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Wagemans J, De Leeuw AW, Catteeuw P, Vissers D. Development of an algorithm-based approach using neuromuscular test results to indicate an increased risk for non-contact lower limb injuries in elite football players. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001614. [PMID: 37397264 PMCID: PMC10314682 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This retrospective cohort study explored an algorithm-based approach using neuromuscular test results to indicate an increased risk for non-contact lower limb injuries in elite football players. Methods Neuromuscular data (eccentric hamstring strength, isometric adduction and abduction strength and countermovement jump) of 77 professional male football players were assessed at the start of the season (baseline) and, respectively, at 4, 3, 2 and 1 weeks before the injury. We included 278 cases (92 injuries; 186 healthy) and applied a subgroup discovery algorithm. Results More injuries occurred when between-limb abduction imbalance 3 weeks before injury neared or exceeded baseline values (threshold≥0.97), or adduction muscle strength of the right leg 1 week before injury remained the same or decreased compared with baseline values (threshold≤1.01). Moreover, in 50% of the cases, an injury occurred if abduction strength imbalance before the injury is over 97% of the baseline values and peak landing force in the left leg 4 weeks before the injury is lower than 124% compared with baseline. Conclusions This exploratory analysis provides a proof of concept demonstrating that a subgroup discovery algorithm using neuromuscular tests has potential use for injury prevention in football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jente Wagemans
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | | | - Dirk Vissers
- Department of Rehabilitation Science and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Mizutani Y, Taketomi S, Kawaguchi K, Takei S, Yamagami R, Kono K, Kage T, Sameshima S, Inui H, Fujiwara S, Tanaka S, Ogata T. Risk factors for hamstring strain injury in male college American football players -a preliminary prospective cohort study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:448. [PMID: 37269013 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06565-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the frequency of hamstring strain injuries (HSI) among male college American football players, several studies have attempted to determine whether certain risk factors can predict their occurrence. However, no consensus on modifiable risk factors for HSIs in male college American football players has yet been reached to prevent these injuries. This study aimed to clarify risk factors for HSI prospectively in college male American football players. METHODS A total of 78 male college American football players, whose positions were limited to skill positions, were medically assessed for potential risk factors of HSI. The preseason medical assessment included anthropometric measurements, joint laxity and flexibility, muscle flexibility, muscle strength, and balance ability. RESULTS HSI occurred in a total of 25 thighs from 25 players (32.1%). Injured players had significantly lower hamstring flexibility (p = 0.02) and hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio (H/Q) (p = 0.047) compared to uninjured players. Additionally, injured players had significantly lower general joint laxity scores, especially for the total (p = 0.04), hip (p = 0.007), and elbow (p = 0.04) scores, compared to uninjured players. CONCLUSIONS Lower hamstring flexibility, lower hamstring to quadriceps strength ratio, and lower general joint laxity score were identified as risk factors for HSI in male college American football players placed in skill positions. The muscle flexibility and H/Q ratio could be useful in preventing HSI in such players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Mizutani
- UTokyo Sports Science Institute (UTSSI), Komaba I Campus, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-Ku, 3rd Floor, Bldg.9, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Shuji Taketomi
- UTokyo Sports Science Institute (UTSSI), Komaba I Campus, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-Ku, 3rd Floor, Bldg.9, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
| | - Kohei Kawaguchi
- UTokyo Sports Science Institute (UTSSI), Komaba I Campus, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-Ku, 3rd Floor, Bldg.9, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Seira Takei
- UTokyo Sports Science Institute (UTSSI), Komaba I Campus, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-Ku, 3rd Floor, Bldg.9, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
| | - Ryota Yamagami
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Kenichi Kono
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Kage
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Shin Sameshima
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Sayaka Fujiwara
- UTokyo Sports Science Institute (UTSSI), Komaba I Campus, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-Ku, 3rd Floor, Bldg.9, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Toru Ogata
- UTokyo Sports Science Institute (UTSSI), Komaba I Campus, 3-8-1, Komaba, Meguro-Ku, 3rd Floor, Bldg.9, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
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Sport-Specific Rehabilitation, but Not PRP Injections, Might Reduce the Re-Injury Rate of Muscle Injuries in Professional Soccer Players: A Retrospective Cohort Study. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2022; 7:jfmk7040072. [PMID: 36278733 PMCID: PMC9589983 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk7040072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections are extremely popular in the management of sports injuries in elite athletes. However, data on the use of various administration protocols of PRP are contradictory. The efficacy of platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of muscle injuries in professional soccer players has to be contextualized within the sport-specific rehabilitation program. Despite the questionable role of PRP, a well-structured rehabilitation program is still regarded as the gold standard. We examined the efficacy of various PRP protocols in the management of muscle injuries in professional soccer players in respect to treatment duration and injury recurrence. A retrospective cohort study. Muscle injuries in professional soccer players (n = 79, height 182.1 ± 5.9 cm, weight 76.8 ± 5.8 kg, BMI 23.1 ± 1.4 kg/m2) from three elite soccer clubs from the Russian Premier League were recorded during the 2018−2019 season. The injuries were graded based on MRI, using the British Athletic Muscle Injury Classification. Treatment protocols included the POLICE regimen, short courses of NSAID administration, and the specific rehabilitation program. The sample group of players were administered PRP injections. The average treatment duration with PRP injection was significantly longer than conventional treatment without PRP, 21.5 ± 15.7 days and 15.3 ± 11.1 days, respectively (p = 0.003). Soccer-specific rehabilitation and obtaining MRI/US before the treatment was associated with significantly reduced injury recurrence rate (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the PRP injection protocol applied to any muscle and the treatment duration in respect of grade 2A−2B muscle injuries. The total duration of treatment of type 2A−2B injuries was 15 days among all players. In the group receiving local injections of PRP, the total duration of treatment was 18 days; in the group without PRP injections, the treatment duration was 14 days. In our study, PRP treatment was associated with longer treatment duration, regardless of which muscle was injured. This may reflect the tendency to use PRP in higher-degree injuries. Soccer-specific rehabilitation significantly reduced the injury recurrence rate when compared to the administration of PRP injections. MRI/US imaging before returning to play was also associated with a lower injury recurrence rate. There was no significant difference between the PRP injection protocol applied to any muscle and the treatment duration in treatment of type 2A−2B muscle injuries.
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Leppänen M, Uotila A, Tokola K, Forsman-Lampinen H, Kujala UM, Parkkari J, Kannus P, Pasanen K, Vasankari T. Players with high physical fitness are at greater risk of injury in youth football. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2022; 32:1625-1638. [PMID: 35621388 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate physical fitness, football-specific skills, and their association with injury risk in youth football. Altogether 447 male and female players aged 9-14 years (median 12 years) participated in performance tests and prospective follow-up. The physical fitness tests included five-jump test for distance, 30-m sprint, football-specific figure of eight agility, countermovement jump, and Yo-Yo intermittent endurance test level 1. The football-specific skill tests included dribbling and passing tests. Injuries and exposure were registered during the 20-week follow-up. Our candidate risk factors were low/high level of physical fitness measured with a composite score of physical fitness tests and low/high level of football-specific skills measured with a composite score of dribbling and passing tests. Secondarily, we investigated performance in individual tests and their association with injury risk. During the follow-up, players reported 565 injuries (264 acute and 301 overuse injuries). High level of physical fitness was associated with increased rate of all injuries (age-, sex-, and mean team exposure-adjusted IRR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04-1.58). The level of football-specific skills had no influence on the overall injury rate. Burden of overuse injuries, but not acute injuries was significantly higher in most fit players compared with the players in the reference group (IRR: 2.09, 95% CI: 1.04-4.24). In conclusion, most fit players were at greater risk of sustaining injuries in youth competitive football.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Leppänen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Aliisa Uotila
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | | | | | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pekka Kannus
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Hoseini A, Zarei M, Nobari H, Hovanloo F, Abbasi H, Pérez-Gómez J. Isokinetic muscle strength cannot be related to the odds ratio of musculoskeletal injuries in young elite wrestlers. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:29. [PMID: 35193657 PMCID: PMC8862385 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Wrestling is considered one of the oldest sports in the world. There is a high rate of injuries in Wrestling. To prevent injuries, it is necessary to identify the risk factors. Despite the functional importance of strength in wrestling, few studies have investigated the relationship between isokinetic strength and the rate of injuries in the sport. Objectives The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between the isokinetic strength of elite wrestlers and the rate of injuries prospectively. Method A total of 72 young wrestlers with at least 2 years of experience in the Tehran Wrestling Premier League participated in this study. Before the start of the competition season, the isokinetic strength of flexor and extensor muscles of the knee and shoulder were measured at different velocities by an isokinetic dynamometer. The injuries and training hours of these wrestlers were then recorded for nine months. Results The study results showed no significant relationship between isokinetic strength of flexor and extensor muscles of the knee or shoulder at different angular speeds of 60, 180, and 300°/s. There was neither significant between the ratio of the strength flexor/extensor for knee and/or shoulder in young elite wrestlers with injuries. Conclusion Isokinetic strength of lower and upper limb muscles alone cannot predict wrestlers' injuries. Therefore, the use of these tests is not recommended to evaluate the risk of injury in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Hoseini
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation and Health, Faculty of Sport Science and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Zarei
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation and Health, Faculty of Sport Science and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Nobari
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, 56199-11367, Iran. .,Sepahan Football Club, Isfahan, 81887-78473, Iran. .,HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Fariborz Hovanloo
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Sport Sciences Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Abbasi
- Department of Sport Rehabilitation and Health, Faculty of Sport Science and Health, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jorge Pérez-Gómez
- HEME Research Group, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain
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Misjuk M, Rannama I. The effect of muscular strength and strength asymmetry on jumping height in soccer players. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-200240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Lower limb muscular asymmetry is not well studied and may have a negative impact on performance. OBJECTIVE: To estimate how muscular strength and strength asymmetry affect jumping performance in soccer players. METHODS: Twenty-eight male professional soccer players took part in the study. The countermovement jump (CMJ) without arm swing was used to determine jumping height. Muscle strength was measured concentrically at 60 and 300∘/s. RESULTS: The peak moment of the knee extensors was positively and significantly correlated with the CMJ; r= 0.608 at 300∘/s and r= 0.489 at 60∘/s. The asymmetry of the knee flexors between the stronger and weaker leg was negatively and moderately correlated with the CMJ at 300∘/s (r=-0.396). The regression model (R2= 0.474) showed that an increase of 0.18-Nm/kg in the relative strength of the knee extensors at 300∘/s (by one SD) was related to an increase of 3-cm in the CMJ. Reducing the asymmetry of the knee flexors by 6.8 percentage points (by one SD) was related to a rise of 1.7-cm in the CMJ. CONCLUSIONS: Greater strength in the knee extensors, preferably tested at higher velocity, and reduced asymmetry in the strength of the lower hamstring muscles have a statistically significant effect on the CMJ.
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The dominant leg is more likely to get injured in soccer players: systematic review and meta-analysis. Biol Sport 2021; 38:397-435. [PMID: 34475623 PMCID: PMC8329968 DOI: 10.5114/biolsport.2021.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In soccer (football), dominant limb kicking produces higher ball velocity and is used with greater frequency than the non-dominant limb. It is unclear whether limb dominance has an effect on injury incidence. The purpose of this systematic review with meta-analysis is to examine the relationship between limb dominance and soccer injuries. Studies were identified from four online databases according to PRISMA guidelines to identify studies of soccer players that reported lower extremity injuries by limb dominance. Relevant studies were assessed for inclusion and retained. Data from retained studies underwent meta-analyses to determine relative risk of dominant versus non-dominant limb injuries using random-effects models. Seventy-four studies were included, with 36 of them eligible for meta-analysis. For prospective lower extremity injury studies, soccer players demonstrated a 1.6 times greater risk of injury to the dominant limb (95% CI [1.3-1.8]). Grouped by injury location, hamstring (RR 1.3 [95% CI 1.1-1.4]) and hip/groin (RR 1.9 [95% CI 1.3-2.7]) injuries were more likely to occur to the dominant limb. Greater risk of injury was present in the dominant limb across playing levels (amateurs RR 2.6 [95% CI 2.1-3.2]; youths RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.26-1.67]; professionals RR 1.3 [95% CI 1.14-1.46]). Both males (RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.33-1.68)] and females (RR 1.5 [95% CI 1.14-1.89]) were more likely to sustain injuries to the dominant limb. Future studies investigating soccer injury should adjust for this confounding factor by using consistent methods for assigning limb dominance and tracking use of the dominant versus non-dominant limb.
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Abstract
Flexibility refers to the intrinsic properties of body tissues that determine maximal joint range of motion without causing injury. For many years, flexibility has been classified by the American College of Sports Medicine as a major component of physical fitness. The notion flexibility is important for fitness has also led to the idea static stretching should be prescribed to improve flexibility. The current paper proposes flexibility be retired as a major component of physical fitness, and consequently, stretching be de-emphasized as a standard component of exercise prescriptions for most populations. First, I show flexibility has little predictive or concurrent validity with health and performance outcomes (e.g., mortality, falls, occupational performance) in apparently healthy individuals, particularly when viewed in light of the other major components of fitness (i.e., body composition, cardiovascular endurance, muscle endurance, muscle strength). Second, I explain that if flexibility requires improvement, this does not necessitate a prescription of stretching in most populations. Flexibility can be maintained or improved by exercise modalities that cause more robust health benefits than stretching (e.g., resistance training). Retirement of flexibility as a major component of physical fitness will simplify fitness batteries; save time and resources dedicated to flexibility instruction, measurement, and evaluation; and prevent erroneous conclusions about fitness status when interpreting flexibility scores. De-emphasis of stretching in exercise prescriptions will ensure stretching does not negatively impact other exercise and does not take away from time that could be allocated to training activities that have more robust health and performance benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Nuzzo
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Barker Street, Randwick, NSW, Australia, 2031.
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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J H, K P, M L, K S, P K, A H, Vm M, J P. Association between lower extremity muscle strength and acute ankle injury in youth team-sports athletes. Phys Ther Sport 2021; 48:188-195. [PMID: 33508694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate lower extremity muscle strength as risk factor for an acute ankle injury in youth athletes. DESIGN Cohort study. SETTING Basketball and floorball clubs. PARTICIPANTS 188 youth (≤21) male and 174 female athletes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES 1RM leg press, maximal concentric isokinetic quadriceps and hamstrings as well as maximal isometric hip abductor strength were measured and athletes were followed for an acute ankle injury up to three years. Cox regression models were used in statistical analyses. RESULTS In males, greater 1RM leg press and maximal quadriceps strength increased the risk of any type of acute ankle injury (Hazard ratio [HR] for 1 SD increase, 1.63 [95% CI, 1.12-2.39] and 1.43 [95% CI, 1.01-2.01], respectively). In females, greater 1RM leg press and difference between legs in hip abduction strength increased the risk of acute non-contact ankle injury (HR for 1 SD increase, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.03-2.02] and 1.44 [95% CI, 1.03-2.00], respectively). However, ROC curve analyses showed AUC:s of 0.57-0.64 indicating "fail" to "poor" combined sensitivity and specifity of these tests. CONCLUSION Greater strength in both sexes along with asymmetry in hip abductor strength in females increased the risk of acute ankle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hietamo J
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland; KHKS, Hämeenlinna, Finland.
| | - Pasanen K
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland; Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leppänen M
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Steffen K
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kannus P
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland; Departement of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Tampere University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heinonen A
- University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Mattila Vm
- Departement of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Tampere University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Parkkari J
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine, UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland; Departement of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Tampere University Hospital, and Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
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Determining the number of repetitions to establish isokinetic knee evaluation protocols specific to angular velocities of 60°/second and 180°/second. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2020; 25:255-260. [PMID: 33714505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aims to develop a standard number of repetition at angular velocities of 60°/sec and 180°/sec and define the difference of number of repetitions between genders. METHOD One hundred ninety-six athletes (judo, volleyball, Greco-Roman wrestling, runners, and gymnastics) were involved. Concentric-concentric isokinetic muscle strength of the knee flexor-extensor muscles of the athletes were performed with an ISOMED 2000 isokinetic dynamometer. The evaluation test protocol consisted of 10 repetition of knee flexion-extension at 60°/sec and 30 repetitions at 180°/sec. RESULTS Athletes performed with maximal knee flexion strength at their second and third trial at 60°/sec and third-forth trial at 180°/sec. It was found that 2 repetitions and 2-3 repetitions were needed for knee extension peak torque at 60°/sec and 180°/sec respectively. The difference between the genders was significant at 60°/sec for knee flexion and extension on the dominant side; at 180°/sec for knee extension on the dominant and non-dominant side. It was determined that 3 repetitions for 60°/sec, 4 repetitions for 180°/sec were enough to determine peak torque values. DISCUSSION Optimal number of repetitions is crucial so that athletes could have the opportunity to reach maximal strength without unnecessary workload or waste of time. CONCLUSIONS Protocols involving 3 repetitions for 60°/sec, 4 repetitions for 180°/sec were enough to determine peak torque values. Gender of athletes should be considered when establishing isokinetic knee evaluation protocols.
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Shalaj I, Gjaka M, Bachl N, Wessner B, Tschan H, Tishukaj F. Potential prognostic factors for hamstring muscle injury in elite male soccer players: A prospective study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241127. [PMID: 33166289 PMCID: PMC7652257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hamstring injuries remain the most common injury type across many professional sports. Despite a variety of intervention strategies, its incidence in soccer players playing in the UEFA Champions League has increased by 4% per year over the last decade. Test batteries trying to identify potential risk factors have produced inconclusive results. The purpose of the current study was to prospectively record hamstring injuries, to investigate the incidence and characteristics of the injuries, and to identify possible risk factors in elite male soccer players, playing in the Kosovo national premier league. A total of 143 soccer players from 11 teams in Kosovo were recruited. To identify possible prevalent musculoskeletal or medical conditions a widespread health and fitness assessment was performed including isokinetic strength testing, Nordic hamstring strength test, functional tests, and a comprehensive anamnesis surveying previous hamstring injuries. On average 27.9% of the players sustained at least one hamstring injury with three players suffering bilateral strains with the re-injury rate being 23%. Injured players were significantly older and heavier and had a higher body mass index compared to non-injured ones (p < 0.05). There was a lower passing rate in the Nordic hamstring strength test and a higher injury incidence among the previously injured players compared to non-injured ones (p < 0.05). Except for hamstring/quadriceps ratio and relative torque at 60°/sec (p < 0.05) for dominant and non-dominant leg, there were no other significant differences in isokinetic strength regardless of the angular velocity. No differences were observed for functional tests between cohorts. Regression analysis revealed that age, Nordic hamstring strength test, previous injury history, and isokinetic concentric torque at 240°/sec could determine hamstring injuries by 25.9%, with no other significant predicting risk factors. The battery of laboratory and field-based tests performed during preseason to determine performance related skills showed limited diagnostic conclusiveness, making it difficult to detect players at risk for future hamstring injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismet Shalaj
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Masar Gjaka
- Department of Human Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
- Department of Sport and Movement Science, University for Business and Technology, Pristina, Kosovo
| | - Norbert Bachl
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Wessner
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Research Platform Active Ageing, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Tschan
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
| | - Faton Tishukaj
- Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- University of Pristina “Hasan Prishtina”, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Pristina, Kosovo
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Limited Support for Trunk and Hip Deficits as Risk Factors for Athletic Knee Injuries: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis and Best-Evidence Synthesis. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020; 50:476-489. [PMID: 32741330 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2020.9705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether neuromuscular deficits in trunk and hip-related function are risk factors for athletic knee injuries. DESIGN Etiology systematic review with meta-analysis. LITERATURE SEARCH Six online databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus) were searched up to April 2019. STUDY SELECTION CRITERIA Studies assessing trunk and hip neuromuscular function as risk factors for knee injuries in healthy athletic populations were included. DATA SYNTHESIS Outcomes were synthesized quantitatively using meta-analysis of odds ratios, and qualitatively using best-evidence synthesis. RESULTS Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. There was very low-certainty evidence that greater hip external rotation strength protected against knee injuries (odds ratio = 0.78; 95% confidence interval: 0.70, 0.87; P<.05). There was limited evidence that deficits in trunk proprioception and neuromuscular control, and the combination of excessive knee valgus and ipsilateral trunk angle when landing unilaterally from a jump, may be risk factors for knee injuries. CONCLUSION Most variables of trunk and hip function were not risk factors for injuries. Further research is required to confirm whether hip external rotation strength, trunk proprioception and neuromuscular control, and the combination of knee valgus angle and ipsilateral trunk control are risk factors for future knee injuries. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(9):476-489. Epub 1 Aug 2020. doi:10.2519/jospt.2020.9705.
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Markovic G, Šarabon N, Pausic J, Hadžić V. Adductor Muscles Strength and Strength Asymmetry as Risk Factors for Groin Injuries among Professional Soccer Players: A Prospective Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17144946. [PMID: 32659937 PMCID: PMC7400295 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17144946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to prospectively examine the association between isometric hip adductor strength and between-limb strength asymmetry to groin injuries in male professional soccer players. Isometric hip adductor strength and between-limb strength asymmetry of 45 professional outfield soccer players from three First Division teams were tested during the 2017/2018 preseason. Players were then monitored throughout the 2017/2018 season for groin injuries. Ten groin injuries were recorded. When compared with uninjured players, players who sustained groin injury had significantly lower strength of respective muscle groups and significantly higher between-limb strength asymmetries (all p < 0.05; ES = 1.16 and 0.88; mean % difference = 26% and 51%). Isometric hip adductor strength had a significant inverse relationship with the incidence of occurring groin injuries (p = 0.016). No significant relationship between hip adductor strength asymmetry and the incidence of future groin injury was observed (p = 0.09). Finally, players' age and previous groin injury were not significantly associated with the incidence of future groin injuries (all p > 0.05). These results generally suggest that isometric adductor strength is a significant predictor of future groin injuries in men's professional football; however, due to the relatively low sample size, further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Markovic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, 10110 Zagreb, Croatia
- Motus Melior Ltd., Hektorovićeva 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Correspondence:
| | - Nejc Šarabon
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Primorska, Polje 42, 6310 Izola, Slovenia;
- S2P, Science to Practice, Ltd., Laboratory for Motor Control and Motor Behavior, Tehnološki Park 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jelena Pausic
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Split, Ul. Nikole Tesle 6, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Vedran Hadžić
- Faculty of Sport, University of Ljubljana, Gortanova ul. 22, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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Hietamo J, Parkkari J, Leppänen M, Steffen K, Kannus P, Vasankari T, Heinonen A, Mattila VM, Pasanen K. Association between lower extremity muscular strength and acute knee injuries in young team‐sport athletes. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/tsm2.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Hietamo
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research Tampere Finland
- KHKS Hämeenlinna Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research Tampere Finland
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology University of Tampere Tampere Finland
| | - Mari Leppänen
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research Tampere Finland
| | - Kathrin Steffen
- Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Department of Sports Medicine Norwegian School of Sport Sciences Oslo Norway
| | - Pekka Kannus
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research Tampere Finland
| | | | | | - Ville M. Mattila
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology Tampere University Hospital Tampere Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology University of Tampere Tampere Finland
| | - Kati Pasanen
- Tampere Research Center of Sport Medicine UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research Tampere Finland
- Sport Injury Prevention Research Centre Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
- Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health Cumming School of Medicine University of Calgary Calgary AB Canada
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DeHeer PA, Desai A, Altepeter JH. Lower Extremity Biomechanical Examination of Athletes. Clin Podiatr Med Surg 2020; 37:171-194. [PMID: 31735266 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpm.2019.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive lower extremity examination is a critical examination component for any type of injury in an athlete but should also be part of a preseason or preventive care program. Identification and treatment of biomechanical abnormalities and association with evidence-based risk factors for lower extremity disorders can be incorporated to potentially reduce risk or prevent acute and chronic injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A DeHeer
- Surgery, St. Vincent Hospital, 2001 W 86th St, Indianapolis, IN 46260, USA; Surgery, Johnson Memorial Hospital, Franklin, 1125 W Jefferson St, Franklin, IN 46131, USA; Department of Podiatric Medicine and Radiology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, 3333 Green Bay Rd, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA.
| | - Ankit Desai
- Surgery, St. Vincent Hospital, 2001 W 86th St, Indianapolis, IN 46260, USA
| | - Joseph H Altepeter
- Surgery, St. Vincent Hospital, 2001 W 86th St, Indianapolis, IN 46260, USA
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Mentiplay BF, Mosler AB, Crossley KM, Carey DL, Sakadjian K, Bodger R, Shipperd B, Bruder AM. Lower limb musculoskeletal screening in elite female Australian football players. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 40:33-43. [PMID: 31470356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report physical characteristics of lower-limb strength, endurance, range of motion, balance, and pain during adductor squeeze in elite female Australian Football (AF) players, and to examine the effect of limb dominance, previous AF experience, age, and previous level of sports participation on these characteristics. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Three elite AF clubs. PARTICIPANTS Eighty-five female players. All were aged ≥18, contracted for the 2018 season, and participated in pre-season training. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The physical characteristic assessments included; pain on adductor squeeze, weight-bearing lunge, side bridge, isometric hip abduction and adduction strength, and the modified star excursion balance test. RESULTS The adductor squeeze had low pain scores, with 93% of players scoring ≤2 on the numerical rating scale. Other assessment results were (mean ± SD): 10.8 ± 2.7 cm for weight-bearing lunge, 95 ± 39s for side bridge, 1.85 ± 0.23 and 1.85 ± 0.36Nm/kg for hip abduction and adduction strength respectively, and 92 ± 8% for the modified star excursion balance test. There was no clinically relevant effect of limb dominance, previous AF experience, age, or previous level of sports on physical characteristics. CONCLUSIONS Physical characteristics for five assessments are reported. These data can be used for comparison purposes in the screening and clinical management of elite female AF players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin F Mentiplay
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia; School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Australia.
| | - Andrea B Mosler
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Kay M Crossley
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - David L Carey
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia; School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Andrea M Bruder
- La Trobe Sport and Exercise Medicine Research Centre, La Trobe University, Australia; School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Australia
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Namazi P, Zarei M, Hovanloo F, Abbasi H. The association between the isokinetic muscle strength and lower extremity injuries in young male football players. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 39:76-81. [PMID: 31279289 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Validating any screening test to predict and prevent football injuries is in need of identifying related risk factors through prospective designs. In spite of the extensive use of strength testing in football players, there are limited studies investigating the relationship between isokinetic muscle strength and injury risk in young football players. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between isokinetic strength and the risk of lower extremity injury among Iranian young football players. METHOD ology: seventy three U-21 football players participated in this study. Isokinetic strength of hip, knee and ankle muscles were measured using the Isokinetic system pro 4. Injuries and exposure in training and matches were registered prospectively by club medical staff for one season. RESULTS Significant relationships were revealed between the isokinetic strength of hip abductor and adductor muscles, and isokinetic strength ratio of hip abductor/adductor muscles at an angular speed of 30°/sec, the isokinetic strength of hip abductor muscles at 90°/sec, and isokinetic strength of knee flexor and extensor muscles at 60°/sec and knee flexor/extensor strength ratio at angular velocities of 60°/sec with the injury occurrence among football players. CONCLUSION lower extremity isokinetic strength indices are associated with injuries in young male football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Namazi
- Department of Sports Sciences and Health, University of Shahid Beheshti, Velenjak Square, Evin, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Mostafa Zarei
- Department of Sports Sciences and Health, University of Shahid Beheshti, Velenjak Square, Evin, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran.
| | - Fariborz Hovanloo
- Department of Sports Sciences and Health, University of Shahid Beheshti, Velenjak Square, Evin, Tehran, 1983963113, Iran
| | - Hamed Abbasi
- Department of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Sport Sciences Research Institute, No. 3, 5th Alley, Miremad Street, Motahhari Street, 1587958711, Tehran, Iran.
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Moreno-Pérez V, Travassos B, Calado A, Gonzalo-Skok O, Del Coso J, Mendez-Villanueva A. Adductor squeeze test and groin injuries in elite football players: A prospective study. Phys Ther Sport 2019; 37:54-59. [PMID: 30856592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examining the relationship between hip adductor strength and groin injury incidence during the competitive season of professional football teams. DESIGN Prospective Cohort study. SETTING Controlled laboratory environment. PARTICIPANTS Seventy-one players volunteered to participate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In the pre-season, maximal hip adductor strength was measured by means of the isometric adductor squeeze test. Hip adductor strength, normalized by body mass, was compared between players who suffered a groin injury (n = 18) vs uninjured players (n = 53). Risk ratios (RR) were used to evaluate the likelihood of players to suffer this type of injury. RESULTS Most of the reported groin injuries occurred during competitive matches (5.5 per 1000 match hours). Maximal isometric hip adductor strength was lower in the groin-injured group compared with their uninjured counterparts (429.8 ± 100 vs 564 ± 58.7 N, d = -1.58 and 5.40 ± 1.27 vs 7.71 ± 0.89 N/kg, d = -1.88, respectively). Results revealed that values of maximal isometric adductor strength lower than 465.33 N increased the probability to suffer a groin injury by 72%. Furthermore, values of force relative to body mass lower than 6.971 N/kg increased the probability to suffer a groin injury by 83%. CONCLUSION The assessment of Hip adductor strength, in addition to other measurements, might help practitioners to determine the probability of suffering an overuse groin injuries in elite football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moreno-Pérez
- Sports Research Centre, Miguel Hernandez University of Elche, Avda. de La Universidad s/n, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - B Travassos
- Departamento de Ciências do Desporto, Universidade da Beira Interior, Convento de Sto. António. 6201-001, Covilhã, Portugal.
| | - A Calado
- Rio Ave Rendimento, Rio Ave FC, Rua Sancho I, Estadio do Rio Ave, 4489-876, Vila do Conde, Portugal.
| | - O Gonzalo-Skok
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of San Jorge of Zaragoza, Villanueva de Gállego, 50830, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - J Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Sport Sciences Institute Castillo de Alarcón, 49, Villafranca del Castillo, None, 28692, Spain.
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Performance Function Tests in Assessing Ankle Fitness. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ORTHOPAEDIC SURGEONS GLOBAL RESEARCH AND REVIEWS 2019; 3:e096. [PMID: 30788457 PMCID: PMC6365302 DOI: 10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-18-00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: A challenge for any physician caring for athletes is determining readiness for return to competition after an injury. A wide variety of performance function tests (PFTs) have been described, but no norms or minimum performance levels exist for any of them. In this study, healthy athletes were given a series of PFTs to complete. We propose that there will be a minimum performance level for each of the PFTs that all athletes can complete. We also propose, for tests that assess the right and left legs independently, that performance of the right leg will consistently be within 10% of the left. Finally, we propose that performance on one of the functional tests will be predictive of function on all the tests. Methods: Athletes were put through a testing protocol, beginning with range of motion and progressing through a series of functional ankle tests of increasing difficulty. Right and left leg data were recorded separately for the first five tests. For each test, mean values, ranges, and SDs were calculated. Results: Eighty-one athletes completed the protocol. A wide variation existed in performance ability between athletes; the SD for any of the tests was too high to determine a minimum performance threshold. However, when comparing right to left leg in any one athlete, the difference in performance testing was always less than 10%. Furthermore, performance on the side hop test was predictive of performance on the other tests. Discussion: A wide range of performance was noted in all the PFTs, so it is not possible to define a minimum threshold. However, performance of an injured leg to within 10% of the opposite (uninjured) leg suggests achievement of normal function. The side hop test might be a good test by itself to represent overall ankle readiness.
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VAN Dyk N, Wangensteen A, Vermeulen R, Whiteley R, Bahr R, Tol JL, Witvrouw E. Similar Isokinetic Strength Preinjury and at Return to Sport after Hamstring Injury. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2019; 51:1091-1098. [PMID: 30640285 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Side-to-side strength differences are often used in return to sport (RTS) decision making after hamstring injury. In football (soccer), there is little consensus, and a side-to-side difference of <10% is often suggested as a criterion. To date, no study has determined whether differences exist when comparing the strength of the injured limb at RTS with the preinjury level. PURPOSE The aims of this study were to compare the isokinetic strength at RTS with preinjury strength in the injured limb and to investigate the side-to-side differences at RTS. METHODS This study was based on a pooled group of patients participating in two single-site randomized controlled trials. All eligible professional male soccer players who suffered a hamstring injury confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging were included. The isokinetic strength of the injured limb at RTS was compared with preinjury screening tests, and the side-to-side difference was determined at both time points. RESULTS In total, 41 hamstring injuries were included in the analyses. Side-to-side differences in isokinetic strength at RTS were similar to preinjury levels. At RTS, the average strength of the injured limb was >95% compared with preinjury strength. Overall, 63.4% of the players had a >10% negative strength difference (i.e., the injured limb being weaker), and 57.9% of the players had a >10% positive strength difference (i.e., the injured limb being stronger) in at least one of the five isokinetic variables. CONCLUSION The distribution of isokinetic strength differences when comparing strength at RTS with preinjury measures was similar, urging clinical caution when interpreting these results. Small changes in the isokinetic strength of the injured limb at RTS compared with preinjury strength suggest that isokinetic cutoff values are not useful to guide the restoration of strength as a criterion for RTS after hamstring injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicol VAN Dyk
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, QATAR
| | - Arnlaug Wangensteen
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, QATAR.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
| | - Robin Vermeulen
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, QATAR
| | - Rod Whiteley
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, QATAR
| | - Roald Bahr
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, QATAR.,Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, NORWAY
| | - Johannes L Tol
- Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, Doha, QATAR.,Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, THE NETHERLANDS.,Amsterdam Collaboration for Health and Safety in Sports (ACHSS), AMC/VUmc IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, THE NETHERLANDS
| | - Erik Witvrouw
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Ghent University, Ghent, BELGIUM
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Wik EH, Auliffe SM, Read PJ. Examination of Physical Characteristics and Positional Differences in Professional Soccer Players in Qatar. Sports (Basel) 2018; 7:sports7010009. [PMID: 30602694 PMCID: PMC6358794 DOI: 10.3390/sports7010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical characteristics in professional soccer differ between competition levels and playing positions, and normative data aid practitioners in profiling their players to optimize performance and reduce injury risk. Given the paucity of research in Arabic soccer populations, the purpose of this study was to provide position-specific normative values for professional players competing in the Qatar Stars League. One hundred and ninety-five players completed a musculoskeletal assessment as part of an annual periodic health examination. Tests included measures of range of motion (hip, ankle, and hamstring), bilateral and unilateral jump performance, and quadriceps/hamstring (isokinetic/NordBord), hip adduction/abduction (eccentric), and groin (isometric) strength. Descriptive data were examined, and positional differences were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Goalkeepers were significantly heavier (p < 0.01), had a higher body mass index (p < 0.05) than outfield positions and demonstrated greater absolute strength. Defenders were the strongest relative to body mass, and these differences were significant (p < 0.05) versus goalkeepers and strikers. No meaningful between-group comparisons were apparent for jumping or range of motion tests. Compared to mean values from other professional leagues, soccer players in Qatar appear to be shorter, lighter and display inferior strength and jump capacities. These data can be used to tailor training and rehabilitation programs to the specifics of the league and position in which the athletes compete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirik Halvorsen Wik
- Aspetar Sports Injury and Illness Prevention Programme (ASPREV), Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, P.O. Box 29222, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Seán Mc Auliffe
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre (AHP), Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, P.O. Box 29222, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Paul James Read
- Athlete Health and Performance Research Centre (AHP), Aspetar Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, P.O. Box 29222, Doha, Qatar.
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