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D'Alessandro D, Perale G, Milazzo M, Moscato S, Stefanini C, Pertici G, Danti S. Bovine bone matrix/poly(l-lactic-co-ε-caprolactone)/gelatin hybrid scaffold (SmartBone ®) for maxillary sinus augmentation: A histologic study on bone regeneration. Int J Pharm 2016; 523:534-544. [PMID: 27769886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The ideal scaffold for bone regeneration is required to be highly porous, non-immunogenic, biostable until the new tissue formation, bioresorbable and osteoconductive. This study aimed at investigating the process of new bone formation in patients treated with granular SmartBone® for sinus augmentation, providing an extensive histologic analysis. Five biopsies were collected at 4-9 months post SmartBone® implantation and processed for histochemistry and immunohistochemistry. Histomorphometric analysis was performed. Bone-particle conductivity index (BPCi) was used to assess SmartBone® osteoconductivity. At 4 months, SmartBone® (12%) and new bone (43.9%) were both present and surrounded by vascularized connective tissue (37.2%). New bone was grown on SmartBone® (BPCi=0.22). At 6 months, SmartBone® was almost completely resorbed (0.5%) and new bone was massively present (80.8%). At 7 and 9 months, new bone accounted for a large volume fraction (79.3% and 67.4%, respectively) and SmartBone® was resorbed (0.5% and 0%, respectively). Well-oriented lamellae and bone scars, typical of mature bone, were observed. In all the biopsies, bone matrix biomolecules and active osteoblasts were visible. The absence of inflammatory cells confirmed SmartBone® biocompatibility and non-immunogenicity. These data indicate that SmartBone® is osteoconductive, promotes fast bone regeneration, leading to mature bone formation in about 7 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfo D'Alessandro
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Perale
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Via Cantonale 2C, 6928 Manno, Switzerland; Industrie Biomediche Insubri S/A (IBI), Via Cantonale 67, CH6805 Mezzovico-Vira, Switzerland
| | - Mario Milazzo
- Creative Engineering Design Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy
| | - Stefania Moscato
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Savi 10, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- Creative Engineering Design Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Robotics Institute, Khalifa University of Science Technology and Research, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Gianni Pertici
- Department of Innovative Technologies, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland (SUPSI), Via Cantonale 2C, 6928 Manno, Switzerland; Industrie Biomediche Insubri S/A (IBI), Via Cantonale 67, CH6805 Mezzovico-Vira, Switzerland
| | - Serena Danti
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, University of Pisa, Via Paradisa 2, 56124 Pisa, Italy; Creative Engineering Design Area, The Biorobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Viale R. Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera (PI), Italy; Department of Civil and Industrial Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo L. Lazzarino 2, 56122 Pisa, Italy.
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Danti S, Serino LP, D'Alessandro D, Moscato S, Danti S, Trombi L, Dinucci D, Chiellini F, Pietrabissa A, Lisanti M, Berrettini S, Petrini M. Growing bone tissue-engineered niches with graded osteogenicity: an in vitro method for biomimetic construct assembly. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2013; 19:911-24. [PMID: 23537352 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2012.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional bone tissue-engineering approach exploits mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to be seeded once only on three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds, hence, differentiated for a certain period of time and resulting in a homogeneous osteoblast population at the endpoint. However, after achieving terminal osteodifferentiation, cell viability is usually markedly compromised. On the other hand, naturally occurring osteogenesis results from the coexistence of MSC progenies at distinct differentiative stages in the same microenvironment. This diversification also enables long-term viability of the mature tissue. We report an easy and tunable in vitro method to engineer simple osteogenic cell niches in a biomimetic fashion. The niches were grown via periodic reseeding of undifferentiated MSCs on MSC/scaffold constructs, the latter undergoing osteogenic commitment. Time-fractioning of the seeded cell number during differentiation time of the constructs allowed graded osteogenic cell populations to be grown together on the same scaffolds (i.e., not only terminally differentiated osteoblasts). In such cell-dynamic systems, the overall differentiative stage of the constructs could also be tuned by varying the cell density seeded at each inoculation. In this way, we generated two different biomimetic niche models able to host good reservoirs of preosteoblasts and other osteoprogenitors after 21 culture days. At that time, the niche type resulting in 40.8% of immature osteogenic progenies and only 59.2% of mature osteoblasts showed a calcium content comparable to the constructs obtained with the traditional culture method (i.e., 100.03 ± 29.30 vs. 78.51 ± 28.50 pg/cell, respectively; p=not significant), the latter colonized only by fully differentiated osteoblasts showing exhausted viability. This assembly method for tissue-engineered constructs enabled a set of important parameters, such as viability, colonization, and osteogenic yield of the MSCs to be balanced on 3D scaffolds, thus achieving biomimetic in vitro models with graded osteogenicity, which are more complex and reliable than those currently used by tissue engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Danti
- 1 Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Emergency Medicine, University of Pisa , Pisa, Italy
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