four-Quadrant Model of Facilitated Learning on Children with Specific Learning Disorder

Background

Children with a specific learning disability (SLD) have deficits in everyday occupations along with executive function in addition to academic issues.

Objective

The present study is aimed at investigating the effectiveness of Occupational Performance Coaching (OPC) and the Four-Quadrant Model of Facilitated Learning (4QM) interventions on the participation in occupational performance and executive function skills in children with SLD.

Method

This study was a single-case experimental design (multiple baselines) in which six children with SLD were randomly assigned to three groups. In the baseline phase, three groups of children underwent repeated executive function assessments using the Stroop Color and Word Test (SCWT) and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in the multiple baselines. In the intervention phase, all six mothers of children with SLD individually received OPC and 4QM interventions once a week for 14 sessions of 60 minutes and during this period, children were evaluated six more times for executive function skills according to SCWT and WCST. In addition, The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) and Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) at the beginning and the end of the baseline phase and the end of the intervention phase were completed by mothers of children with SLD.

Results

More than 50% PND of the SCWT and WCST in the visual analysis graph's information along with significant changes in COPM scores and large effect size of BRIEF subscales (Cohen's d ≥ 0.8) in pre- and postintervention showed the effectiveness of OPC and 4QM on the participation in occupational performance and executive function skills in children with SLD.

Conclusion

The results of the study support the effectiveness of OPC and 4QM interventions on children with SLD. However, research with more participants and experimental methods can provide further evidence.

How Has the Occupational Performance and Participation Levels of Children with Cancer Changed during the COVID-19 Pandemic?

Aim: To examine how the occupational performance (OP) and participation levels of children with cancer changed during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: Sixty-seven children with cancer (aged 6-12 years) completed the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure by giving information about their OP and participation, and their parents completed the Child and Adolescent Scale of Participation via online interview techniques. Evaluations were repeated twice in April and September 2020 to determine the change in OP and participation levels of children with cancer due to the COVID-19.Results: OP of children with cancer decreased significantly (Z=-7.02, p < 0.001) during the pandemic period. The home participation of these children did not change significantly (Z=-0.98, p = 0.32) before and during the pandemic; and was limited in both periods. Community participation decreased significantly (Z=-4.84, p < 0.001) from limited level to very limited level.Conclusions: Findings emphasize the need to increase the levels of OP and participation levels of children with various types of cancer due to the ramifications of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Quality of life and occupational performance of children with cancer in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of rehabilitation

PURPOSE

This study was designed to determine the changes in the quality of life (QOL) and occupational performance of children with cancer and to examine their rehabilitation needs during the pandemic period in Turkey.

METHODS

60 children with cancer and their families participated in the study. The first and second assessments were carried out in April and September 2020, respectively. The pediatric quality of life inventory parent proxy-report was used to evaluate the QOL, and the Canadian occupational performance measurement was used to evaluate children's occupational performance and satisfaction. A qualitative interview was planned to determine the impact of the pandemic on children with cancer alongside their families and therefore determining the rehabilitation needs of the children.

RESULTS

While there is no statistically significant change in the pain-related conditions of the children in the first six months of the pandemic (p > 0.05), procedural and treatment anxieties of the children increased during the treatment. Their QOL including cognitive state, perceived physical appearance and communication skills also showed a statistically significant decrease (p < 0.05). Both the occupational performance and satisfaction scores decreased significantly, covering the pre-pandemic and pandemic era (p < 0.01). In the qualitative interview parents expressed their children's need for physical, psychological and social participation support. Also, they emphasized the need for time management.

CONCLUSIONS

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the QOL and occupational performance level of children with cancer decreased significantly. Holistic rehabilitation approaches complying with pandemic conditions are likely to benefit these children.