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Atis SK, Duyu M, Karakaya Z, Yilmaz A. Citrate anticoagulation and systemic heparin anticoagulation during continuous renal replacement therapy among critically-ill children. Pediatr Res 2024:10.1038/s41390-024-03163-x. [PMID: 38555381 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-024-03163-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
BAKCGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of citrate versus heparin anticoagulation for CRRT in critically-ill children. METHODS This retrospective comparative cohort reviewed the clinical records of critically-ill children undergoing CRRT with either RCA or systemic heparin anticoagulation. The primary outcome measure was hemofilter survival time. Secondary outcomes included the comparison of complications and metabolic disorders. RESULTS A total of 131 patients (55 RCA and 76 systemic heparin) were included, in which a cumulative number of 280 hemofilters were used (115 in RCA with 5762 h total CRRT time, and 165 in systemic heparin with 6230 h total CRRT time). Hemofilter survival was significantly longer for RCA (51.0 h; IQR: 24-67 h) compared to systemic heparin (29.5 h; IQR, 17-48 h) (p = 0.002). Clotting-related hemofilter failure occurred in 9.6% of the RCA group compared to 19.6% in the systemic heparin group (p = 0.038). Citrate accumulation occurred in 4 (3.5%) of 115 RCA sessions. Hypocalcemia and metabolic alkalosis episodes were significantly more frequent in RCA recipients (35.7% vs 15.2%, p < 0.0001; 33.0% vs 19.4%, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION RCA is a safe and effective anticoagulation method for CRRT in critically-ill children and it prolongs hemofilter survival. IMPACT RCA is superior to systemic heparin for the prolongation of circuit survival (overall and for clotting-related loss) during CRRT. These data indicate that RCA can be used to maximize the effective delivery of CRRT in critically-ill patients admitted to the PICU. There are potential cost-saving implications from our results owing to benefits such as less circuit downtime and fewer circuit changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyma Koksal Atis
- Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Muhterem Duyu
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Istanbul Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Karakaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Istanbul Goztepe Prof. Dr. Suleyman Yalcin City Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alev Yilmaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Istanbul University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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Köstekci YE, Kendirli T, Gün E, Uçmak H, Demirtaş F, Havan M, Köse E, Okulu E, Eminoğlu FT, Erdeve Ö, Atasay B, Arsan S. Evaluation of the efficacy and associated complications of regional citrate anticoagulation in neonates: experience from a fourth level neonatal intensive care unit. Eur J Pediatr 2023; 182:4897-4908. [PMID: 37597047 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-023-05162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
Continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) use has increased in recent years, but anticoagulation is a challenge for neonates. Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) is rarely preferred in neonates because of citrate accumulation (CA) and metabolic complications. We aimed to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of RCA in neonates. We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 11 neonates treated with RCA-CKRT between 2018 and 2023. The initial dose of RCA was 2.1-3 mmol/l, and then, its dose was increased according to the level of ionized calcium (iCa+2) in the circuit and patients. The total/iCa+2 ratio after-treatment > 2.5 was indicated as CA. We evaluated to citrate dose, CA, circuit lifespan, and dialysis effectivity. The median gestational age was 39 (36.4-41.5) weeks, the median body weight (BW) was 3200 (2400-4000) grams, and the mean postnatal age was 4 (2-24) days. The most common indication for CKRT was hyperammonemia (73%). All neonates had metabolic acidosis and hypocalcemia during CKRT. Other common metabolic complications were hypophosphatemia (90%), hypokalemia (81%), and hypomagnesemia (63%). High dialysate rates with a median of 5765 ml/h/1.73 m2 allowed for a rapid decrease in ammonia levels to normal. Four patients (36.3%) had CA, and seven (63.7%) did not (non-citrate accumulation, NCA). Mean BW, median postnatal age, biochemical parameters, coagulation tests, and ammonia levels were similar between the CA and NCA groups. Low pH, low HCO3, high lactate, and SNAPPE-II scores could be associated with a higher T/iCa ratio. CONCLUSION RCA was an efficient and safe anticoagulation for neonates requiring CKRT. Metabolic complications may occur, but they could be managed with adequate supplementation. WHAT IS KNOWN • Continuous kidney replacement therapy (CKRT) has become popular in recent years due to its successful treatment of fluid overload, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis, multi-organ failure, and hyperleucinemia/hyperammonemia associated with inborn errors of metabolism. • The need for anticoagulation is the major difficulty in neonatal CKRT. In adult and pediatric patients, regional citrate anticoagulation has been shown to be effective. WHAT IS NEW • RCA is an effective and safe anticoagulation method for neonates who require CKRT. • Electrolyte imbalances and metabolic acidosis could be managed with adequate supplementation and appropriate treatment parameters such as citrate dose, blood flow rate, and dialysate flow rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Ezgi Köstekci
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, 06590, Mamak, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Tanıl Kendirli
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emrah Gün
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hacer Uçmak
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ferhan Demirtaş
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, 06590, Mamak, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Merve Havan
- Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Engin Köse
- Division of Pediatric Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emel Okulu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, 06590, Mamak, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatma Tuba Eminoğlu
- Division of Pediatric Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ömer Erdeve
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, 06590, Mamak, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Begüm Atasay
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, 06590, Mamak, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Saadet Arsan
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University Faculty of Medicine, 06590, Mamak, Ankara, Turkey
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Hu J, Wang C, Bai K, Liu C. Clinical application of regional citrate anticoagulation for membrane-based therapeutic plasma exchange in children with liver failure. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1206999. [PMID: 37928357 PMCID: PMC10621744 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1206999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) is being used more commonly in children for continuous renal replacement therapy. Few reports describe the application of membrane-based therapeutic plasma exchange (mTPE) with RCA in children with liver failure (LF). Aims To explore the application of RCA-mTPE in children with LF. Methods We retrospectively analyzed data from children with LF who underwent RCA-mTPE in the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University's pediatric intensive care unit. We used the total to ionized calcium ratio (T/iCa) > 2.5 as the diagnostic criteria for citrate accumulation (CA). The patients were divided into two groups according to the occureence of CA at the end of RCA-mTPE (CA group: T/iCa > 2.5; NCA group: T/iCa ≤ 2.5). To evaluate the clinical safety and efficacy of RCA-mTPE, the following data from medical records were assessed and compared between groups: clinical characteristics, reasons for LF, RCA-mTPE parameters and duration, laboratory findings, and complications. Results In total, 92 RCA-mTPE treatments were administered to 21 children with LF over 3.8 ± 0.9 h. The following mean values were determined: blood flow rate (QB) = 2.8 ml/kg/min, 4% sodium citrate dose/blood flow rate ratio (QCi/QB) = 1.1(QCi,ml/kg/h); plasma dose/body weight ratio(QP/BW) = 18.5 (QP, ml/kg/h); 10% calcium gluconate dose/blood flow rate ratio (QCa/QB) = 0.2(QCa, ml/kg/h). The mean concentration of iCa in vitro was 0.38 ± 0.07 mmol/L. Citrate accumulation was recorded after 34 (37%) treatments. Hypocalcemia occurred in 11 (12%) and 7 (7.6%) treatments, during and after mTPE, respectively. Three hypotensive and one convulsive events, related to hypocalcemia, and two clotting events occurred during RCA-mTPE. After RCA-mTPE, the patients' pH, HCO3- and Na+ levels, and T/iCa were significantly increased and the total bilirubin (TB), conjugated bilirubin (DB), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST),and ammonia levels were significantly decreased. The TB, DB, and lactic acid levels, before RCA-mTPE, were significantly higher in the CA group than in the NCA group, but there were no significance between the two groups in QB/BW, QCi/QB, and QP/BW, mTPE duration, and estimated amount of citrate metabolized. Conclusions Children with LF undergoing RCA-mTPE are at risk of hypocalcemia. With proper protocol adjustment, however, RCA-mTPE can be used safely and effectively in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- IntensiveCare Unit, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Children Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunxiao Wang
- IntensiveCare Unit, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Children Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Ke Bai
- IntensiveCare Unit, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Children Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
| | - Chengjun Liu
- IntensiveCare Unit, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Children Development and Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing, China
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Sun Y, Li D, Bai K, Xu F, Liu C, Dang H. Novel blood product transfusion regimen to prevent clotting and citrate accumulation during continuous renal replacement therapy with regional citrate anticoagulation in children. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1086420. [PMID: 37397150 PMCID: PMC10310529 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1086420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Introduce a novel protocol to prevent clotting and citrate accumulation (CA) from blood product transfusion (BPT) during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) with regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) in children. Methods We prospectively compared fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and platelet transfusions between the two BPT protocols, direct transfusion protocol (DTP) and partial replacement of citrate transfusion protocol (PRCTP), in terms of the risks of clotting, citric accumulation (CA), and hypocalcemia. For DTP, blood products were directly transfused without any adjustment to the original RCA-CRRT regimen. For PRCTP, the blood products were infused into the CRRT circulation near the sodium citrate infusion point, and the dosage of 4% sodium citrate was reduced depending on the dosage of sodium citrate in the blood products. Basic information and clinical data were recorded for all children. Heart rate, blood pressure, ionized calcium (iCa) and various pressure parameters were recorded before, during and after BPT, as well as coagulation indicators, electrolytes, and blood cell counts before and after BPT. Results Twenty-six children received 44 PRCTPs and 15 children received 20 DTPs. The two groups had similar in vitro ionized calcium (iCa) concentrations (PRCTP: 0.33 ± 0.06 mmol/L, DTP: 0.31 ± 0.04 mmol/L), total filter lifespan (PRCTP: 49.33 ± 18.58, DTP: 50.65 ± 13.57 h), and filter lifespan after BPT (PRCTP: 25.31 ± 13.87, DTP: 23.39 ± 11.34 h). There was no visible filter clotting during BPT in any of the two groups. The two groups had no significant differences in arterial pressure, venous pressure, and transmembrane pressure before, during, or after BPT. Neither treatment led to significant decreases in WBC, RBC, or hemoglobin. The platelet transfusion group and the FFP group each had no significant decrease in platelets, and no significant increases in PT, APTT, and D-dimer. The most clinically significant changes were in the DTP group, in which the ratio of total calcium to ionized calcium (T/iCa) increased from 2.06 ± 0.19 to 2.52 ± 0.35, the percentage of patients with T/iCa above 2.5 increased from 5.0% to 45%, and the level of in vivo iCa increased from 1.02 ± 0.11 to 1.06 ± 0.09 mmol/L (all p < 0.05). Changes in these three indicators were not significant in the PRCTP group. Conclusion Neither protocol was associated with filter clotting during RCA-CRRT. However, PRCTP was superior to DTP because it did not increase the risk of CA and hypocalcemia.
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Liu SY, Xu SY, Yin L, Yang T, Jin K, Zhang QB, Sun F, Tan DY, Xin TY, Chen YG, Zhao XD, Yu XZ, Xu J. Management of regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy: guideline recommendations from Chinese emergency medical doctor consensus. Mil Med Res 2023; 10:23. [PMID: 37248514 DOI: 10.1186/s40779-023-00457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is widely used for treating critically-ill patients in the emergency department in China. Anticoagulant therapy is needed to prevent clotting in the extracorporeal circulation during CRRT. Regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) has been shown to potentially be safer and more effective and is now recommended as the preferred anticoagulant method for CRRT. However, there is still a lack of unified standards for RCA management in the world, and there are many problems in using this method in clinical practice. The Emergency Medical Doctor Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association (CMDA) organized a panel of domestic emergency medicine experts and international experts of CRRT to discuss RCA-related issues, including the advantages and disadvantages of RCA in CRRT anticoagulation, the principle of RCA, parameter settings for RCA, monitoring of RCA (mainly metabolic acid-base disorders), and special issues during RCA. Based on the latest available research evidence as well as the paneled experts' clinical experience, considering the generalizability, suitability, and potential resource utilization, while also balancing clinical advantages and disadvantages, a total of 16 guideline recommendations were formed from the experts' consensus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Liu
- Emergency Department, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Sheng-Yong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Emergency Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lu Yin
- Emergency Department, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Kui Jin
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China
| | - Qiu-Bin Zhang
- Emergency Department, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical College, Haikou, 570100, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Emergency Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Ding-Yu Tan
- Emergency Department, Northern Jiangsu People's Hospital, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225001, China
| | - Tian-Yu Xin
- Emergency Department, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yu-Guo Chen
- Emergency Department and Chest Pain Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 100005, China.
- Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Jinan, 100005, China.
- Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 100005, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhao
- Emergency Department, The Fourth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Xue-Zhong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Emergency Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Emergency Department, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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Trakarnvanich T, Sirivongrangson P, Trongtrakul K, Srisawat N. The effect of citrate in cardiovascular system and clot circuit in critically ill patients requiring continuous renal replacement therapy. J Artif Organs 2023; 26:53-64. [PMID: 35412099 PMCID: PMC9968675 DOI: 10.1007/s10047-022-01329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the impact of citrate on hemodynamic responses and secondary outcomes, including the filter life span, metabolic complications, and levels of inflammatory cytokines, in critically ill patients who required CRRT compared with those who underwent the heparin-free method. This prospective, multicenter, open-label randomized trial compared regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) with a heparin-free protocol in severe acute kidney injury (AKI) patients who received continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) in the postdilution mode. We measured hemodynamic changes using the FloTrac Sensor/EV1000™ Clinical Platform at certain time points after starting CRRT (0, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h.). The levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-ɑ) were measured on days 1 and 3. Forty-one patients were recruited and randomized into the heparin (n = 20) and citrate groups (n = 21). The cardiac performances were not significantly different between the 2 groups at any time point. The inflammatory cytokines declined similarly in both treatment arms. The maximum filter survival time was insignificantly longer in the RCA group than in the heparin-free group (44.64 ± 26.56 h. vs p = 0.693 in citrate and heparin free group). No serious side effects were observed for either treatment arm, even in the group of liver dysfunction patients. RCA did not affect hemodynamic changes during CRRT. Inflammatory cytokines decreased similarly in both treatment arms.The filter life span was longer in the citrate group. RCA is a valid alternative to traditional anticoagulation and results in stable hemodynamic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thananda Trakarnvanich
- Faculty of Medicine, Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, 681 Samsen Road, Dusit, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand.
| | | | - Konlawij Trongtrakul
- Faculty of Medicine, Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Allergy Division, Internal Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Nattachai Srisawat
- Excellence Center for Critical Care Nephrology, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- Critical Care Nephrology Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Academy of Science, Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
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Huang H, Deng X, Bai K, Liu C, Xu F, Dang H. Regional citrate anticoagulation for continuous renal replacement therapy in newborns. Front Pediatr 2023; 11:1089849. [PMID: 36969287 PMCID: PMC10030704 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1089849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Regional citrate anticoagulant (RCA) is recommended as the preferred anticoagulant regimen for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in adults; however, it is rarely reported in neonates due to concerns associated with their immature liver. Few studies have reported on the use of RCA to evaluate the safety and efficacy of RCA-CRRT in neonates. Method In this retrospective observational study, we reviewed the clinical records of neonates who underwent RCA-CRRT at our pediatric intensive care unit between September 2015 to January 2021. Results A total of 23 neonates underwent 57 sessions of RCA-CRRT. Their mean age was 10.1 ± 6.9 days and mean weight was 3.0 ± 0.7 kg (range, 0.95-4 kg). The mean filter life was 31.54 ± 19.58 h (range, 3.3-72.5 h). Compared to pretreatment values, the total-to-ionized calcium ratio (T/iCa) on RCA-CRRT increased (2.00 ± 34 0.36 vs. 2.19 ± 0.40, P = 0.056) as did the incidence of T/iCa levels >2.5 (11.4 vs. 14.3, P = 0.477), albeit not significantly. Using a post-treatment T/iCa threshold of 2.5, we divided all the cases into citrate accumulation (CA) and non-CA (NCA) groups. Compared with the NCA group, the CA group had significantly higher body weight (3.64 ± 0.32 kg vs. 2.95 ± 0.41 kg, P = 0.033) and significantly lower blood flow rate per body weight ml/kg/min (3.08 ± 0.08 vs. 4.07 ± 0.71, P = 0.027); however, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, corrected gestational age, the PRISM-III score, and biochemical tests. Conclusion RCA-CRRT is safe and effective for neonates. After appropriate adjustments of the RCA-CRRT parameters, the incidence of CA was not higher in neonates than in children or adults, and CA was not found to be significantly correlated with age or corrected gestational age.
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Buccione E, Bambi S, Rasero L, Tofani L, Piazzini T, Della Pelle C, El Aoufy K, Ricci Z, Romagnoli S, Villa G. Regional Citrate Anticoagulation and Systemic Anticoagulation during Pediatric Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy: A Systematic Literature Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11113121. [PMID: 35683511 PMCID: PMC9181744 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11113121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Clotting is a major drawback of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) performed on critically ill pediatric patients. Although anticoagulation is recommended to prevent clotting, limited results are available on the effect of each pharmacological strategy in reducing filter clotting in pediatric CRRT. This study defines which anticoagulation strategy, between regional citrate anticoagulation (RCA) and systemic anticoagulation with heparin, is safer and more efficient in reducing clotting, patient mortality, and treatment complications during pediatric CRRT. Methods: A systematic literature review was run considering papers published in English until December 2021 and describing patients’ and treatments’ complications in CRRT performed with heparin and RCA on patients aged less than 18 years. Results: Eleven studies were considered, cumulatively comprising 1.706 CRRT sessions (62% with systemic anticoagulation and 38% with RCA). Studies have consistently identified RCA’s superiority over systemic anticoagulation with heparin in prolonging circuit life. The pooled estimate (95% CI) of filter clotting risk showed that RCA is a protective factor for clotting risk (RR = 0.204). Conclusions: RCA has a potential role in prolonging circuit life and seems superior to systemic anticoagulation with heparin in decreasing the risk of circuit clotting during CRRT performed in critically ill pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Buccione
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, 65124 Pescara, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-349-809-8954
| | - Stefano Bambi
- Health Sciences Department, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (S.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Laura Rasero
- Health Sciences Department, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (S.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Lorenzo Tofani
- Section of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.T.); (T.P.); (Z.R.); (S.R.); (G.V.)
| | - Tessa Piazzini
- Section of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.T.); (T.P.); (Z.R.); (S.R.); (G.V.)
| | | | - Khadija El Aoufy
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, 50134 Florence, Italy;
| | - Zaccaria Ricci
- Section of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.T.); (T.P.); (Z.R.); (S.R.); (G.V.)
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Meyer Children’s University Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Romagnoli
- Section of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.T.); (T.P.); (Z.R.); (S.R.); (G.V.)
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Villa
- Section of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy; (L.T.); (T.P.); (Z.R.); (S.R.); (G.V.)
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Careggi, 50139 Florence, Italy
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Buccione E, Guzzi F, Colosimo D, Tedesco B, Romagnoli S, Ricci Z, L'Erario M, Villa G. Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy in Critically Ill Children in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: A Retrospective Analysis of Real-Life Prescriptions, Complications, and Outcomes. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:696798. [PMID: 34195164 PMCID: PMC8236631 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.696798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Severe acute kidney injury is a common finding in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), however, Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (CRRT) is rarely applied in this setting. This study aims to describe our experience in the rate of application of CRRT, patients' clinical characteristics at admission and CRRT initiation, CRRT prescription, predictors of circuit clotting, short- and long-term outcomes. Methods: A 6-year single center retrospective study in a tertiary PICU. Results: Twenty-eight critically ill patients aged 0 to 18 years received CRRT between January 2012 and December 2017 (1.4% of all patients admitted to PICU). Complete clinical and CRRT technical information were available for 23/28 patients for a total of 101 CRRT sessions. CRRT was started, on average, 40 h (20-160) after PICU admission, mostly because of fluid overload. Continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration and systemic heparinization were applied in 83.2 and 71.3% of sessions, respectively. Fifty-nine sessions (58.4%) were complicated by circuit clotting. At multivariate Cox-regression analysis, vascular access caliber larger than 8 Fr [HR 0.37 (0.19-0.72), p = 0.004] and regional citrate anticoagulation strategy [HR 0.14 (0.03-0.60), p = 0.008] were independent protective factors for clotting. PICU mortality rate was 42.8%, and six survivors developed chronic kidney disease (CKD), within an average follow up of 3.5 years. Conclusions: CRRT is uncommonly applied in our PICU, mostly within 2 days after admission and because of fluid overload. Larger vascular access and citrate anticoagulation are independent protective factors for circuit clotting. Patients' PICU mortality rate is high and survival often complicated by CKD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Buccione
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, AUSL Pescara, Pescara, Italy
| | - Francesco Guzzi
- Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Denise Colosimo
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Brigida Tedesco
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Stefano Romagnoli
- Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - Zaccaria Ricci
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy.,Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Manuela L'Erario
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Meyer Children's University Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - Gianluca Villa
- Section of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, AOU Careggi, Florence, Italy
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10
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Lauková L, Weiss R, Semak V, Weber V. Desialylation of platelet surface glycans enhances platelet adhesion to adsorbent polymers for lipoprotein apheresis. Int J Artif Organs 2020; 44:378-384. [PMID: 33143534 PMCID: PMC8524686 DOI: 10.1177/0391398820968849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Background: Lipoprotein apheresis is an important therapeutic option in
homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, progressive
atherosclerosis, or when depletion of lipoprotein(a) is
indicated. It is generally regarded as safe, but drops in
platelet counts as well as sporadic episodes of thrombocytopenia
have been reported. We assessed the influence of platelet
desialylation, which may be induced by endogenous or
pathogen-derived neuraminidases, on platelet adhesion to
polyacrylate-based adsorbents for whole blood lipoprotein
apheresis. Methods: Medical grade platelet concentrates were incubated with
neuraminidase in vitro and were circulated over adsorbent
columns downscaled from clinical application. Results: Cleavage of terminal sialic residues resulted in platelet
activation with significantly elevated expression of platelet
factor 4 (PF4) and in enhanced platelet adhesion to the
adsorbent, accompanied by a pronounced drop in platelet counts
in the column flow-through. Conclusion: Alterations in endogenous neuraminidase activity or exogenous
(pathogen-derived) neuraminidase may trigger enhanced platelet
adhesion in whole blood lipoprotein apheresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Lauková
- Department for Biomedical
Research, Center for Biomedical Technology, Danube University Krems, Krems,
Austria
| | - René Weiss
- Department for Biomedical
Research, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in
Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
| | - Vladislav Semak
- Department for Biomedical
Research, Center for Biomedical Technology, Danube University Krems, Krems,
Austria
| | - Viktoria Weber
- Department for Biomedical
Research, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative Therapy Approaches in
Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Krems, Austria
- Viktoria Weber, Department for
Biomedical Research, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Innovative
Therapy Approaches in Sepsis, Danube University Krems, Dr. Karl
Dorrek-Straße 30, Krems 3500, Austria.
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pediatric acute kidney injury (AKI) in critically ill patients is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Emerging data support that the incidence of pediatric AKI in the ICU is rising. For children with severe AKI, renal replacement therapy (RRT) can provide a lifesaving supportive therapy. The optimal timing to deliver and modality by which to deliver RRT remain a point of discussion within pediatric (and adult) literature. This review discusses the use of RRT for pediatric patients in the ICU. We discuss the most recent evidence-based methods for RRT with a focus on continuous RRT. RECENT FINDINGS The feasibility of dialyzing the smallest infants and more medically complex children in the ICU is dependent on the advancements in dialysis access and circuit technology. At present, data indicate that upward of 27% of children in the ICU develop AKI and 6% require RRT. Newer dialysis modalities including prolonged intermittent hemodialysis and continuous flow peritoneal dialysis as well as newer dialysis technologies such as the smaller volume circuits (e.g., Cardio-Renal Pediatric Dialysis Emergency Machine, Newcastle Infant Dialysis and Ultrafiltration System) have made the provision of dialysis safer and more effective for pediatric patients of a variety of sizes. SUMMARY Renal replacement in the ICU requires a multidisciplinary team approach that is facilitated by a pediatric nephrologist in conjunction with intensivists and skilled nursing staff. Although mortality rates for children on dialysis remain high, outcomes are improving with the support of the multidisciplinary team and dialysis technology advancements.
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12
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Deep A. Effect of adult COVID-19 surge on the provision of kidney replacement therapy in children. Pediatr Nephrol 2020; 35:2023-2030. [PMID: 32757061 PMCID: PMC7403567 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04723-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akash Deep
- Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, 3rd Floor Cheyne Wing, London, SE5 9RS, UK.
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